Of Numbers.

Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs and Participles are de­clined into Two Numbers, Numbers 2. Singular and Plural. the Singular, when we speak of one, the Plural when of more. Greeks have a Dual Number when they speak of two or both, it is not very necessary, and therefore in our Language given over.

Regularly in English the Plural Number is made by adding s to the Nominative Singular, as King Kings, House Houses, Table Tables, But there are many Irregulars; as when the old Saxon termination en is reserved, as Ox, Oxen, Man, Men for Manen.

Of Cases.

Nouns have divers Relations to Nouns, Cases 6. and other parts of Speech, the which are in divers Languages diversly expressed: Sometimes by Prepositions, as in English, tho' we have a Ge­nitive Case by adding s to the Nominative, as Man, Genitive, Mans, as Mans wit. Sometimes by various terminations of the word it self, which are called Cases, of which in Latine there be Six.

[Page 4] Note, the Nominative is not properly a Case, [and Aptotes are not so called because they have no Case, but none proceeding from the No­minative] for

The Noun or Name it self is said to be the Nominative Case, [...]omina­ [...]e. it is the Foundation or Sub­ject of Speech, i. e. when we speak it cometh before the Verb, and answereth to the Questi­ons [ Who?] or [What?] as Venit Rex, the King cometh.

If in English two Nouns come together, and the Particle [ of] be applied to the later of them, that later in Latine is to be in the Geni­tive [...]enitive. Case; as the Sword of Cesar, Caesaris gladius, the praise of Virtue, laus Virtutis, giving of thanks gratiarum actio: The same reason is if s be added to the Nominative Case of the Noun precedent, as Cesars Sword, Thanks-giving.

If a Verb signify doing or giving to any Per­son or thing, the Name of such Person or thing is in Latine expressed by the 3d. or Dative Dative. Case. As, I do hurt to thee, Noceo tibi: it pro [...]iteth the Common-wealth, prodest Reipublicae: I, give thee Counsell, do tibi Consilium.

If a Verb signifying doing or making precede a Noun signifying the object or effect of such action or making, that Noun is to be put in the 4th. or Accusative Accusa­tive. Case, and it answers to a que­stion made by [ Whom?] or [ What?] as, Le­go Virgilium, I read Virgil.

If a Noun signify a Person or thing spoken-or called-to, it is to be put in the Vocative Vocative. Case, & it is mostwhat the same with the Nominative.

[Page 5] If any of these Prepositions, in, with, thro', for, from, by, or than, or such others as are na­med in the Chapter of Prepositions come before a Noun, that Noun in Latine is to be put in the 6th or Ablative Ablative▪ Case. Instead, or place, vi­ce, loco; with art, arte; Learneder than Plato, doclior Platone.

Note, that our English Language is in ex­pressing these Relations more accurate, and di­stinct then the Latine; But the Latine more Elegant then the English, as avoiding the so frequent repetition of the same Monosyllables.

Note, that in Construing Latin into English, you add always the signe of the Case, because it serves instead of the termination.

Of Genders.

Some Languages have no Genders, Genders [...] ▪ Masculine Feminine Neuter. but express Sexes some other way, as the English doth the Male by [ He,] the Female by [ She;] these for Persons: All Things by [ it.] But the Latine hath three Gen­ders, the Masculine, the Feminine, and the Neu­ter; to which three they commonly apply the like Genders of the Pronoun Hic, Haec, Hoc. Some Nouns accordingly are declined with one Arti­cle, as hic vir: Some with two, & that two ways; first, if the word include both Sexes, as Homo, a Man or Woman, Conjux a Husband or Wife; and then that Gender must be used of which Sex you speak; these words are said to be com­mon. 2ly. If you may use either of them indiffe­rently, [Page 6] as, hic or haec Dies, a Day. Hic or [...]oc Vul­gus, the Common People; And this is called the Doubtfull, and uncertain Gender. Some as Adje­ctives, are of all three, if they be applicable to Things, as well as Persons: but if to Persons on­ly, they are not used but in two,(except impro­perly) as Pauper, Dives, &c. And so these at any time may be applied to a Neuter also, as Pau­per tugurium, a poor Cottage.

General Rules to know the Genders of Nouns.

Genders being framed to express the several Sexes

All He's are Masculine, all She's Feminine; And the English for all others use [ it.]

Things that have no Sexes, tho' it matter not of what Gender their names be, yet have the Antient Languages, and some of the Modern been diligent in assigning them Genders, and thereby have brought an unnecessary obligation upon themselves, and difficulty upon the Learn­ers: Lapis, Petra, Saxum, the same signification of different Genders: Baculus, and Baculum, the termination only changed, both Masculine and Neuter. And genders of things having no foundation in signification are very difficultly comprehended in Rules, those of the Termina­tions are the best.

When the Sexes are not easily distinguished, sometimes the word is of both Genders, as hic and haec Anguis, an he or she Snake, hic or h [...]c anas [Page 7] a duck or drake; Bubo, bos, canis, grus, halcyon, histrix, limax, linx, python, perdix, sus, talpa, da­ma, and the like.

Many times the same Gender serveth both Sexes, as, hic Passer a Sparrow, haec Aquila an Ea­gle, both he and she, haec Vulpes a Fox: These follow the Rules of the Declensions, and when they would express an he-fox they say Vulpes mas, if a she, Vulpes foemina.

Those words which signify what belongs to either Sex, are both Masculines and Feminines, as Civis a Citizen, whether. Man or Woman, Sacerdos a Priest or Priestess, Parens a father or mother, infans, adolescens, a young Person, Comes a Companion, dux a Captain, host is an enemy, Iu­venis a young Person, Miles a Soldier, Princeps a Prince or Princess, Serpens a Serpent, Sodalis a companion, vates a Prophet, or Prophetess.

Yet many Substantives which in signification agree to both Sexes, admit an Adjective of one only, as we say not, sur magna, but foemina fu­rax; Many also have Feminines besides the Mas­culines, as Propheta, Prophetissa, Antistes, Antistita, Cantator, Cantatrix, — trix being the terminati­on of the Feminine Gender, and is changed into — tress in English, as a Singstress. Yet Natrix a swimming or water-Serpent is of both Genders, as Serpens is,

Also, Homo, latro, exul, praesul, pugil, eques, haeres, and the like, which are commonly ap­plied to Males, are rarely, if at all, used in the Feminine Gender.

Other Rules for the Genders.

1. All Nouns ending in- um are Neuters, and of the second Declension; so are those that have no more syllables in the Genitive then in the Nominative Case, ending in —on and are Greek words; and in —e, making —is in the Genitive, so are Nouns ending in —le, —al, —ut.

2. All indeclinable Verbs made Nouns, Nouns in —i, and —n indeclinable in the Singular number, are Neuters; so are words that sig­nify materially, the word nomen being under­stood.

3. Nouns of the 1st. and 5th. Declension ge­nerally are Feminine.

4. Nouns of the 4th. Declension coming from Verbs, are Masculine, others (not coming from Verbs) are most Feminine.

5. Most Nouns follow the Gender of their common Names, as Winds, Rivers, Mountains, Moneths, are Masculine, because Ventus, Flu­vius, Mons, and Mensis are so, (tho' the names of Winds and Months are Adjectives.) So also Lands, Countries, Isles, Cities, Virtues, Trees, Herbs, Shipps, and generally whate­ver bears, are Feminine. Yet these Rules are not so universall, but that sometimes they follow the Rules of the terminations, as those ending in —us, and —er, are Masculines, as Pontus, Spinus, Oleas [...]er: In —a, Feminines,

[Page] [Page]

[Page 9] as if Aq [...]a were understood, in names o [...] Rivers, Matro [...]a the Marne: In —um, Neuter, as Eboracum, York; Crustumium, a river so call'd; as if Oppidumor Flumen were understood: In -e, also Neuter, as Reate, Praeneste, Caere; Some in -ur also are Neuter, as Tybur; but Robur, Acer, signify more properly the wood or timber; Siler, the Cork or excrescence upon the bark; and Thus, the Gum rather then the Tree it self. And it is very frequent to have the fruit, product; or the part destined to use, of one gender, and the Tree of another, as, Malus, malum; Spinus, spina; Buxus, buxum.

6. Primitives, and their Derivatives, and Di­minutives, the Compounded, and that whereof it is compounded, as Centussis, are of the same gender.

7. All Greek Nouns made Latin retain their Gender, as all the Compounds ending in —odus, are Feminine, because of [...].

These Rules are to be first observed, then those that follow in the particular Declensions.

Rules for the Declensions.

All Neuters have the Nom. Acc. and Voc. alike, and in the Plural number these Cases end all in —a: Those that end in — [...], have no Vari­ation of Cases in the Singular Number.

The Nom. and Voc. are the same; except in the Singular Number of the 2d. Declension, where when the Nom. endeth in— us, the Voc. [Page 10] endeth in — [...], and when the Nom. in —ius, the Voc. sometimes in —î, to hinder the ungratefull sound of 2 Vowells coming together, as Vir­gilî, instead of Virgilie.

The Abla. and Dat. Plural are always the same, and end always in —is or —bus.

The Gen. Plural always ends in —um, and many times there is a Syllable cut off in the midst of the word, as virûm for virorum.

Nouns compounded of a Nom. and Gen. have only the Nom. declined, as Tribunus-plebis; but of two Nom. both are declined, as Ius-jurandum.

Many words being derived of the Greek do retain much of their Greek manner of Variati­ons of Cases. And this manner of expressing Ca­ses in divers Declensions came from the Greek, nor is it necessary to a Language, but it is more Elegant, by avoiding the same termination, which many times also would be harsh and un­pleasant.

Note, the Antients never used Diphthongs, but pronounced, ae, as a [...], which is the reason of changing the later Vowel, as in the 1st. Declen­sion ae is often changed into ai, (of a sound like unto it) as pictāi.

Of Adjectives.

Because Adjectives Adjectives must belong to Substan­tives of all Genders, they must be of all Gen­ders; And sometimes the Genders also vary in Terminations, then the Masculine ends in —us, [Page 11] or —er, the Neuter always in —um; and both these are of the 2d. Declension, the Feminine always in —a, and of the 1st. Declension, as Bonus, bona, bonum. Gen. Boni, bonae, boni, &c. Some Adjectives have two Terminations, then the 1st. is Masc. and Femin. as Tristis, the 2d. is Neuter, as Triste.

And these, as also those of one Termination and all Genders as Foelix, follow the 3d. Declen­sion, as hic and haec Tristis, and hoc triste, Gen. Tristis▪ Hic, haec, and hoc Foelix. Gen. Foelicis, of all Genders.

Some few Irregulars there are as, Ambo & Duo, which are of a peculiar number, called the Dual, because they are never used but when we speak of two and no more: their declining is irregular. Also Vnus, Solus, hic, ille, iste, ipse, is, alius, alter, uter, neuter, qui, &c. make the Gen. in —iüs, the Dat. in— i, as Vnius, Solius, &c. in other Cases they are like other Adjectives.

Most Adjectives signify such things as are ca­pable of more and less, as more white or whiter, less white (which the Philosophers call Intension and Remission) and may have magis and mini [...]s applied to them, as magis albus, minùs albus; to express this there are two degrees of Comparison. Degrees of Compari­son [...].

(That which Signifies the thing it self is called the Positive, and is no degree.)

1st. The Comparative Compara­tive. which Signifies [ more] and hath after it [ than] with an Abl. Case, as Pulchrior Helenâ, more fair than Helena; and it is formed of the 1st. case of the Po­sitive [Page 12] that ends in — i, by putting to it — or for the Masculine and Feminine, and — us for the Neuter, Gender; as of Casti, castio [...] and castius. All these follow the 3d. Declension.

2d. The Superlative, Superla­tive. which Signifies [ most] and hath after it [ of] or a Gen. Case of the Plural Number, as Sapientissimus omnium, the most wise or wisest of all: And is formed of the 1st. Case of the Positive that ends in — i, by putting to it -ssimus, as of Casti, castissimus. Yet if the Adjective end in -er, it is made by adding -rimus, as [...]ener, tenerrimus. And some in -lis make -llimus, as Facilis, facillimus. All these are declined of the 1st and 2d. Declen­sion. Some other Irregulars there are, as also many Nouns, which do vary from the ordi­nary regula [...] De [...]lensions, some because of a more gracefull Sound: Some because their Primitives are disused, and new ones succeed­ed: Some also because of their derivations, of all which particulars other Grammarians must be consulted.

Of Nouns some are (1) Primitives, some De­rivatives, that are made from them, such are those called Patronymi [...]s, which are words de­rived from the Names of Parents, or some Re­lations, or their Country, City, or the like. The Masculines end in —des, or —on, as Anchi­siades, Iapetion; Feminines in -as, -is, -ne, as Ilias, Priamis, Adrastine, Acrisione, those from the Stock or Countrey in -us, as Anglus, Romanus, or ensis, as Ox [...]niensis.

[Page 13] 2. Possessives, which signify some propriety or possession, and may be expounded for the Gen. Case of their Primitives, as Paternus, Pa­trius, Patris: Regalis, Regius, Regis; And end mostly in —aris, -oris, eus, ēus,—icus, [...]us,—lis, -nus, -vas.

Diminutives, ordinarily retaining the Gen­der of their Primitives. There is great variety of their Terminations, as -cio, -sio, -aster, [...]ulius, -ellus, -ella, -ellum, -illus, -illum, -olus, -ola, -olum, -ulus, -ula, -ulum, -culus, -cula, -culum, -inulus, -un­culus, -iscus.

4. Denominatives, as, ferreus from ferrum, pietas from pius, some of th [...]se are Substantives, some Adjectives, some Masculines, some Femi­nines, some Neuters; and of all Terminations.

5. Numerals, whereof some are called Car­dinals or Principals, as, unus, duo, &c. and An­swer to the Question made by Quot; These from tres to Centum are not declined. Others are called Ordinals, that signify Order, and an­swer to the question made by Quotus, as Primus, Secundus, &c. Others Distributives, which an­swer to Quoteni, as Bini, by two's, or two by two, Terni, by three and three. Others Multiplicatives, answering to Quotuplex, as Duplex, double, Tri­plex, triple. Others imply weight or time, as Lapis Centenarius, of an hundred pound weight, Bimus, of two years old.

[Page 14] The Romans had a manner of counting, which was used also by our Fore-fathers the Saxons, and is by some Nations at this day: As for 2 and ½, they said Sestertius, a, um; i. e. Semistertius, the 3d. is an half, and it is thus marked IIS, or HS, for the usual Characters for Numerals were—

• I. the most obvious and easy to be written.
• V. quinque, five, the half of
• X. decem, ten. But why noted by this Crux decussata, I know not.
• L. quinquaginta, fifty, half of
• C. Centum, one hundred.
• D. quingenti, five hundred, half of
• M. Mille, one thousand. Millia many thou­sands.

1. Such Substantives as end in -tio, changed in English into -tion, as temptation, and —itus, the English whereof ends in -ing, as hearing, are derived from Verbs, and signify either the Action it self, or the thing produced by the Action, as Lectio a reading, or a Lesson read; Sectio, a cutting, or a cut; Auditus a hearing or a thing heard.

2. Those that end in -bilis come from Verbs, and augment the signification, as Laudabilis worthy to be praised, Flexibilis easy to be bent; And we express them by an Adjective ending in -ble, as Laudable, Flexible.

3. Those that end in -tor, Masculines, and -trix, Feminines, augment the signification, as Cantator one that useth, or maketh it his trade, to Sing, Amator, a Lover.

[Page 15] 4. Those that end in -bundus signify so also, as Ludibundus gamesome.

5. Also Substantives and Adjectives are much alike in their signification, and therefore de­rived one of another, as Pius, godly, Pietas, godliness: Beatus, blessed, beatitudo blessed­ness. Those Substantives that end in —t [...]s, -tudo, we English by a word ending in -ness, Feritas fierceness, pietas godliness, magnitudo greatness.

Because that a Noun and Verb signify the same thing, it must needs be that there is great affinity between Nouns and Verbs, and that Nouns may be changed into Verbs, and Verbs into Nouns, as Amor, Amo; And again Substan­tives into Adjectives, and Adjectives into Sub­stantives, as Amor, Amabilis, Albedo, Albeo, Al­bus and such like.

Of Pronouns.

They are called Pronouns because used for, or instead of Nouns, for they are not the Names of any things, and therefore not Nouns, yet are they Subjects in a Sentence; They regulate Verbs and Actjectives, and therefore have the same use as Nouns.

They are not of absolute necessity to speak, (for instead of I and My, may be used my pro­per name) but of very great convenience for brevity, Elegance, and Perspicuity. They are used for and instead of Nouns which signify [Page 16] Persons, or appertaining to Persons; for

As Things are signified by Nouns, so are Per­sons by Pronouns [in Logic a Person is nothing else, but one single or intellectual Man or An­gel, but in Grammar it is otherwise, for] per­sons are either in speaking the Speaker, called the first person; or the spoken to, called the se­cond; or the spoken of, called the third Person▪ And of this Person are all Things, except by some figure we either speak to them, or feig [...] them speaking; and then we understand T [...] or Ego.

Of Pronouns, some are called Demonstratives, as Ego I, Tu thou, Sui of himself, Ille, Ipse, is, he, Hic this.

Some Relatives, which referr to some Sub­stantives spoken of before, ille, ipse, iste, hic, is; but not properly qui, which sometimes includes both the Antecedent and Relative, as▪ Qui malè agit, odit lucem, He or that Man▪ who doth evil, hateth the light; Yea, tho' of diverse Cases, as [ Ei] Qui Simulat Verbis, nec corde est fidus amicus, Tu quoque fac simile. Do thou the like to him, who—

Some Possessives, which Signify possession, as Meus mine, tuus thine, suus his, noster ours, vester yours, nostras of our Family or house, Vestras of yours.

Quis is an Interrogative, Who? And is used both in the Masculine and Feminine Gender, Quid? What? of the Neuter. So Cujus, cuja, cujum, and Cujus whose is it?

Pronouns are also variously compounded.

Of Verbs.

Verbs signify the same thing as Nouns, Verbs. but after another manner, for, as Things are na­med, i. e. expressed or represented by their Names, i. e. by Nouns, so are their Actions, do­ing and suffering one from or by another, (with­out Action, Motion, and Power, there is no [Page 20] Entity) by Verbs. As the manner, time, place, and such other circumstances of action, are by Adverbs, and the relation of cause, effect, and such like, by Prepositio [...]s.

A Verb then is a part of Speech, signifying doing or suffering, and hath always adjoyned to his signification some difference of time, past, present, or to come. In all action either the agent and patient are severall, i. e. the action passeth from one Subject to another (which actions are called by Philosophers Actiones transeuntes) and such Verbs are called Transitives: [...]ransitiv [...]. and then that, which is applied to the agent is a Verb Active, [...]ctive. and it endeth commonly in o; and that which is applied to the patient, is a Verb Passive, [...]assive. and endeth commonly in or: Or else the same Subject is both agent and patient, or the action, or rather motion, remaineth in its agent, (such are called by Philosophers Actiones immanentes) and then the action is signified by a Verb Neuter, Neuter. as ardeo, I burn, glorior, I boast. And these Verbs are known because they are not changed into Passives by taking -r to them, as all Actives are. Some Verbs called Neuters include an Ac­cusative Case in their signification, and such are properly Actives, as Curro cursum, cursus curritur. This is more frequent amongst Poets, as Omnes se for as proruunt. Et mutata suos requiêrunt flumina cur­sus. But then they give such Verbs an Active sense, as if it were, proripiunt or pacâruat. Note, in general that some Neuters signify Action either transi­tive, as faveo, noceo, and these indeed are actives, [Page 21] but govern not an Accus. Case; or intransitive, as curro, ambulo; tho' curro be properly Active, and hath its Passive, at least in the 3d. Person, as curritur (Subauditur cursus, or Stadium.) Sum, Volo, and some others are properly Verbs auxi­liary. So that according to the signification there are no more then two sorts of Verbs (besides the auxiliaries) Active and Passive; for Neuters are sometimes Active sometimes Passive, but they are called Neuters because their form and ter­mination doth not correspond to their signifi­cation, as ardeo I am burning, ga [...]deo I am rejoy­cing, nor can they be made Passives. The Auxilia­ries in Latine are but few (except you will so call those that require an Infinitive Mode always af­ter them, as juvat, oportet and the like.)

Sum, forem from fuo antiently of the same sig­nification as sum, which also retains some of its Cases, as sui, and those derived of it, forem an­tiently was fuerem; existo; possum; Su [...], or its Cases are understood in every Verb, as well A­ctive as Passive, and its meaning is, that what is signified by the verb, of predicate agrees to that which is signified by the Subject.

Some Irregular Verbs there are ending in -or, which retain both Active and Passive signification, and are called Common, Common. and have both Active and Passive Participles, their Participles in -ns, and -rus, are always Active, loquens, lo­quuturus; those in - [...]us, are both Active and Pas­sive, as Veneratus is both worshiping and wor­shiped, in -dus as Venerandus, always Passive. [Page 22] But most of them have laid aside their Passive signification, and retain only their Active (and are therefore called Deponents Deponent.) as loquor I speak▪ amplector I embrace.

All Actives require before them a Nom. Case signifying the agent, doer, or maker, i. e. if they signify to do, as lego libros, dormio somnum; and these have an Acc. Case after them signify­ing the Patient. Or if to make, as aedifico domum, scribo literas, the Acc. Case after these is the effect: And if the Active be changed into a Verb Passive, the Acc. becomes the Nom. and the Nom. (that from which it suffers or the doer) the Abla. as, Amo te, I love thee, is changed into, Tu amaris à me, thou art loved of me.

And therefore many times the verb-Passive is used, the Nominative Case of Patient not ex­pressed, (which some mistakingly call Imper­sonals) especially if the sense of the Nominative Case be included in the Verb, as curritur ab illis, i. e. cursus.

Every Action is performed in some time, and therefore every Verb implies, above that which it signifies, Time either Present, Future, or Past; past either in passing, perfectly past, or a good while ago past. So there be five Tenses T [...]nses. 5. or Times; the

[Page] [Page 23] In English they have these Signs,

In the English Language we use very many Verbs Auxiliaries.

For Actives, do, have, may, can, shall, will, ow.

For Passives, am, are, art, &c. and Verbs Passive also instead of the Preter-perfect, Preter­pluperfect, and in the oblique Modes the Future, use the like Tenses of the auxiliary sum and the Participle.

Note, also that our English Language changeth not the [...]ermination in any Tense besides the Imperfect, and Singular number; for all the rest we use auxiliary Verbs, whereof we have divers according to our intention; which ex­presseth our meaning very distinctly: as I love, or do love: thon lo est, or dost love: he loveth or doth love. The Plural Number hath only love.

The Imperfect. I loved or did lo [...]e: thou lovedst or didst love: he loved or did love. The Plural hath only loved.

The passive is formed of the active, by adding r to -o, as am-o, amo-r, amab-o, amabo-r, a­mat-o, amato-r.

By changing m into r. Amaba-m, amaba [...]r.

By changing s into ris or re. Ama-s, ama-ris, ama-re, amaba-s, ba-ris.

By changing t into tur, ama-t, amat-ur, a­maba-t, [Page 24] amaba-tur.

By changing [...] mus into mur, ama-mus, ama-mur, amaba-mus, amaba-mur.

Hence we have two present Present. Tenses, the one more emphatical, as I love, I do love; two Imper­fects, I loved, I did love; two Futures I shall, and I will, love; The one signifying somewhat of force, the other Voluntary.

We have but one Preterperfect, Preterper­ [...]ect. which is by the Auxiliary have, and the Participle, loved; one also Preterpluperfect [...]pluperfect. by the Imperfect Tense of have, as I had loved.

The true importance of that called the Pre­terimperfect Preterim­perfect. Tense, is that it signifies a thing be­ginning to be done, or suffered, wherefore ma­ny times the In [...]initive Mood is used for it, coeperam, or some such like Verb being then un­derstood. [...]pluperfect. The Preterpluperfect Tense is pro­perly used to make up the later Clause of an Hypothetical proposition; as, cum venit (v [...]l veniebat) ad me Tabellarius, jam literas absolve­ram; and this may be the reason why it is cal­led [...]lus-quam-perfectum, because it signifies a thing done before the other preterits: and therefore both these do properly belong to the Subjunctive Mode.

The Future Future. Tense of the oblique Modes hath a signi [...]ication many times mix'd of past and future, as Dixeris egregié, thou shalt have spoken excellently.

There be also several manners of applying or using Verbs, Modes 6. for either we declare a thing to [Page 25] be, or, not to be; do, or, not to do; suffer, or, not to suffer. This manner or mode of speaking (making in Logic a Categorical Proposition) as also asking a question is called the Indicative Indicative. Mode. Or if we command a thing to be done, called the Imperative, Impera­tive. (and therefore the Impe­rative hath no first person Singular but the Fu­ture Tense is used for it:) The Imperative, Op­tative. &c. all speak of that which is to do, to be, or to suffer, and therefore they dep [...]nd upon the Future Tense, to which they are like, and into which they are resolved.

The Imperative has properly neither First nor Third Person Amemus v. g. is properly the Optative. Both that and Amanto are properly Permissions not Commands: As let us—let him— let them-love. Amet also is the other Mode. For this called the Imperative, is used also to express forbidding, exhorting, deprecating, and the like.

If we wish a thing might be done, Optative. 'tis called the Optative, 'tis therefore like the Imperative, and used instead of it.

Or if we say a thing may be done, it's called the Potential. Potential.

Or imply the thing may be done upon some condition, called the Subjunctive, Subjun­ctive. or Conjunctive Mode, which is never used but with a Conjuncti­on, i. e. when it serveth to one part of an Hy­pothetical Proposition.

But there may be as well other Modes named, as Optative and Potential, as the Volitive for will, would, so another for shall, should, &c. It is there­fore [Page 26] much more Regular to name only the Sub­junctive introduced by a Conjunction, and to say that the same terminations serve to the other Auxiliaries.

The Potential is also called the Permissive, when it signifies a thing to be permitted or granted, as Habeat, Valeat, Vivat cum illâ: but this is no other then possit understood, Possit habere he may have her.

The Optative and Potential are expressed in English by divers Verbs Auxiliaries, as can, could, will, would, shall, should, ow, ought, may, migh: Whereby it appears that our Lan­guage is more distinct then the Latine.

The Infinitive, Infinitive. Infinite, Indefinite Mode hath only the bare signification of the Verb, without cosignifying Person, Number or Time, for tho' it seems to have divers Tenses, yet are they used promiscuously; It serves very well for distin­guishing the Conjugations, which are four. Conjugati­ons four.

The First hath a, before -re, and -ris, and the second Person pers [...]nt ends in -as, and a runs thro' the Tenses, Amo, amas, amare, amavi, amatum.

The second hath ē long, before -re, and -ris, and the second Person ends in es, which e runs thro' the Tenses, Doceo, doces, docēre.

The Third hath ĕ short, before -re and -ris, and the second person ends in -is, Lego, legis, legere, legi, lectum.

The Fourth hath ī long, before -re, and -ris, and [Page 27] the second person ends in is, and i runs thro' th [...] Tenses, as Audio, audis audīre, audīvi, audītum.

There is no reason for them in Nature, but the variety of them conduceth somewhat to the Ornament of Speech, and ease of pronunciation.

Verbs Active are said to have three Gerunds Gerunds 3 ending in, di, do, dum, but they seem to be Par­ticiples or Nouns, and the Rules for the Con­structions of Nouns serve them: For those in -di, are Participles or Adjectives of the Gen. Case, as Amandi of Amandus; in -do, of the Ablative (rarely of the Dat.) in -dum of the Nom. and Accus. Gerunds also are sometimes taken passively, as Vritque videndo Foemina, i. e. by being seen: Memoria excolendo augetur, by being husbanded.

As also two Supines, Supines▪ the one of an Active sig­nification, ending in -um (which is no other then a Participle) the other in -u of a Passive signification; and therefore Verbs Neuter have none of that Supine, the first Supine having that signification as Vapulatum, to be beaten: This later Supine is the Abla. Case of a Noun of the fourth Declension.

Whatsoever doth or suffereth is supposed to be a Person, so there be three Persons, Persons 3. and two Numbers. Num. 2.

Indicative Mode.

Amo, Present Tense. I love, or, I did love.

-as, thou lovest, or dost love, &c.

Amabam, Imperfect. I loved, or, did love.

-bas, thou lovest, or, didst love, &c.

Amavi, Perfect. I have loved.

-visti, thou hast loved, &c.

Amaveram, Pl [...]perfect. I had loved,

-ras, thou hadst loved, &c.

Amabo, F [...]re. I shall love, I will love.

-bis, tho [...] shalt or wilt love, &c.

Imperative Mode

Hath no distinction of time because it is only Future, nor first Person Singular, becaus [...] no Person Commands himself, b [...]t instead of that is he will.

Ame [...]us. Let us love. It is the Optative Mode.

[Page] [Page 1-2]

[Page] [Page 29] The Optative and Potential Mode are the same.

Amem, I may, Present. I can, I shall, I will, I ow to love, &c.

Amarem, I might, Imperfect. I could, I should, I would, ought to love, &c.

Amaverim, Amavissem I might &c. Perfect. Pluperfect. I ought to have loved, &c.

Amavero, Future. I shall &c. have loved, &c.

The Subjunctive Mode hath always a Conjunction joyned with it. Si if, eum when, quamvis altho', or the like.

Si amem, Present. if I may love.

Si amarem, Imperfect. if I might love.

Si amaverim, Perfect. if I might have loved.

Si amavissem, Pluperfect. if I had loved.

Si amavero, Future. if I shall have loved.

The Preter- and Preterpluperfect-Tenses in these Modes are not distinguish'd in our Lan­guage, nor is it necessary they should; In the Latine there is either no difference, or very hard to be expressed.

General Rules.

The Preterperfect Tense ends in -i, and o [...] ­dinarily is framed of the second Person of th [...] present Tense by changing -s, into vi, as amd [...] ▪ amavi, Audis audivi, Fles flevi: But the u is no always a Consonant, but sometimes a vowel and then the former vowel is omitted, to avoi [...] the concourse of so many Vowels (as it fall [...] out frequently in the second Conjugation) [...] Domas domui, doces docui, mones monui.

Also for better sound sometimes a Letter o [...] Syllable is cut off, as Iuvas juvi, for juvavi [...] cavi: This is frequent in the third Conju­gation, where the Preterperfect Tense man [...] times follows the Consonants of the Present, [...] -bo makes bi, bibo, bibi, and psi, scribo, scripsi.

These Rules hold in all Verbs of this Conju­gation; But they are most what Regulated by the sound, or sometimes by the Original in words borrowed from the Greeks; sometimes also they borrow Tenses of Verbs of the same or like signification, which are out of use.

There be certain Irregular Verbs in all or many of their Tenses, such as these that follow, whose Irregularities only are set down.

Sum, and its Compound Possum(or potis sum.)

Where any Person of Sum begineth with ( s) pos- is added, and where with a vowel pot- or potis, as pot-es, pos-sim, possem for potessem.

[Page 32]There are also Verbs derived from other Verbs, and their Terminations are used instead of Verbs Auxiliaries; as those ending in -urio (called com­monly Frequentatives) signify a desire to, as Esurio, from Edo, is, sum, I desire to eat; Mi [...]urio, from Mingo, nxi, mictum, I desire to piss.

In - [...]sco, (called Inceptives) signify entring upon a thing or action, as Adolesco, I ent [...]r upon my growing Age; Quinisco, I am taking a napp or nod.

As Adjectives are Adjuncts to Nouns, or Sub­jects, so are Participles Participles to Action and Passion, or Verbs; And they are half Adjectives, taking from them form and part of their signification, or signifying Verbally as Ad [...]ectives, and there­fore are declined as Adjectives; and yet they partake (tho' Nouns) of Verbs, Tense, Signi­fication and Derivation.

Participles

Are not a necessary part of Speech, for Ad­jectives may supply all their use, but are chiefly invented for short and elegant speaking.

There are four sorts of Participles, two come from Verbs Active, i. e. such as end in -ans, from Verbs of the first Conjugation, and -em, from those of the thr [...]e other: and in -urus.

Two also come from Verbs Passive, those in -tus, -sus, -xus, and others in -ndus.

[Page 33]

The two ending in -ans, or -ens, signify the Subject actually doing, being, or having, such a thing.

Those ending in -urus signify the Subject in­clined to be, do, or have, tho' not actually do­ing; and those are called Actives, b [...]cause agree­ing with, or belonging to, the Subject or Agent.

Those in -tus, -sus, -xus, signify the object actually done, been, or had, as Amatus, actually l [...]ved.

Those in —ndus signify the object or thing [...]it or worthy to be done, not expressing whe­ther actually done or no; And these two last are called Passives▪ because they signify the ob­ject or Nominative Case of the Verb Passive.

Of Adverbs.

Adverb▪ are joyned to Verbs and sometimes to Nouns, for the expressing of some circumstances or Modes of being or acting, as,

1. In a Place, answering to the question, Vbi? as, Hîc, istîc, illîc, (iste hic) (ille hic locus,) alibi, nusquam, intus, foras, ubicunque, ubivis, sicubi, su­periùs, inferiùs, ubiubi▪ alicubi, inibi, necubi.

2. To a Place, answering to the question, Quo? as, Huc, istuc, illuc, aliò, aliquò, siquò, eòdem, quòlibet, quòvis, neutrò, quòcunque.

3. From a Place, answering to the question, Vnde? as, Hinc, istinc, illinc, inde, alicunde, ali­unde, sicunde, necunde, indidem, undelibet.

4. By a Place, answering to the question Quà? as, Hàc, illàc, istàc, alià, &c. as if viâ were un­derstood.

5. Towards a Place, answering to the questi­on, Quorsum? as Horsum, istorsum, illorsum, dex­t [...]rorsum, sinistrorsum, &c.

1. In Time, answering to the question Quan­do? as, Cras, herì, hodie, pridie, &c.

2. How long, answering to the question, Quamdiu? as Diu, &c.

3. How often, answering to the question, Quoties? as, Saepe, rarò, &c.

Of Quantity, answering, &c. to quantùm? as, Multum, parum, satis, nimiùm, &c.

Of Number, semel, bis, ter, quater, centies, mil­lies, &c.

[Page] [Page 35] Of Order, inde, deinde, deinceps, praeterea, &c.

Of Quality, doctè, pulchrè, benè, malè, forti­ter, &c. many of these admit Comparison.

Of Separating, seorsum, separatim, singulatim, &c.

Of Gathering together, simul, unà, pariter, &c.

Of Doubting, forsan, forsitan, fortassis, &c.

Of Calling to, O, heus, eho;

Of Affirming, profectò, cert [...], nae, ità, quidni, &c▪

Of Denying, non, ha [...]d n [...]quaquam, minimè, &c.

Of Forbidding, nè.

Of Confirming, certè, sanè, planè, nempe, uti­que, &c.

Of Swearing, herculè, pol, aedipol, mehercules, &c.

Of Choosing, potiùs, satiùs, potissimùm, imò, &c.

Of Exhorting, eja, agè, agitè, agedum, eho­dum, &c.

Of Wishing, utinam▪ o, osi, si, ut.

Of Shewing, en, ecce.

Of Comparing, magis, minùs, maximè, &c.

Of Likeness, ita, itidem, tanquam, &c.

Of Happening, fortè, fortuitò, casu, fortunà.

Of Intension, valde, magnopere, impensé, &c.

Of Remission, sensim, paulatim, pededentim, vix, aegrè.

Of Excluding, tantù [...], solùm, tantūmodo, so­lummodò, &c.

Of Diversity, aliter, secus.

Of Granting, Licèt, estò, sit it [...], sit sanè.

Of a thing not finished, ferm [...], feré, prope, pro­pemodum, &c.

Of Explaining, putà, utpote, utput [...].

Of Prepositions.

Adverbs signify the manner, time, place, or some other circumstance of doing, and there­fore are joyned unto Verbs.

Prepositions signify some Relation of one thing of Person to another, either as Distance, Situation, Cau [...]ality, or the like. As

Note, Tenus, if the Substantive be of the Plu­ral Number, governs a Genitive Case, Aurium t [...]nus, genuum tenus, (altitudini,) or some such word being understood, as up to the (height of the) ears, knees.

Cum, tenus, Versus, usque, are often set after the Noun, Nobiscum, c [...]pulo te [...]s, Londinum versus, ad Occidentem usque.

Am, di, dis, re, se, con, are Prepositions ne­ver used but in composition. [Page 39] These Prepositions are also compared.

Citra, citerior, citimus. Citer is also Read.

I [...]tra, interior, intimus.

Infra, inferior, in [...]imus.

Ante, anterior.

Vltra, ulterior, ultimus.

Prope, propior, proximus, and hence proximior, Ovid.

Of Conjunctions.

Conjunctions are principally used to joyn Sen­tences together, and therefore they make those, which by the Logicians are called Hypothetical Propositions, a great force of Speech depends upon them.

Sentences, I say, for when they seem to joyn only Nouns(no Sentence can be without a Verb) yet they intimate the Verb, or other Regiment expressed, which is to be repeated to every one of these Nou [...]s, tho' for brevity it be omit [...]ed; as, Emi [...] centum aurei [...] & pluris, i. e. & emi pluris. Pater & Mater abijt oratum. And there­fore [Page 40] many times the Verb is put in the Plural Number, as if ( illi) or ( nos) or ( vos) wer [...] understood; as, Ego & tu (nos) sumus in tuto. Xenophon & Plato (illi) fuêre aequales.

Copulatives, joyn the Sentences together, with­out shewing any other dependence one upon another. First affirmatively, Et, que, quoque▪ ac, atque; Deinde, porrò, insuper, which intimate the order. Cum, tum, vel, which are doubled or corresponding one to another. Secondly, or Negatively, Nè, neque.

Disjunctives, Aut, ve, vel, seu, sive.

Causals, which inferr the reason of what was said before, Nam enim, etenim, na [...]que, quia, quòd, quippe, quoniam, quandoquidem.

Illatives, which inferr the Conclusion, upon somewhat preceding. Ergo, ideo, igitur, itaque, proinde, ideirco, &c.

Conditionals argue such dependance of the An­tecedent and Consequent Sentences, that if the first be true, the other is also true, but if the o­ther be false, the former is also false; as, si, sin, dum, tum, modo, dummodo, ni, nisi.

Discretives, which make a difference of the Consequent from the Antecedent, sed, verè, at, ast, atqui verùm &c. Saltem, certè, &c.

Dubitatives and Interrogatives, An, anne, num, utrùm, nu [...]quid, ne [...]ne.

Exceptives, which except the Consequent from the Antecedent, and their Redditives, deny the Consequent, as, Et si, tame [...]si, [...] etiamsi, quan­quam, quamvis, &c. to which correspond, Ta­men, [Page 41] attamen, veruntamen.

Declaratives, as, Vti, veluti, sicut, sicuti, seu tanquam.

Of Interjections,

Interjections are questioned by some, whether they are to be accounted Parts of Speech, be­cause they signifying suddain motions, or ex­pressions of the Passions of the Soul, are rather sounds only then words; As are those of Beasts, which, having no Language, yet have cer [...]ain noises or sounds to express their wants, and o­ther affections. In some Languages they are ac­counted Adverbs. There's no need of any dis­course concerning them, since they are known sufficiently by their Pronunciation.

Of Syntax.

HItherto we have spoken only of single words, it follows that we speak of them as united into Sentences.

WOrds are joyned together in a Sentence, either

To every Sentence are necessarily required

First, a Suppositum, (most p [...]operly so called which cometh before a Verb-Active) Subject, or Noun of the Nom. Case, of which the Speech is made, or something instead of it, to come be­fore the Verb.

2dly. A Verb, to agree with the Nom. Case, or Subject, shewing the Relation of being, doing, or suffering, betwixt the Subject and the predi­ca [...]e, which is that spoken of the Subject.

3dl [...]. Somewhat to follow the Verb, which they call a Predicate, and is spoken of the other, and is many times included in the Verb, as Rex Venit, i. e. Rex est Veniens.

Note, that there are divers sorts of Sentences. 1. That which hath no more then one Verb, [Page 43] and the dependents upon it, which some Au­thours call Periodus Supina; as Prosperum s [...]elus vulgò virtus vocatur. 2. Which consists of more then one Member, and of more then one Verb, but so that each Member stands by it self; as Christus è coelo, glorificate: Christus in terram, ob­viam prodite. Which period consists of four Mem­bers, the two later corresponding elegantly to the two former, separated by an half-period or colon▪ 3. Which consists of divers Sentences, but some interposed between the parts of ano­ther; which interposition is either by a Con­junction; as Fortuna, cum blanditur, captatum, venit. Quae nocitura tibi, quámvis sint chara, relinque. Or by a Relative; as Deforme est, quos dignitate prae­stas, ab ijs virtute superari. Quem s [...]pe transit, ca­sus aliquando invenit. Or by a Participle, or by an Ablative Case put absolutely, or by a Paren­thesis.

And therefore in Construing, it is best for a young Scholar to dispose the words after the natural order, separating the Sentences one from another; beginning with the Voc. Case, then the Nom. and what depends upon it, then the Verb with the Adverb joyned to it, next the Ac­cusative with its dependents, then the Abla. or Dative, as they follow▪ It is necessary also to sup­ply all Ellipsis's, Antec [...]dents, Defective Cases, one Verb applied to divers Nom. Cases, or the same Nom. Case to divers Verbs, Subauditur's, &c.

Ellipsis, or omission of a word is very frequent in the Latin, as it is in all Languages that affect [Page 44] brevity. Such words are of Nouns Substantive [...] which signify a thing common or well known; Areola longa denûm pedum [mensurâ.] Verbs also▪ especially Substantives, and Prepositions; Vacu [...] [à] curis. The particulars see in the Rule [...] following.

Note, also that the Latins seem to speak many times rather according to the matter and signi­fication, then the words and ordinary Constru­ction, as, Omnium rerum mors est extremum. Du [...]millia viri. Abundantia earum rerum quae prima mortales ducunt. Salust. Post quam cremata est Ilion. Ovid. Decipimur specie recti pars maxima vatum. Populus super [...]mur ab uno. Ego Petrus & Paulus currimus. Tu mecum gaudemus. Alter alterius onera portate. Scelus ludificatus e [...]t Virginem. Infinite are there examples, which Grammarians reduce to Figurative and Anomalous expressions.

The First Concord.

The Verb agreeth with its Nom. Case (Sub­ject, Suppositum) in number and person, i. e. the Verb is the same number and person, as its Suppositum, as, Magister legit. But an Infinitive Mode requires an Accus. Case before it, which is resolved by quod, ut, nè, quin; as, Non dubito Christum dixisse, i. e. quin Christus dixerit. Yet In [...]initive Modes also sometimes have Persons going before them, i. e. when they are used for the Imperfect Tense, for then coepit, or the like is understood, as omnes omnia bona dicere [coe­perunt.]

[Page 45] Ordinarily the Person is the Nom. Case co­ming before the Verb, but in Verbs called Im­personals, the Thing cometh before the Verb, as, Oportet me ire Oxonium, ire Oxonium cometh before Oportet. And commonly the whole Sentence is the Subject. And indeed there are no Verbs Imper­sonals, but all have Persons (except Infinitive Modes) the most used in the third person Sin­gular, when the Subject is well known, as, Pluit, i. e. Aqua pluit. But if there be an Extra­ordinary Subject, it is expressed, as Saxa pluunt. This is if Pluit be taken as a Verb-Neuter, But if as a Verb-Active, then Deus, or Iupiter [...]luvius is understood.

So the third Persons of Verbs-Passive are ma­ny times used, as if they were Impersonals, espe­cially when the Subject or Nom. Case, is includ­ed in the Signification of the Verb, as [ potus] bibitur; vivitur [vita] exiguo meliùs; for vivitur is the same with vita ducitur, and is therefore used, as it were, impersonally.

And for those generally called Impersonals, Oportet, libet, licet, [...], poenitet, piget, mi­seret. Some of them, as d [...]cet, poenitet, licet, are Personals, and have oftentimes their Suppositum expressed; the other also ( oportet, piget, libet, licet) have always an Infinitive instead of a Noun to com [...] before them: In the others their Subject is included in their signification; as [ taedium] tui me taedet, taedet being taedium capit, in poenitet, poena is included, in miseret, miseriae, and perhaps opus, in oportet. But because the mat­ter [Page 46] requires ordinarily no other then a third person, they are improperly called Imperso­nals; wherefore if there be occasion to signify another person, these Verbs are so used. Si no [...] dedecui tua jussa. Stat.

The Second Concord.

The Adjective, whether Noun, Pronoun, Par­ticiple, or Relative, is of the same Case, Gender and Number, with its Substantive, (suppositum or Sub­ject:) But in Relatives the Substantive is to be repeated over again in the Case of the Relative, and therefore sometimes that Case of the Substan­tive only is expressed, as Bellum crudelissimum, qu [...] [bello] omnes premebantur. Vltra eum locum qu [...] [loco] Germani frequentes consederant. Popu [...]o ut placerent [fabulae] quas fecisset, fabulas.

If a Verb hath two Nom. Cases, Reg. I. or an Adje­ctive two substantives joyned together with a Conjunction, or in Poetry with [ cum] (as Re­mus cum fratre Quirino Iura dabant.) they agree with the more worthy person and gender; Ili [...] cum Lauso de Numitore sati. But change many times the number, (the person being un­derstood) two Singulars being equall to one Plural, as, Ego & Lelia sumus amici. Tu sorórque boni estis. So Nouns of Number, and Collectives, many times have an Adjective or Verb Plural: Turba ruunt, i. e. Turba [ruit, hi & illi] ruunt. Pars in frusta secant.

[Page 47] Many times the Verb (especially Substantive) is understood, Reg. II. and many times the Suppositum both to the Verb and Adjective; And if the Ad­jective without Substantive be of the Masculine gender, or Feminine, a person [ viz. vir or foe­mina,] if of the Neuter a thing [ negotium] is understood, as Triste [negotium] lupus [est] stabulis. Sunt [homines] quibus [hominibus] in Satyrâ videor [ego] nimis acer. Est [homo] qui nec Spernit. Sunt [aliqui homines] quos notaverat. Si [...]d te mordet, sumptum filij quem faciunt, i. e. Si id [negotium scil. sumptûs] t [...] mordet, quem sumptum filij faciunt. Vrbem quam statuo vestra, i. e. Ea urbs quam Vrbem statuo. Eunuchum quem dedisti nobis quas turbas dedit, i. e. iste Eunuchus quem Eu­nuchum dedisti. Quam quisque nôrit artem in hâc [arte] se exerceat.

Many times a whole, Reg. III. or some part of Sen­tence is the Suppositum, as Ingenuas didicisse fideliter artes Emollit mores. In tempore veni quod primum est.

If an Adjective or Verb be placed between two Suppositum's it may agree with either of them, Reg. IV. as Amantium irae amoris redintegratio est, sive, sunt. Avis quae (or qui) passer appellatur. Lutetia quam (or quos) Parisios dicimus: Tho it is better it should agree with that which is the Fonndation of the Sentence.

Of Rection.

De Accentu.

PRosodiam dicimus eam partem Gramma­tices, quae docet rectè pronunciare Syllabas, q [...]oad Accentum & Quantit [...]tem sive tempus.

Unusquisque inter loquendum duplici utitur Tono, sive Vocis modulamine. Gravi scil. sive or­dinario, & Acuto sive vehementiore: Et in pro­nunciatione periodorum & Sententiarum voees magis notabil [...]s variatione Toni in acutiorem animis Auditorum firmiùs imprimuntur: Quales sunt illae locutiones Tropicae, Metaphoricae, Hyper­bolicae &c. vel Figuratae, quales voces iteratae, cor­respondentes, oppositae; Aliae denique omnes qui­bus totius [...]ententiae Emphasis inesse videtur; Sicut Epitheta, voces praecipuae in Exclamationi­bus, Interrogationibus, & quibuscunque sensum loquentis efficaiùs exprimentibus. Sed haec non ad Grammaticum sed Rhetorem spectant.

2. At in pronunciatione vocum accentuatur ea Syllaba quae gratiorem efficit sonum; Et an­tiquitiùs quidem cum Lingua Latina (de quâ so­lùm hic tractare intendimus) fuit etiam verna­cula, meliùs & accuratiùs de hâc pronuncia­tionis ratione judicabatur consuetudine & usu, tum de accentu tum de tempore; sive syllaba erat gravior aut acutior, brevior aut longior: Nec verò multitudo pedes novit, nec ullos numeros tenuit, nec illud quod offendit, aut [...]ur, aut in quo offendat, intellexit: Et tamen omnium longitudinum & bre­vitatum in sonis, sicut a [...]utarum graviumque vo­cum, [Page 57] judicium ipsa Natura in auribus illorum col­locavit, [...]ic Orator. Idem in Paradoxis, Histrio, si paulò se movit extra numerum, aut si versus pronunciatus est unâ syllabâ brevior aut longior, exibilatur & exploditur. Hodie ferè in desue­tudinem abijt Accentus, nec satis accuratè de Tempore distinguitur, unâquaque Gente Latinae Linguae enunciationem propriae suae confor­mante. Franci quidem Accentum ultimae syllabae contra totius mundi consuetudinem imponunt, ut & breves frequenter producunt, ut Dominus, ac si scriberetur [...].

3. Ratio autem & intentio Accentuum omnino alia est à differentiâ pronunciationis vocalium, sive literarum, (tempus enim vocales tantùm re­spicit) haec enim omnino consistit in temporis & morae observatione quâ quaeque vocalis pro­nunciabatur; illa autem in variatione Toni & elevatione vel depressione vocis, eo modo quo nos inter canendum a suescimus, neque ab hodiernis Graecis penitus omittitur: & in Carminum re­citatione, quae eorum Cantus erat, maxima cura habebatur utriusque tum Accentûs tum Temporis.

4. Accentus Acutus sive Toni variatio apud nos (non loquimur hic de Scripturâ quâ nonnun­quam tum Gravis tum Circumflexus notatur) nunquam fieri debet in ultimâ syllabâ; Ut in ultimâ Accentus siat Latinitas vetat. Serv. nisi quis dicere velit Enclyticas que, ne, ve, ce, Accen­tum in ultimum praecedentis more Graecorum transferre. Sed cum illud praestant, ipsae quidem voci praecedenti tanquam partes adjunguntur, [Page 58] adeo ut penultima acuatur.

5. Sed in Dyssyllabis omnibus & Polysyllabis longa penultima acuitur: Quod si penultima sit brevis Accentus est in antepenultimâ ut Dóminus àffatim. In compositis vero à facio fa— retinen­tibus accentus est in fa— ut benefácis, frigefácis, nobis pleniorem A sonum respicientibus: An­tiquitùs enim acuebatur in antepenultimâ. Mo­nosyllabarum Gravis est pronunciatio, sit brevis vel longa; unde fit ut ultimae in Carmine syl­labae ratio non habeatur.

6. Polysyllaba accuuntur tantùm in Antepe­nultimâ licèt ultima acuatur ut Mènsâ. Antiqui­tùs videtur fuisse differentia Temporis non Toni. In Virgíli, Aemíli & similibus accentus adhuc servatur in penultimâ, quia antiquitùs dicebant Virgílie, Aemílie. Ultima enim Vocalis primò vix pronunciari coepit, dein & omitti, vel for­tè coalescere.

De Tempore.

1. UNaquaeque Vocalis duplex habet Tem­pus, Longum & Breve. §. II. Graeci— e & - o-diversa nomina & Characteres tribuerunt, [...] Sed pari ratione bina deberent esse a, i, u, quae ideo Communes dicuntur, quia idem Character utrique Tempori communiter inservit. Verum apud Latinos, prout & Nostrates, singuli sunt Characteres, potestates diversae: & usu & consuetudine quae longae, quae breves plerunque dignoscuntur, neque ver­naculam, ut peregrinam Linguam, disc [...]ntibus adeo necessaria est Characterum varietas. Anti­quitùs tamen vocales longas duplicatione elon­gabant ut feelix, poopulus. (arbor) maalus (arbor) & pro i—longum usurpabant— ei.

2. Temporis praeter longum & breve nullam differentiam agnoscimus: Et brevis Syllabae u­num tempus esse dicitur, longae verò duo; hoc est Syllaba longa duabus brevibus est aequalis. Sed revera magna est differentia temporum tum longi tum brevis. Aliae enim multo celerius pro­nunciantur, adeo ut vix earum sonus audiatur, ut, Alvearia, Harpyia, Cui, Anteambulo, Eadem, Dij, Inquino, Anteire, &c. Syllabae quae pluribus constant Consonantibus, vel etiam vocalibus so­nantioribus, majorem postulant dilationem & quò è pluribus eò impeditiùs & productiùs pronun­ciantur, ut, Ex, Rex, Grex; nulla autem syllaba [Page 60] contine [...] plusquam sex literas, ut Stirps. Scrobi.

3. A, & O, sonantiores sunt, majorem enim oris apertionem postulant; V, & I, suaviores cum sibilatione quâdam pronunciantur; E, verò exilis.

4. Notandum est antiquam in prounciatione consuetudinem etiam literis & scriptione varia­tis, ferè semper r [...]tineri, ut Cāi, Pompēi, diēi, facieī & reliquis quintae Declinationis in— iei de­sinentibus. Quoniam veteres dixerunt Caij, Pompeij, dieīj, facieij. Eeo, eis, eit, eitur, quae postea coaluerunt in Eo, is, it, itur, sic Punire erat poenire, Murus, moerus, Munire, moenire, & [...]de moenia, Vti, oiti, Ludus, loidus, Cura, coira, Punicus à Poenus.

DeVocibus Graecis inter Latinos. §. II [...]

1. GRaeca retinentia formam Graecorum, re­tinent etiam quantitatem, hoc est [...], & [...], Reg. I. semper sunt Naturâ longae, [...], & [...], semper na­turâ breves, [...], dubiae. Māter, Păter, Poēma, Orpheūs, Aër, L [...]ertes, Dēïphobus, Diatypōsis, Me­tamorphōsis, Antiphōna. In Graecis autem diver­simode Scriptis variatur etiam quantitas, ut Eous, aliquando [...], aliquando [...], scribitur [...] aliquando [...].

2. Graeca vero sequentia formam & analogiam Latinorum sequuntur etiam Regulas quantita­tum Latinas. II. Graeca nomina cum in Latinum vertuntur, nostrâ Regulâ pronunciantur, nisi maneant Graeca; Soph [...]a, Symphon [...]a, Monarch [...]a, Geograph [...]a, Crep [...]da, Oedipŭs, pi.

3. E Graecis derivata, III. fi Diphthongum servent, sunt longa, ut [...]rphēus, Cassiopēia.

Quod si diphthongum, servatis utrisque voca [...] ­bus, dividant, prior est brevis, quia ante alteram, ut Orphĕüs, Polymnĕia.

Si vero una Vocalis tantùm retineatur, & pri­or, brevis est, ut Platĕa, Caesarĕa, Laodicĕa, Cy­clopĕa.

Academia est dubia quia scribitur [...] & [...] frequentius autem brevis, quia saepius etiam [...] scribitur. Cheragra & non Chiragra scribitur apud Martial. Lib. 9. Epig. 93▪ quando scil. est brevis.

Si posterior retineatur plerunque longa est, Aristobūlus, Oedipūs, podis, Darīus, Alexandrīa, Thalīa.

Regulae generales ante alias observandae. §. IV.

CUm minimum Temporis sit unius vocalis, Reg. I. necesse est ut vocalis ante alteram sit brevis. D [...]us, Iustit [...]a.

Sed [...] inter i & i nominibus quintae Decli­nationis (ut dictum est) et aliquando etiam an [...]e i solum longa est, dicebant enim aliquando fideij, speij, reij &c. tunc enim ei est longa.

Pari ratione Fi [...] cum suis, ubi non est r, etiam longa est; quia olim scriptum erat Feio & feirem; feires, postea vero solutâ diphthongo per Me­tathe [...]in vocalium facta est fierem, fieres, &c.

Sic etiam Genitiva in— ii [...]s sunt ambigua ut Vnius, illius, ipsius, olim enim dicebant Vneius, illeius, &c utrius, n [...]utrīus, alter utrīus, solius, autem & al [...]s semper longae, alter [...]us semper brevis.

Diana [...]liquando producitur ac [...]i esset Deiana, aliquando corripitur ae si esset Deana.

Cum duo brevia Tempora uni longo aequi­valen [...], diphthongi omnes sunt longae, sunt enim aequales duabus [...]ocalibus, II. Musae, aera, nam olim ut distin [...]tae vocales pronunciabantur, ut, pictai, aulqi, aës, [...] scribebantur aesar, Phaëthon—(In prosà adhunc separat vocales.) Duae etiam vo­cales in eâ [...]em syllaba post s longae sunt ut sūa­vis, sūetus, mansūetus; Prae [...]o tantum dubia est.

[Page 63] Aliquando Diphthongus in duas resoluta vo­cales in priori, Diphthongi quantitatem retinet, in altera, omittit, ut Eligēia; sed hanc Licentiam Poëtae videntur sibi assump [...]sse.

Quid dicendum est de inqu [...]nat et de diph­thongo ui generatim? Cum apud Horat. brevis est; Mihi videtur pronunciatum fuisse inkinat literis q et u coalescentibus.

Duae vocales coalescentes per Crasin, II produ­cuntur, ut, C [...]go a C [...]ăgo, Tibicen pro Tib [...]cen, [...]t pro [...]t, alīus pro al [...]us. Bīgae pro b [...]jŭgae, malo a măgis v [...]lo, retinent enim tempus duarum bre­vium.

Sic et quae antiquum scribendi modum con­trahunt, ut, Iūs, jūris, pro Ious, jouris, ūfens pro Oufens, sic et cōp [...]ruisse, vēmens, dēro, nil, cō­nesto, bōbus, cōgito, b [...]cula, ex c [...]peruisse, v [...]hĕ­mens, dĕĕro, nihil, c [...]h [...]nosto, b [...]vibus, c [...]ăgito, b [...] ­v [...]cula.

Vocalis ante duas Consonantes vel duplicem, IV. ( x et z) vel eandem iteratam, syllabam produ­cit; licèt ipsa vocalis non sit longa, neque sem­per ut longa pronuncietur. Pronunciatio enim talis Syllabae est impeditior, et hoc▪ sive in [...] ­dem Syllabâ ut, ars, abs, d [...]ns. Sive si una Con­sonans sit in un [...], ali [...] in aliâ Syll [...]bâ, ut ig-nis, bèl-lum, v [...]r-te; [...]ive vocalis in unâ, Consonae in aliâ syllabâ ut ma-tris, a-mnis, a-cris, ambula­crum, vel una demum in unius vocabuli sine, al­tera in initio alterius, Formosamresonare, &c.

Si, l, vel, r, sequantur mutam in eâdem syllabâ [Page 64] ( [...]on in eâdem cum vocali) in Carminibus, syl­laba ista praecedens frequenter est communis, etsi vocalis sit brevis.

Et primo similis volŭcri, mox veravolūcris— Ovid. &c.

Nox tenĕbras profert, Phaebus fugat inde te­nēbras. Idem.

In eâdem Syllabâ] nam ōbruo, quamōbrem et si­miles sunt semper longae.

Si vocalis sit naturâ longa nunquam fit brevis

Sustulit hic Mātrem, Sustulit ille Patrem. Mart. Sio ācris, ātri, frātris, ambulācrum, delūbrum, sa­lūber, volutābrum. Et pronunciatio sequitur Na­turam vocalis.

Ratio autem Regulae est; quia vocalis (quae conjungitur in sono istarum consonantium) in pronunciatione includitur in mutâ & liquidâ; Et proinde binae istae Consonantes in eundem ferè sonum coalescunt. F autem muta debet in­telligi ut

Si vocalis brevis in fine unius dictionis ante­cedit duas consonantes (maximè Sc—Sp—St—) in initio sequenti [...], Poëtae Licentiâ suâ utuntur, [...] projudicio producunt, vel (ut soep [...]us) cor­ripiunt.

De Incrementis Nominum & Verborum. §. V.

QUae ex alijs siunt, sive per Variationem Ca­suum, sicut in Nominibus et Verbis; sive per Comp [...]ionem, sive per Derivationem, sequun­tur plerunque quantitatem eorum ex quibus siunt.

Casus Nominum, quoad omnes syllabas praeter finalem, Reg. I. sequuntur quantitatem Nominativi. Mūsae, Măgistri, Lăpidis.

Si Genitivus singularis habeat plures Syllabas quam Nom. II. penultima Genitivi habetur pro Incremento, & reliqui Casus servant quantitatem Genitivi in eorum incrementis. Sermōnis,—ōni, —ōne,—ōnes,—ōnibus.

Iter (olim dicebatur [...]) & Supell [...]x, & composita à Caput in— ps; duplex habent incre­mentum, utrumque breve, it [...]nĕris; supellectilis, prima est longa positione, altera brevis, & sola propriè dicitur incrementum. Et in bic [...]p [...]tis etiam posterior est incrementum, prior enim syllaba est tantum explicatio simplicis Caput con­tracti in Nominativo.

Incrementum in primâ declinatione null [...]m reperitur. In secundâ verò brevis est, III. ut vir, viri, puer, puĕri. In tertiâ dissyllabi f [...]cti ex Mo­nosyllabis Nominativis plerunque longi; ut Rex, rēgis, Lex legis, Plebs, plebis, sol, solis. Ver, veris. Quae s [...]rvant vocalem Nominativi naturâ longam. Sed [Page 66] grĕgis, d [...]is, trŭcis, nŭcis, b [...]vis, I [...]vis, măris sunt breves.

Incrementum in— a est longum, Vectig [...]lis, Calcaris, Titanis. Masculina v [...]ro in— al, &— ar, &— as corripiuntur, [...]t, Sal, s [...]lis, par, p [...]ris cum composit is, mas, măris▪ Fax, facis, trabs, [...]răbis, lampas lampădis, faeminina.

Increm [...]ntum in —e, breve est, abies, abiĕtis, pes, pĕdis cum compositis & derivatis, Hymen, Hymĕnis.

Excipiuntur in —eni [...], Lien, ēnis, Syren, ēnis.

Incr [...]m [...]tum in i, vel y breve est, Nix, n [...]vis, pix, pìcis, Stryx, Str [...]jgis; Phr [...]jgis, Stipis, poll [...]cis, chalijbis.

Excipiuntur Vibex, vibicis, apsis, apsidis, & Genitivus in —inis &— ynis a Graecis: Plurima item in— ix &— yx, sunt longa, felix, perdix; excipe [...]il [...]cis, Histr [...]cis, forn [...]cis, natr [...]cis, mast [...] ­gis quae corripiuntur.

O Incrementum longum est, Sol, sōlis, Ros, rō­ris, & omnia Comparativa, Melior,—ōris.

Brevia autem sunt Neutra, ut, Marmor, [...]bur, frigus, corpus, tempus, &c. Et composita ex [...]. Item Mem [...]ris, arb [...]ris, lepus lep [...]ris b [...]vis, compos comp [...]tis. Et quae consonantem habent ante— s— ut, Scrobs Scrobis, & nomina Gentium, ut, Cap­pad [...]cis, Allobr [...]gis.

V Incrementum breve est, murmŭris, furfŭ­ris, g [...]t [...]ŭris, pecŭdis.

Excipiuntur Genitivi in— udis,—uris, &— utis, à Nominibus in— us, ut, Virtutis, tellūris, palūdis. Item. Pollūcis, frūgis.

[Page 67] Penultima Genitivi & Dativi Imparisyllabicī in Numero Plurali dicitur etiam Incrementum. IV.

In— a—,— e—,— o—, producuntur.

In— i—, &— u—, corripiuntur, ut quibus, tr [...]bus, mont [...]bus, lacŭbus, in dativis; sed non sem­per in genitivis.

Incrementum in quartâ Declinatione non da­tur, & de incremento in quintâ priùs dictum est.

De Incremento Verborum. §. VI.

PRima syllaba & Characteristica Conjugatio­nis semper servant propriam quantitatem. Crementum Verbi est quod excedit secundam personam Numeri singularis praesentis temporis Indicativi, Activi.

Et ultima vocalis illius personae dicitur ab aliquibus primum crementum, vocales sequentes dicuntur esse in secundo cremento.

A in omni Cremento longa est, Am [...]mus, Reg. I. Le­geb [...]mus; Excipitur dămus, dăre &c à do, cum compositis. Quae tamen in secundo cremento producitur, d [...]b [...]mus, dab [...]tis, dab [...]tur.

E in utroque cremento producitur, II. nisi post ponatur— r—nam tunc corripitur; sic omne prae­sens tertiae Conjugationis cum praeterito imper­fecto Subjunctivi Modi, ut, Legor, legĕris, legĕ­rimus, legĕrem.

Re ante re vel ris semper producitur Amarē­ris, [Page 68] amar [...]re, leger [...]ris, audirēris.

E, ante— rim,—ro, semper corripitur, Amavĕrim, amavĕro.

Sicut & e in bĕris & bĕre, Amabĕris, Docebĕris.

In crementis primis Sum, Fero, & Volo, e sem­per corripitur, nisi obstet positio; Eram, ĕro, fĕ­ram, vĕlim.

I, III. in primo Cremento Verbi quartae Conju­gationis semper producitur Audimus; Item in Verbis sum Nolo & Volo (cum Compositis) sitis, nolito, vel [...]tis, vel [...]mus, possimus. Itidem in praete­rito in— vi, [...] etivi, petiveram.

— Imus, in omni praeterito corripitur, vid [...] ­mus, &c. In Subjunctivi praeterito [...]arò, si un­quam, producitur, in futuro autem tum corripi­tur tum producitur. Licet multi praesertim a­pud nos, & antiqui aliquot Grammaticis futu­rum producunt ut a praeterito distinguatur.

O, IV. In cremento producitur, Legitote.

V, Corripitur, Volŭmus, Quaesumus.

Perfectum dissyllabum priorem, V. & in plurali etiam habet longam, exceptis, d [...]di, st [...]ti, bibi, tŭli, fidi, sc [...]di: Prima syllaba iterata in praeterito brevis est, ut & secunda. Excipiuntur Pepedi. Cecīdi.

Omne praeteritum in— vi a [...]t— si desinens pe­nultimam producit.

Omne supinum dissyllabum priorem habet longum, VI. ut citum a cio; excipe dătum, stătum, à stiti, satum, [...]tum, rătum, c [...]tum à cieo, l [...]tum, s [...] ­tum, quitum, rŭtum. Omne supinum polysylla­bum penultimam habet longam, Amatum, quae­situm, [Page 69] volūtum, &c. Exceptis quae desinunt in — itum praeteritis perfectis non desinentibus in — ivi. Pos [...]tum, trad [...]tum, mon [...]tum, &c.

Supina in—tum post u, a, i, e, quorum prae­terita desunt in—vi longa sunt, ut vi [...]vi, vietum, flèvi, fletum, sic deletum, & composita a pleo, ad­jūtum, auditum, amatum, at—ui corripiuntur, ut, monitum, mol [...]tum, al [...]tum, vel altum, vom [...]tum, frent [...]tum, gen [...]tum, strep [...]tum, sed inolevi, obsolevī, & exolevi,—ētum: abolevi, abol [...]tum. Ac [...]tum ab acui, argūtum, delibūtum, ex [...]tum, fut [...]tum, im­būtum, min [...]tum, plūtum, sp [...]tum, sternutum, sta­tūtum, sūtum, tribūtum, indūtum, excipiuntur. Rūtum autem breve est.

De Compositis. §. VII.

COmpositum sequitur, Reg. I. in ijs Syllabis quae re­cipiuntur a simplicibus, Regulam simpli­cis; etiam Dipthongo aut Vocali variatâ. Lūdo, collūdo. Laedo, collīdo. Amīcus, in [...]mīcus. Cădo, occ [...]do. Caedo, occīdo.

Sed à Di [...]o, Nomina in— d [...]cu [...], corripiun­tur, Causid [...]cus.

à Nūbo, Pronŭbus; Connubium vero dubium.

à Sōpio, fit semis [...]pitus.

à Nōtus, agn [...]tus, & cogn [...]tus.

à Iūro, dejĕro.

à Fīdo, perf [...]dus, unde tamen inf [...]dus, &c.

Praepositiones eandem in Compositione re­tinent Quantitatem, II. quam habuerunt extra com­positionem.

• A, āmando [...] āverto. Excipe ăperio, nisi forsan componatur cum ab, & rejiciat consonam, ut, operio cum ob)
• E, [...]ligo, [...]mitto.
• S [...], s [...]paro. Sēcurus.
• Dī, divido, praeterquam d [...]rimo & d [...]sertus.
• C [...], sequente Consonà, cōgo.
• Dē dēpono.

• [Page 71]Ab, ăbeo.
• Ad, [...]deo.
• In, [...]neo.
• Ob, [...]beo, [...]mitto, [...]perio.
• Pĕr, pĕreo.
• Sŭb, Sŭborno.
• Sŭpĕr, Sŭpĕraddo.
• Intĕr, in [...]ĕreo.
• Rĕ, rĕdeo, rĕnuo, rĕfero.

• Prĕfiteor.
• Pr [...]tervus.
• Pr [...]ficiscor.
• Pr [...]cella.
• Pr [...]cus.
• Pr [...]fanus.
• Pr [...]fundus.
• Pr [...]fect [...].
• Pr [...]nepos.
• Pr [...]fari.
• Pr [...]cello.
• Pr [...]fugus.
• Pr [...]fugio.
• Pr [...]festu.
• Pr [...]eptis.
• Pr [...]pero.

Et in reliquis quae proficiscunter a [...] ante ut pr [...]pheta. Procumbo, procurro, profundo, propello, propulso, propago, (Nomen & Verbum) propino, sunt communia.

[Page 72] In ijs quae componuntur ex alijs non praepo. III. sitionibus, a & o, frequenter producuntur, quare, alioqui, quandōque.☞

In e, i, u, frequentius breves; Nĕfas, trĕde­cim, nĕqueo.

Biceps, b [...]celox, b [...]vium, Agr [...]cola, al [...]ger, manŭ­mitto

Exceptis quae vocalem naturâ habent longam; Sēdecim, n [...]quam est enim a nec; memet, vene [...]i­cus, vid [...]licet. Tamen vid [...]sis breve est.

Exceptis etiam Biduum, &c. Triceni, &c. Ni­mirum, ibidem, ubique, &c.

O, brevis est in Hodie, qu [...]que, quand [...]quidom, & compositis cum Nomine, Sacr [...]sanctus.

De Derivatis. §. VIII.

DErivata retinentia vocalem Primitivorum, sequuntur etiam Quantitatem. Sălūbris à săl [...]te. Sĕcūris à sĕc [...]re. Lăvācrum à Lăvatum. Rĕf [...]rt à Rĕfero. R [...]fert a r [...]—fert.

Suffoco a faux, Suff [...]co a f [...]cus, Sĕcuris a sĕ [...]o. Sēcurus à Praepositione se.

• Vox, vōcis, à v [...]co.
• Lex, l [...]gis, a lĕgo. A Lectum supi­no potius.
• Rēgula & Rex, rēgis.
• à rĕgo. A rectum su­pino potius.
• Sēdes, a sĕdeo. ( etiam sēdile.)
• M [...]bilis, à m [...]veo. A mōtum.
• Sōpio, à s [...]por.
• Feralis, à fĕrus.
• M [...]cero a măcer.
• Secius à sĕcus.
• Amb [...]tus, (participium) ab amb [...]tum. (Amb [...]tus vero Nomen est brevis.)

• Dux, d [...]cis, à Dūco.
• Apta Dŭci non est Vxor, non aptà­que Regi.
• Quae d [...]ci non est apta, nec apta rĕgi.
• D [...]cax, & Adjectiva in— us, a Dīco.
• Năto, à [...]ātum.

• [Page 74]N [...]to, à nōtum.
• Quăter, a quātuor ( antiquitùs scri­bebatur quattuor.)
• F [...]des, à fīdo.
• Păgella, a pagina.
• Odium, ab ōdi.
• Săgax, à sagio.
• Arena, ărista, ab āreo.
• C [...]ma, à cōmo.
• Cŭrulis, à curro, vel c [...]rrus.
• Frăgor, frăg [...]lis, à frango.
• P [...]sui, à pōno.
• Gĕnui, à gigno.
• Ofella, ab Offa.
• Lŭcerna, à luceo.
• Mămilla, à mamma.
• Quăsillus, à quālus.
• Scŭtulatum, à scūtum.
• S [...]gillum, à signum.
• S [...]lutum, à solvo.
• Tigillum, à tignum.
• Văricosus, à varix.
• V [...]lut [...]m, à volvo.

• Ag Cog

  n [...]tum ab

  Ag Cog

  nōvi.

• Rel [...]quum, à relīqui.

Derivata Adjectiva in— ōsus, ōrus, āceus, II. lon­ga: in— [...]tius, vel— [...]cius,— [...]nus, &— [...]mus fere semper brevia.

[Page 75] Derivata frequenter addunt vel demunt Con­sonantem, III. ut Quantitatem mutent, ut Rettulit à rĕfero. D [...]sertus a dissero, fărina a farris.

Derivata in— ites habent penultimam longam. IV.

Adjectiva in— īnus à Rebus animatis sensitivis descendentia, V. item Distributiva Numeralia, No­mina cognationis, Propria & Gentilia penulti­mam producunt. Abellīnus. Adulterinus. Agri­gentīnus. Amitīnus. Albīnus. Bombycīnus, &c.

Adjectiva in— [...]nus à Plantis, Lapidibus & alijs inanimata significantibus. Item ab Adver­vijs temporalibus, aut Substantivis Anni Tem­pestates notantibus, descendentia, penultimam corripiunt. Querc [...]nus. Corall [...]nus. Crast [...]nus, Chrystall [...]nus. Cedr [...]nus. Hornot [...]nus. Serotinus.

Participia Passiva à Supinis facta seqnuntur plerunque Quantitatem Supinorum, Adjūtus, Petītus.

De Syllabis Medijs. §. IX.

A producitur ante, Reg. I. g, & u, bundus, bilis, cu­lus, la, lum, cea, ceum, cius, cia, cium, cus, ca, cum, dus, lis & le. In infinitis in—men & —mentum,—nius,—nia,—nium; in habentibus vocalem aut a ante r in finitis in aris, are, arius, arium, ante t in finitis in atius, a [...]icus, ato, atus, atim, ates; in Ablativis & ab hisce derivatis.

In Reliquis omnibus corripitur.

E, II. producitur ante, c, d, l, m, t, r, in sub­stantivis in— erium, ante— simus.

In Reliquis Corripitur.

I, III. producitur ante, qu; excipe rel [...]quum; re­l [...]quiae. In Verbalibus ante— bilis &— bundus, in derivatis à supinis penultimam producentibus, ante— culum, à Verbis quartae Conjugationis▪ ante do, dinis; Ante des, in Patronymicis a No­minibus in eus: ante go; in Neutris, ante le; in Verbalibus ante men & mentum, à verbis quartae Conjugationis. In— inus exeuntibus modo non significent Materiam & tempus: Ante sinita in — na &— ne: Ante— tus in derivatis a Substan­tivis: Excipiuntur Adverbia in [...]tus, ut fund [...]tus, pen [...]tus. Ante ta, tis, tes, tos, tim, tius in Verbali­bus à quartâ Conjugatione.

O, IV. producitur ante, n, s, t, cimum; In Neu­tris habentibus m, ante, vel post o; ante— rius, ria, rium: rus, ra, rum.

V, V. producitur ante, c, g, m, n, r, s, t, lis, & [Page 77] lium in derivatis.

De [...]iderativa autem corripiuntur, Esŭrio, Par [...]tŭrio. Excipe Scatū [...]io. Nomina in urius, uria, M [...]rcŭrius, luxŭria. Etiam decŭrio.

Excipiuntur etiam Nol [...]mus, volŭmus, quae­sŭmus, &c.

Et composita à ruo in supinis erŭtum, &c.

De Finalibus. §. [...] ▪

1 1 2 3

FInita in b, Reg. I. d, t, l, r, brevia.

4 5 6 7 8

in, II. [...], n, as, [...]s, os, producuntur.

9 10

in, III. is, & us, corripiuntur.

11 12

in, IV. a, i, [...], longae.

13 14

in, V. e, breves; In, o, dubiae.

in, y, breves.

[Page 78]1. Excipe Hebraea ut Iōb, Iacōb, Davīd.

2. Excipe s [...]l, sōl, nīl, pro nihil, & He­braea, ut Ioël.

3. Excipe fār, lār, nār, vēr, fūr, cūr, & pār, cum compositis, Graeca etiam in [...], ut Aer, cra­tēr, charactēr &c. nisi patĕr & matĕr quae brevia sunt. Cōr producitur apud Ovid.

4. Nĕc, donĕc Corripiuntur. Fac, Masc. hic & Neut. hoc sunt communia.

5. Corripiuntur Forsăn, forsităn, ăn, tamĕn, attamĕn, veruntamĕn, [...]n, cum compositis exin, sub [...]n, de [...]n, pro [...]n: Quae patiuntur Apocopen, vidĕn, aud [...]n, nem [...]n, nost [...]n; Nomina etiam in —en quorum Genitivi exeunt in [...]nis, ut Carm [...]n, crimĕn, &c. Graeca in [...]. Ilion, [...]elion, &c▪ Ac­cusativi in in vel yn, Alex [...]n, Ityn. etiam in an a Nominativis in a, Iphigeniăn. Aeginăn.

6. Excipiuntur ea quorum Genitivus exit in ădis, ut Văs, Pallăs. Et Accusativus pluralis No­minum Graecorum tertiae Declinationis, ut He­roăs, Hectorăs.

7. Brevia sunt Nomina tertiae Declinationis imparisyllabica, in quibus penultima Genit▪ vi brevis est, ut milĕs, segĕs, divĕs, &c. (Longae sunt tamen abiēs, ariēs, cerēs, pēs cum compositis, & pari [...]s;) ĕs quoque à sum cum composit is, po­tĕs, adĕs, &c. penĕs etiam & neutra in es, Hippo­manĕs, Cacoethĕs, adde Nominativos Graecorum plurales, Cyclopĕs, Naiadĕs, Dryad [...]s, &c.

8. Exci [...]e Comp [...]s, imp [...]s, [...]s ossis; & Graeca in [...] desinentia, Del [...]s, Cha [...]s, Pallad [...]s, Phillid [...]s.

9. Longi sunt obliqui, ut Musis Dominis, No­minativi [Page 79] etiam [...]ingul▪ longorum imparisylla­bicorum, Samnīs, ītis, Salam [...]s, [...]nis, It [...]m Nomi­na in— is à Graecis in [...] de [...]in [...]ntibus, Simoīs. Mon [...]syllaba omnia praeter is, qu [...]s, b [...]s. Se­cundae etiam personae temporis praes. Indicat. Modi verborum qua [...]tae Conjugationis, ut, aud [...]s, adde velīs & sis cum compositis, & adver­ba forīs, & gratīs.

Commune est tempus futur. Modi Subjunct.

Is, mihi dives eris, si causas eger [...]s, inquit. Martial.

Da mihi te placidum, dederīs in carmine vires. Ovid.

10. Excipiuntur imparisyllabica quorum Ge­nitivi habent penultimam longam, salus, utis, tellūs, ūris. Item Genitivi Singul. Nominativi, Accusativi, Vocativi, Plural▪ Nominum quartae Declinationis Hujus manūs, hae manūs, has manūs, ô manūs. Monosyllaba etiam Crūs, mūs, sūs. No­mina eitiam in— us, facta è Graecis in ovs Panthūs, Melampūs, Cliūs; praeter Oedipŭs & Polypŭs se­cundae Declin.

11. Brevia sunt ejă, ită, quiă. Omnes etiam Casus in— a (exceptis Vocativis à Graecis in as, Aene [...]; & obliqus primae declin. Mus [...].) Numeralia in— [...] sunt communia.

12. Corripiuntur nis [...], quasi. Vocativi etiam & Dativi Graecorum quorum G [...]nitivus exit in os, Palladi, I hillid [...], [...] Amarill [...], ô Alex [...].

Communia sunt mihi, tibi, sibi, ubi, ibi; Sicu [...] semper breve est, alibi longum.

13. Producuntur obliqui quintae Declin. [Page 80] cum suis Adverbijs [...]odiē, quotidiē, quibus adde [...]. Secundae etiam personae singul. Modi Im­perat. Activi verborum secundae Conjugat▪ Docē. Adverbia ab Adjectivis in— us, aut— er desinentibus, derivata, pulchrē, bellē. Ferm [...] etiam ferē & Ohē: Sed benĕ, malĕ, magĕ corripiuntur.

Monosyllaba producuntur omnia praeter quĕ, nĕ, vĕ Encliticas, cĕ, tĕ, ptĕ, Adjectiones sylla­bicas.

14. Producuntur obliqui in o, Dominō. Ad­verbia ab Adjectivis derivata Tantō, &c. Eō cum compositis, ideō, &c. Communia sunt Sedulò, crebro, serò, mutuò. Semper brevia, modo, quo­mod [...], cit [...]; saepius etiam sunt, Amb [...], du [...], eg [...], hom [...], sci [...], nesci [...], im [...], illic [...].

Propriorum Nominum qu [...]titates ad has Terminationes revocantur.

A in penultimâ, brevis est in Nominibus quae desinunt in ăbus, ăces, ăcus, ăgus, & ăgum, ălus, (excipitur Sardanapalus) ămes, ăres, ăris, ărus, ăla.

Longa est in ācum, (in iăcum verò corripitu [...] ādus, & [...]da, [...]mus (excipe Graeca & Asiatica) āne, ānes, anus (excipe Concănus, Dardănus, Marcomănus, enomănus, Sequănus, & (ut vulgo) Lipomănus) asis, asus, [...]tus, ates, athes, (excipi­untur Pelătes, Lapăthes, Zelătes) ata, ati [...], āvus, āvum, [...].

E, in penultimâ—

Brevis est in ĕres.

Longa est in ēdus, ēne, ēnus (praeter Diadumĕ­nus, Misumĕnus, & Ar [...]ĕnus) crus & ēra.

I, in penultimâ—

Brevis est in [...]cus, si Nomina sint Latina vel à Latinis aut Grae [...]is orta. Si vero sint Nomina bar­bara producuntur excipiuntur C [...]pern [...]cus; [...]ga, [...]ta, [...]ito.

Longa est in īcum, īde, īdus, īmus, īnus, & ina tum propria tum Gentili [...]ia, irus, isus, ītus, & īta, tum propria tum Gentili [...]ia, ītes nomina Gem­marum & Lapidum, Vinorum; & Gentilia, [...]is Gen­tilia Foeminarum.

[Page 82] O, in penultimâ—

Brevis est in [...]lus;, & [...]rix.

Longa est in ōdes, ōmus, ōnus, & ōna, ōta, ōtes, ōtis.

V, in penultimâ—

Longa est ubique.

Hebraea, Syriaca, Arabica, Turcica, has sequ­untur regulas.

Quibus additur terminatio Latina, produ­cuntur, ut Adamus, Abrahāmus: Excipe cre­menta ab ar & or quae corripitur, ut Salmana­săris, Nabuchadonos [...]ris.

Quae vero propriam terminationem retinent penultimam corripiunt, ut Absălon. Excipiuntur Aāron, [...]biram, Abīron, Adiram, Adūram, Asa­tēla, Asemōna, Aseroth, Arbōna, Bahūrim, Barjē­su Barjōna, Bethoron, Bethsūra, C [...]rbōna, Ele [...]le, Esricam, Gaderoh, Gazēta, Ierūsa, Mammōna, Noēmi, Rabbōni, Sabactāni, Salōme, Zabūlon.