IMPRIMATUR,

November 7. 1663.
Roger L'Strange.

Tyrocinium Linguae Latinae, OR THE LATINE APPRENTICE MADE FREE-MAN; Wherein are Discussed the Difficul­ties which do Incumber those who have to Translate the English Particles, Moods, and Tenses, according to the Latine Idiome, or to make the Reduction of Verbs, and Participles, from Actives to Passives, from Personals to Impersonals, from Finits to Infinits, or Contrariwise;

To these are Subjoyn'd the Differ­ences and Proprieties of Latine Parti­cles, such as, Suus, Sui, Ipse, Quidam, Quis­piam, &c. And an Alphabetical Catalogue of Verbs, which under one Signification will have diverse Regiments and Constructions.

In the Last Place followeth (as an Epiphonema) most Usefull and Methodical Rules of Composing.

Ovid.
Principiis obsta, serò Medicina paratur
Cum mala per longas invaluere moras.

Published for the Instruction of Youth, By Alex. Gordon, Gent.

LONDON, Printed by T. M. For Mathias Walker, at the Sign of the three Hearts, at the West end of St. Pauls, 1664.

[modern bookplate]

FOR THE Right Honourable, HENRY HOWARD Esquire, Eldest Son of the Right Honou­rable Henry Howard Esquire, and Heir Apparent to his Grace the Duke of Norfolk, Premier Duke, Premier Earle, and Premier Baron of England, and First of the HOWARDS.

Most Honoured SIR,

I Hope I shall not need a further Apology for this Presumption, then to let Your Honour un­derstand, that I have been known a Servant to Your most Illustrious Family, and have been Dignified with the Quality of Conductor (As Tutor) to Your Noble Cou­sin, Mr. John Howard, Only [Page] Son to that Incomparable Person, the Right Honourable, my Lord Viscount Andever, and Heir ap­parent to the House of Berkshire; Quem terris tantum ostenderunt fata, An inestimable Jewel, that Nature but shewed, and straight put up again. This Gemm being thus Ravished from the World, and me, to whom I originally in­tended this Service, Elucent rea­son cast me upon this boldness, to make my Addresse to Your Most Honourable Patronage, who are the Heyre of all the Hopes of all Your Superexcellent House, and the Top of so Numerous and No­ble a Family, next after Your most Illustrious Father, who hath by His known Gallantry, and Tran­scendent [Page] Generosity superadded more Lustre and Glory to his dead Ancestors than ever he received from them, though all so Eminent­ly Recorded in the Book of Fame; In the next place, I presume Your Noble Goodness will be more in­clinable to Pardon this great Boldness that I have taken, to Plant Your Honoured Name in the Frontispiece of this Tyrocinium, it being so suitable to Your Tender Years; and I hope it will prove usefull for Your Honour, and all the Nobility of the Nation, to make Your Ingress more easie into the Latine Tongue; which with Your other Perfections, that all the World already not only Prog­nosticates, but reads in Your pre­sent [Page] Epitome, will (I doubt not) place you in a greater Volume, a­mongst all those Glorious Heroes, before spoken of, under the Canopy of Immortality; and if this small Mite of Mine, may contribute any thing towards it, I shall arrive at my utmost ambition, which is (next after my Deceased Master) to have Served so Princely a Per­son as Your Self, and to be Honou­red so far as to be Owned still, by Your Most Excellent Family, in Quality of a Servant; and by Your Great Goodness; As,

Sir,
Your Most Humble Honourer, and Oblidged Faithful Creature, Alexander Gordon.

THE PREFACE TO THE READER.

MAny there are that think that a Scholler, who hath been carefully Instructed in his Rules of Grammer, and hath Learned his Syntax several times over, needs no further Instru­ction for matter of Composing; But it is not known by Experience, the most evident Demonstration in Na­ture, that, notwithstanding the Gram­mattical Theorie done in the exactest manner, Young beginners when they come to the Practical part, do not onely stick, but fall into great absur­dities and faults, no lesse worthy of Pitty then Remedy; The reason hereof is so manifest, that there can be nothing said against it; to wit, that every Language hath its own [Page] Dialect, or particular way of speak­ing, the Latine hath its Latinismes, the English its Anglicismes, but of the last of the Grammer makes not (nor cannot) any mention, therefore it is no marvel, if one that hath learn­ed his Grammer, faile exceedingly, when he meets with difficulties whereof he hath heard nothing. And as often as this falls out, our Young Schollers striving to Regulate the Latine by the English Phrase, stumble into most Ridiculous errors, not knowing the Antipathie and di­versity that is oftentimes found be­twixt two Languages, As for Ex­ample.

The English Verbs are often to be rendred into Latine by the Active Voice, when they are of themselves of the Passive; and contrariwise, by the Passive, when they are in the Active; As, Cicero is followed by all Orators; If you would say accord­ing to the English Dialect; Cicero sequitur ab omnibus Oratoribus, you [Page] should be guilty of Incongruity, be­cause a Deponent hath no Passive Voice, wherefore you must put it Actively into Latine, and say, Cice­ronem sequntur omnes Oratores: I am well pleased with your Civility; here your English Verb is of the Pas­sive Voice, and in Latine it is put Actively, thus; Placet mihi tua urba­nitas; But in following your English Phrase, you would say, Placeor tuâ urbanitate, Although it hath not the Passive Voice.

Oftentimes there goeth Prepositi­ons in the English before the Infini­tive; As, Without drinking, without eating, before drinking, or eating; so that in this Case, if one would follow the English phrase▪ and say; Sinè man­ducare, antequàm Libere, antequà, manducare, He would be Ridicu­lously Incongruous.

But what shall I say of the diversity of the Tenses in both Languages? which is so great, that the Imperfect of the English, is often express'd by [Page] the Present in the Latine; As, He loves you so much, that he would loose his life for you, Ità te amat, ut pro te vitam amittat. Sometimes the Present Tense of the English is ren­dered by the Perfect Tense of the La­tine, and the English Perfect by the Plusquam Perfect.

Neither can the English Gerunds or Participles be put by the same Gerunds & Participles of the Latine, and we are often necessitate, to re­duce the Participles to the Finite Mood of the Verbs from which they descend, specially, when the Verbs have no participle and then it is hard to know in what Tense they are to be put.

Besides all these difficulties, consi­der how hard a thing it is, to change the English Particles, such as, (That What, By, Of, &c.) into the Parti­cles and wayes of speaking suitable to the Latine: seeing they are so divers­ly taken in both Languages.

Lastly, That I may not insist in [Page] shewing a thing of it self so manifest, what grosse mistakes are there seen a­mongst young beginners, in not knowing the Nature and Proprieties of the Latine Particles? such; As, A­lius, Alter, Quisque, Aliquis Quidam, Sui, Suus, &c.

Of all which difficulties (and that not small ones) your Grammer gives you no Solution: neither can it Arme you, against the Pains and Troubles that is found in Translating the Eng­lish into Latine; seeing it was onely moulded to Initiate us in the Rules and Artifice of the Latine Tongue, and not to discusse the difficulties ari­sing from the Translation of strange Tongues and Languages.

Wherefore to supply this defect, and to give young beginners greater Facility and Encouragement, I have by much Industry and Pains, Com­pendis'd and Expounded in this little Book, the most Importent and Ob­vious difficulties, that we meet with in Composing; when we have to do [Page] with the English particles; As, When, What, That, &c, or with the Latine Particles; such as, Aliquis, Quidam, Quispiam, Sui, Suus, &c. or when we are to change the English Moods and Tenses, into the Moods and Tenses of the Latine; or if there be any reducti­ons to be made from the Active to the Passive; from an Impersonal, to a Personal, from the Infinite Mood, to the Finite, and contrariwise; to which I have added, a Catalogue of Verbs, which have diverse Regi­ments and Constructions under one signification; with the most conside­rable Verbs, that in changing their signification, change their Constru­ction; and a most curious and sure Methode to be practised in Compo­sing. But although this Work stood me in great Pains, and long Studie; Yet, I will hold my self well satisfied and recompenced, if you can Reap any Profit thereby, the which, I har­tily wish and pray for; who is,

Your Well-wisher and Servant, Alexander Gordon.

The Book-Seller, to all Ingenious Youths, Especially those of Sheffield, in York-Shire.

Dear Country Men;

FEaring that you should have Charged me with the De­testible Vice of Ingratitude (having from your AIR Re­ceived my BIRTH and EDVCATION) if at this occasion I should have been forgetfull of Your Advancement, when I am in some Capacity to Con­tribute thereto, I thought this a fit oppertunity for the better vindica­tion of my Self from the aforesaid Crime, and to give a most evident proof of the Zeal I have for Your Progress in Virtue and good Liter­ature. It is my good fortune to Print a Book so Ingeniously contrived and fitted for all sorts of Persons that in­tend to attain the Perfection of the Latine Tongue that it can sooner be [Page] Paralleled then be enough Com­mended, though both Impossible.

Yet least I seem to cry it up above its Merit, I wish you not to pass Sen­tence before due Perusal, and then I doubt not but you will dignifie it with some Loftier Elogium and Com­mendation than what hath fallen from my Unlearned Pen. Where­fore Country-Men, since I am so hap­py as to have the Publishing and Vending of this Inestimable Book, I should have justly been Taxed with Ingratitude, a most unnatural Vice; If I had not by some means (then which none seemed to me more fit­ting then this) to Acquaint You therewith, desiring your pains in perusal, that thereby You may be Arts-Master, and Free Men in the La­tine Tongue; Is the continual Wishes Of;

Dear Country Men,
Your Affectionate Friend and Servant, MATHIAS WALKER.

TO MY Honoured Friend Mr. Alexander Gordon, On His Most Excellent, Tyrocinium Linguae Latinae.

Dear Friend;
'TIs said the work that's well begun,
Dimidium facti qui bene caepit, habet.
Is half at least already done
The Latine Tongue (if that be true)
Is here in breif, half taught by You;
And if that half be more than whole,
Dimidium plus toto.
You are the Master of the Schole,
Must teach our Teachers, and the first,
That ever I could see, that durst,
Attempt amongst the Learned Throng,
To Rudiment aright, the Latine Tongue.
Thou open'st Shop, and giv'st whole Sale,
What others do but by Retale.
For as the whole consists of Parts,
Totum con­stat ex par­tibus.
So Particles accomplish Arts;
Thus whole in part, and whole in all,
Anima est totam toto & tota in qualibet parte.
Thou'rt Soul of Art Scholastical.
J. M. A. M. Ludi-Magister.

TO MY Ingenious Friend, Mr. Alexander Gordon: Requiring my Judgement upon His, Tyrocinium Linguae Latinae.

Sir,
VVhen you command the judgment of your Friend,
You do not sure oblige him to commend,
Or favour what you write, but do desire
His strictest censure, as a Test of Fire;
Nor can you bribe my Judgement, you shall be
Not purchas'd deer, nor yet sold cheap by me.
I'le tell you of your faults, and I must say
You have done ill, at this high time of day,
To offer yet more Light; which being done
Seem's like a Candle lighted to the Sun,
Or drops t' augment the Sea, and 't oddly looks,
That learning should be overwhelm'd with Books,
Which like or'ridden Horses, are soon foyl'd,
And Nauseous turn, as Cramb thats twice boil'd
Yet Methods may be several, and Books
Like the same dishes, vary with the Cooks;
So then the World may pardon you and say
To the same place, thou goest a new found way:
Though after many, yet thou follow'st none,
Thy way tends clearly to perfection.
But yet another Quarrel doth occur
Against thy Book, which gives the greatest slur,
That thou dost prostitute the Latine Tongue,
To Porters, Carmen, and the num'rous throng
Of Common People, nay to th' other Sex,
Whose constant course, is for to Plague and Vex
The world with torrent of their tongues too much,
It is suppos'd you would not have yours such;
But well, t' excuse that fault, it may be say'd
That tongue by tongue as Burne, by fire is lay'd;
And 'tis presum'd, those tongues (if not subdu'd)
Would, with a Lingua, never be so Rude:
Then teach'em tongue it right, and ben't asham'd
To make a woman to be Linguist Fam'd.
These are th' Exceptions I have met, and true,
And salv'd them, but not flatter'd Book, or You.
H. R. Amica Veritas.

Tyrocinium Linguae Latinae.

CHAP. I. Of the Particle (That.)

WHEN this Particle (That) may be changed into any of those Following, to wit, which, who, whom, then of Necessity it must be ren­dred in the Latine, by the Relative (qui, quae, quod,) which accord­ing to the Nature of the Verb following, will be put in divers cases; As in the Accusative, when the Verb following is an Active; an Example, I have read the Book that you did write, id est, which you did write, Vidi librum quem scripsisti; The Injury that I forgot, id est, which I forgot; Injuria cujus oblitus sum; The Man that I hurt, homo cui nocui.

But if (That) cannot be changed into none of the above mentioned Particles, then you must have recourse to the Rules following.

(That) Following English Verbs which [Page 2] are expressed in Latine be any of these; dico, affirmo, credo, puto, scio, intelligo, nar­ro, commemoro, memini, spero, pollicior, and many others of the like signification, is cut off in the Latine, and the Verb fol­lowing it, is put by the Infinitive Mood; As, I say that Peter is a good Man, Dico Pe­trum esse probum; I hope that Paul will be­come Learned, Credo Paulum fore Doctum. Take heed of saying, spero, quod Paulus futurus sit doctus; Trusting to the Autho­rities of some Ancient Writers, who stu­died more to make their concepts, and notions be understood, then to the pu­rity and Elegancy of Speech; neither take for your warrant in this point, the Eccle­siastical Writers, who for the too frequent use of this way of speaking, Credo quod Paulus futurus sit Doctus, do clearly hold out the verity of the Proverb, Gramma­ticae Leges plerumquè Ecclesia Spernit.

When (That) doth follow in your En­glish Verbs of fear, which are put in the Latine by, timeo, metuo, vereor, and their Synonimes or Verbs of the like significa­tion; you must know if you fear any thing, which you would not wish to come to passe, or if you fear that any thing will not come to passe which you desire should fall out. If it be the first sort of [Page 3] fear, then the Particle (That) is put be (nè) as the Scholler fears that the Ma­ster comes to know his ignorance; Vere­tur Scholasticus ne ignorantiam suam resciat Preceptor, which he would not wish to come to passe, least it being known, he should suffer for it.

If in place of (That) you have (Least) as the Scholler fears least the Master come to know his ignorance; it is to be done with, as you have heard of (That;) But if your fear be the second sort, then (That) is expressed by (ne non,) or (ut) with the Conjunctive Mood, as I fear that my Father send me no Money, Vereor ne Pa­ter non mittat ad me pecuniam, separating ne, and (non) as you see in this Example; or you may say, vereor ut mittat pater ad me pecuniam.

If (That) chance to go after any of these Verbs, Consulo, moneo, suadeo, per­suadeo, rogo, impero, statuo, permitto, efficio; it is to be rendred in the Latine by (ut) with the Verb following in the Subjun­ctive, or the Verb following is put in the Subjunctive Mood, and (ut) is under­stood; or it may be put in the Infinitive Mood; and if in place of (That) the Particle (To) followeth any of the above written Verbs, do with it as you have [Page 4] heard of (That) Examples hereof. I advise you that you obey your Master, or to obey your Master; Suadeo tibi ut prae­ceptori obtemperes, vel praeceptori obtemperes, vel obtemperare; I admonish you that you shun idlenesse, or to shun, moneo te ut otium fugias, vel otium fugias, vel otium fu­gere; I pray that you come and see me, or to come and see me; Rogo ut ad me ve­nias, vel venias, venire.

If (That) Follow the Substantive, Nouns descending from these Verbs, it is put by (ut) with the Conjunctive Mood; As it is the Kings pleasure that the Citi­zens Assemble; Vult Rex ut Cives congre­gentur; or, by the Substantive descending from the Verb (Vult) Voluntas Regis est, ut Cives Congregentur; So you say, Desiderat Pater ut studeas, vel desiderium Patris tui est, ut studeas, Your Father desires that you Studie.

When the Particle (That) doth follow any of these Particles, (tàm, so, ità, so, adeò, s [...], tantus, so much, talis, such, tot so many,) it is put by (ut,) with the Sub­junctive Mood; As my Brother is so Learned, that he is ignorant of nothing; Adeó doctus est Frater meus, ut nihil ignoret; The desire I have to see you, is so great, that I cannot express it; Tantum est mihi [Page 5] desiderium, tui videndi, ut illud verbis com­plecti nequeam. Curius Dentatus had so ma­ny Men, and so much Land, that he knew not in which he was Richest; Tot Homines erant Curio Dentato, tantumque Agri, ut in utro Ditior esset, non ipse posset aestimare; The Battel of Canne, was so bloody, that the Romans lost forty thou­sand Men in it. Adeo cruentum fuit prae­lium ad Cannas, ut in eo desiderata fuerint Quadraginta Romanorum millia.

(That) being put after Verbs that sig­nifie to hinder, disswade, or forbid, is expressed, be (nè quìn, quo minùs.) As the Master forbids that we play; Vetat prae­ceptor nè ludamus, vel quo minùs ludamus. I was not the cause that you brought not to passe your intent. In causa non eram, vel non per me stetit, quìn, propositum tenueris, vel quo minùs propositum tenueris; The ill Weather will hinder me that I cannot come to you. Impediet me adversum tem­pus, quo minùs ad te proficiscar. You may likewise put these Verbs in the Infinitive Mood; as Impediet me ad te proficisci.

If (That) follow (But) it is put by (quìn,) with the Verb following in the Conjunctive Mood; As I doubt not, but that you love me. Non dubito quìn me ames; and since (quìn) is made mention [Page 6] of, know this much of it, by the way: that when it is an Interrogative Particle, it is put with the Indicative Mood; As why do not you read? Quin Legis? why follow you not your Friends good Coun­sell? quin amicis bené momentibus obtemper as?

If (That) follow these Verbs, Oportet, decet, convenit, necesse est, aequum est, par est; or if your English have (to) in place of (that) any of them are put by (ut) with the Subjunctive Mood; As, it is needfull that you learn, or, which is the same, you must needs learn, necesse est ut discas, vel discas, and suppresse (ut;) it beho­veth you to give place to the stronger, or you must give way to the stronger; Opor­tet valentiori cedas; it is necessary that a man pay tribute to Nature, necesse est ut homo naturae satisfaciat. It is reasonable that we oblige those who have obliged us; aequum est ut de nobis bené merentibus parem gratiam referamus.

All these wayes may be said also by the Infinitive, as Oportet valentiori cedere, ho­minem nature satisfacere, aequum est, nos de nobis bené merentibus parem gratiam referamus.

(That) after these Impersonal Verbs, to wit, (fit, evenit, accidit, contingit) is only expressed by (ut) with the Subjun­ctive Mood; As it falleth out often that [Page 7] the most Learned are deceived; Saepé fit, vel contigit ut doctissimi hallucinentur.

(That) signifying (because) is put by (quod,) with the Verb following it in the Indicative Mood, or the Verb is put in the Infinitive, and (That) is omit­ted; As, I am glad that you are come, id est, because you are come; Gaudeo quod venisti, vel quod veneris, vel te venisse.

Mark these wayes of speaking in the Particle (That,) when it followeth (one,) which are expressed by, putà to wit, nempé idem, scilicet, idem, with the Infinitive: when there followeth no Verb, which will have the Particle (That,) put by (ut) with the Subjunctive; As, the Master sayeth one thing of you, that you are given to play. Ʋnum de te ait praeceptor, putà te ad ludum propensum esse; But if the Verb requires (That,) to be changed in (ut,) then you put the Verb following (ut) in the Conjunctive; As I request you one thing, that you would lend me mo­ney, unum te rogo nempé, vel quippé ut pe­cuniam mihi des mutuam; for (rogo) is one of the Verbs after which (That) is chan­ged into (ut) as I have already shewn.

(That) after (idem,) is expressed by (ac, atque, ut, cum;) as I am of the opini­on that Peter is of, or I am of the same [Page 6] [...] [Page 7] [...] [Page 8] mind that Peter is of. Idem sentio ac Pe­trus, atque Petrus, ut Petrus, cum Petro; I have the same right that my Brother hath; Idem mihi jus est ac Fratri, vel cum fratre.

(That) is some times put by an Adverb, as in those two Examples; It is not the first time that he hath done this. Non nunc primùm hoc fecit; The time will come that I can repay your Favour; erit ubi parem tibi gratiam referam.

(That) being put between two Com­paratives in the English, is changed into (quò) which hath (hòc) or (eò) before the last Comparative; as, the more that a man is modest, the more he is to be lo­ved; quò quis modestior, eò vel hoc amabilior, or it is put by (ut quisque) with the Su­perlative going after it, and hath (ità) with the Superlative after it, where the last Comparative of the English is, as ut quisque modestissimus, ità &, amabilissi­mus; Another Example, The more that a man is worthy of honour, the lesser he coveteth it; Quò quis gloriâ dignior, eò mi­nus gloriae cupidus, or by the second way; ut quisque gloriae dignissimus est, ità & gloriae minimè cupidus.

But if in these wayes of speaking, the Particle (That) is found between two [Page 9] Verbs which have before them, the mark of the Comparative degree, to wit (the more, the lesser) or between a Verb, and an Adjective, which is compared by (ma­gis) for the Comparative, and (maximé for the Superlative; Then because nei­ther a Verb, nor this sort of Adjectives can be compared, according to the Ge­neral Rule, you must use (quó magis) for the first Comparative, and (eò magis, or hoc magis) for the second; Or if you will make use of the Superlative, according to the second way, you must make use of (ut maximé) all is clear in the following Examples; The more one drinks that hath the Dropsie, the more he thirsts, Quó magis bibit qui intercute laborat, eó magis sitit, or by the second way, ut quisque maximé bibit, qui intercute laborat, itá maximé sitit; the lesser that one studies, he is the lesse capable of Learning, Quó minus aliquis stu­det eó minus est ad discendum idoneus, vel, ut quisque minimé studet itá ad ediscendum mi­nimè idoneus. Some times the Particles that accompany the Superlative, are left out, As the gooder a man is, he dyeth the more chearful; Optimus quisque aequis­simo animo moritur.

(That) In these following wayes of speaking is put by (quod or tamèn) as, not [Page 10] that I hate you, non quod te oderim, vel te tamèn non odi; if there be two negations, it is put by (quin) As, not that I am not for you, Non quìn tuâ causâ cupiàm.

(That) Is put by (quod or ut) with the Subjunctive indifferently, specially when it followeth the word (strange or admi­rable) in the English; As, it seemeth strange to a Country Clown, that a cloath is laid for him at Dinner; Mirum, novum, vel insolitum, videtur Rustico, quod, vel ut sibi prandienti mantile apponatur. The People of Rome thought strange that the Consul his Son should be put to death; Populo Romano mirum videbatur ut Consulis Filius, vel quod Consulis Filius ad supplicium raperetur.

At other times (That) is expressed by (quidèm) as it is true that you have done me great service, but yet you have dis­obliged me; Multa quidèm meâ causâ fecisti, verum tamèn mihi displicuisti.

When (That) followeth the English Particles (so far) it is expounded by (ut, nè) with the Subjunctive, or (nedùm) with the same Mood; As Lucan is so far from surpassing Virgil, that he comes far short to him; Tantùm ab est ut Lucanus, Virgi­lium superet, ut ne assequatur quidèm, vel nè assequitur quidèm Virgilium, Lucanus, ne­dùm [Page 11] superet, vel adeò non superat, ut nec asse­quatur; Another affirmative Example; I am so far from dispising you, that I preferre you to all my School-fellows; Tantùm abest ut te contemnam, ut te caeteris meis anteponam Condiscipulis.

In these Interrogations, to wit, is it so that? shall it be said that? you must make use of the Conjunctions (ita nè verò, sic­cine verò) as, is it so that you mock me? itanè verò mihi illudis? shall it be said that you will gain-stand a man who hath so much obliged you? Siccinè v [...]rum tàm benè de te meritum oppugnas.

(That) In these wayes of speaking; were it not that, if it were not, &c. is put by (nisi quod) or tamèn) As, I would in this compare the with Children, were it not that, or if it were not that you seem to me more Imprudent then they; In hoc te cum pueris conferrem, nisi quod mihi etiam videris iis imprudentior, vel videris tamèn illis Imprudentior.

(That) After (Interest or Refert) is chan­ged into (ut) with the Subjunctive; As it is good for the Common-Wealth, that evil men be punished; Interest vel Refert Reipub ut Improbi coerceantur; Or you may say by the Infinitive, Interest Reipub. Improbos coerceri.

The Particle (That) in these wayes of speaking, (there is no appearance that,) it is not likely that,) is put two wayes, according to the two expositions which the above mentioned words admit; for if (there is no appearance that) is the same in sense with (I cannot believe that) then the Verb following (That) is put in the Infinitive without exception, As there is no appearance that a wise man hath done so filthy an Action, id est, I cannot believe that, &c. Non mihi fit verisimile virum prudentem ità turpitèr errasse; But if (there is no appearance that) is the same that (it is not just or reasonable that) then (That) is put by (ut) with the Con­junctive; As, there is no appearance that a Schooler will despise his Master, id est, it is not just, or it is not reasonable that &c. Aequum non est, ut Discipulus Ma­gistrum vituperet.

(That) In these wayes of speaking (sup­pose that I have spoken so, I will that I have said so) is put all these wayes; volo dixerim, ut dixerim, fac dixerim, dixerim sané, or by the Infinitive, fac me dixisse, volo me dixisse.

(That) In these wayes of speaking, (The thing that troubleth me most is that, &c) the thing which comforts me most [Page 13] is that, &c.) can be put two waies; An Example of the first: the thing that troubleth me most, is that you oppose a man who hath so much oblidged you: Quod autèm me vehementius offendit illud est, quod eum hominem oppugnas à quo tot beneficia acceperis: The which is put thus after the second way: Illud autèm me vehemen­tius offendit quod virum de te bené meritum al­latrare non desinis.

(That) in these waies of speaking (take heed that) have a care That) give order That) is put by (ut) with the subjunctive, if it be an Affirmative speech: As have a care that all things be ready at my com­ing: Cura ut parata sint omnia cum venero. But if it be a Negative speech, you must use (né) as take heed or see, that nothing be wanting: Ʋide nequid desit: Have a care that your Enemy assault you not, when you least think of it: Cave ne te in opinantem Inimicus opprimat.

When you finde (That) in this Speech (he is the learnedest man that ever I know) you must put it in the plural Num­ber, though it be a Relative of the singu­lar Number, in the English, as, Est Om­nium quos noverim doctissimus; or you may make use of this way; Neminem eo novi doctiorem.

If (That) be found in this sort of speech or (as) in place of (That) it is rendered into Latine by (quàm) which hath after it the Superalative. As, I will do your affairs the carefulest that I can, or as carefully as I can. Res tuas curabo quàm diligentissi­mé potero: I have recommended you to the Master with all the affection that I could. Te praeceptori commendavi quàm di­ligentissimé potui: I shall informe my self the exactest that I can, or as exactly as I can; quàm accuratissimè potero singula per­cunctabor: sometimes (ut) is put in place of (quàm) as, Commendavi te preceptori ut studiosissimé potui.

In these and such like Interrogations, is that to say that? doth it follow that? think you that? the particle (That) which is in the last place, is changed, into (num ideò, nùm continuò) as, though the Master hath not chide me, think you that he will forebear you? Si me praeceptor non objur­gavit, nùm ideò, vel num continuò idem tibi licere putas? If I performe not what I pro­mised, is it therefore that I am to be hol­den as a false man? Si nondùm prestiti quod pollicitus sum num continuò me perfidum appel­labis?

If it be not an Interrogative speech, then you must put (non) in place of (num) [Page 15] as, though I have spoken with a wicked man, it followeth not that I am wicked also: Si cum Improbo ex occursu locutus sum, non ideò vel non continuò sum Improbus.

Here are some particular waies of spea­king in the Particle (That) How comes it that you are so glad? Quid est quod tam laetus sis? I shall tell you the reason that I write not so often to you, as I was accu­stomed to do: dicam quid sit quod ad te tàm saepè non scribam quàm solebam, vel cognosces ex me quid est quamobrem non scribam tàm saepé quàm solebam: What is it needful that I say? Quid dicam? vel quid commemorem? What doth hinder that you come not when you list? Quid causae est quìn cum libet venias?

If (That) go after (providing) or (if) it is expressed by (modò ut, modò, si) As all things will go to your liking, providing, or if, that you follow your brothers Counsel: Omnia tibi ad votum eadent, modò ut fratris sequaris consilium, vel, modò sequaris, vel, si sequaris fratris confilium; Somètimes (That) is left out, as may be seen in these examples: It is just that Cicero be praised; Jure laudatur Cicero. Although that I have writen and spoke to you: Quamvis & tibi scripserim & coram monverim.

Having now as exactly, as briefly, resol­ved all the difficulties which arise in com­posing one, this Particle (That) I would intreat all who desire to profit hereby, to make and contrive such Theams, as may contain these difficulties, and practise, till they be well acquainted with them; neither speak I only of what is contained in this Chapter; but also con­cerning the difficulties which are to be explained in the Chapters following.

CHAP. II. Of the Particle (What.)

THis particle is put many waies in the Latine, as the former.

When it is so repeated in the English, there was twenty, what good what bad: it is put by (tùm, tùm) or (partìm, partìm) as, Erant viginti tùm boni, tùm mali, vol partìm boni, partìm mali.

(What) in these waies of speaking which follow, is many waies expressed: As, from what place so ever he cometh: undé, undé, veniat, vel undévis veniat, un­delibet veniat, undecunque veniat. In what [Page 17] part so ever he be, or wheresoever he be, Ʋbi, ubi sit; Ʋbivis sit, ubicun (que) sit, ubilibet sit: By whatsoever part he goes: Quáquá transeat, quàlibet, quàcunque, quàvis transeat; To whatsoever part he goeth: Quòcunque eat, quèquò eat, quòlibet quovis eat: At what­soever price you bought this Book: Quanti, quanti▪ emeris librum hunc, quanti­cunque, quantilibet, quantivis hunc librum emeris: Come what will come, whatso­ever comes to pass: ut ut cadat, ut cun (que) cadat, utilibet cadat.

(What) being an Interrogation is di­versly expressed; as, in these following Interrogations: what is the matter? quid rei est? What means this? Quid sibi vult istud? What have you to do with this man? Quid tibi rei cum viro isto? Vel quid tibi cum isto viro? What reason have you to be glad? Quid est quod tam latus sis? What shall become of me? Quid mihi fiet posteà? What shall become of the money? Quid pecuniâ fiet? What of that, or what then? Quid tum? Quid indè? Quid tum posteà? Quid tum indè? What can I help that; if you he resolved to do it? Quid isthic? Si certus es ea facere facias? What can you do, you must accommodate your self to the humor of the man: quid facias? Ʋt homo est ità morem geras: To what pur­pose [Page 18] should I speak to you? Quorsum te allo­quar? Cui bono te alloquar, quamobrem, quem ob finem te alloquar? What shall I say to you? Quid tibi dicam, quid commemorem? As to what concerns me; Quod ad me at­tinet, quod ad me spectat, vel pertinet, quoad me: As to what you writ concerning your Brother: Quod ad me scribis de fratre.

This Particle, hath other praticular waies of speaking, without an Interroga­on: as, I know not what to think or say; Inops sum consilii, vel quid consilii capiam nes­cio: I know not what is my destiny, Quae me fata maneant ignoro.

If (What) can be changed in (so farre as) then it is put by (eatenùs, quatenùs) as, I Love you in what you are good: Id est, in so farr as you are good: Eatenùs te amo, quatenùs te virum bonum Intelligo.

CHAP. III. Of the Particle (Then.)

(THen) is expressed (by tunc, tùm, tunc temporis) when it specifieth a cer­tain time; As, then I was not at home, [Page 19] tunc, vel tùm, vel tunc temporis domi non eram.

(Then) going after a Comparative is put two waies: to wit, it is either cast out of the speech, and the word following is put in the Ablative case; As my brother is learneder then I: Frater meus est me doctior: Or else, (Then) is put by (quàm) which hath the same case after it that the Com­parative going before it is of; As, Frater meus est doctior quàm ego, aiunt meum fratrem esse doctiorem quàm me: but the best way is, by leaving out (Then) as in the first exam­ple?

(Then) is put by (quin, ut, quàm ut,) when it is to be put after these Particles (parùm abfuit, nihil propius factum, propè factum est) As there was little wanting then I had thrust him out of my house, parùm abfuit, vel nihil propius factum erat, quin illum domo meâ extruserim, vel quàm ut illum extruserim, vel propè factum est, ut eum ex­truserim: If your English phrase be, I was very neer thrusting him out of my house, it is also, to be this way rendred in the Latine. In these waies of speaking, he is no sooner gone then, (he is no sooner come then) The Particle (Then) is put by (statìm atque, simul ac, ubi primùm) as, the Master is no sooner gone out then [Page 20] the Scholers fall a playing: Staìm atque egreditur Magister ludunt Scholastici, vel ubi primùm egreditur, &c. he was no sooner come then he told all things: Simul ac venit omnia mihi nunciavit.

(Then) is put by (quàm, ac, atque) when it followeth (Alius, aliàs, aliter, alibi,) as, he is another sort of man then I did take him to be: Alius est quàm putabam, ac pu­tabam, atque putabam: That is to be other­wise understood then you think: Id aliter Intelligendum est, atque existimas.

In these waies of speech following (Then) is expressed by, (tanquàm, quasi, sicùt, ut, velùt, &c. And this is when (Then) goeth after the Particle (more) as, he looked no more on me then as a servant. Me tanquàm famulum intui usest, vel qua si famu­lum me habuit

But if (Then) in this sort of speaking hath a Verb after it, which is, as often as (if) followeth (Then,) you must change it into (quàm si, ac si,) as, he praised me no more, then if I had deserved none: tam parc [...] me laudavit ac si nihil laudis meri­tus fuissem: I have no more power then if I had no friends: Tàm nihil possum quàm si nullus mihi amicus esset.

(Then) is diversly put in these waies of speech following: I will be finer now then [Page 21] ever I was. Tàm elegens ac splendidus ero ut alias numquàm, vel nunquàm aliàs elegentior, quâm nunc ero: I was never sicker then I am now: Nunc primùm aegr [...]to, vel aegroto ut nunquàm aliàs, vel ingravescit morbus, vel aegroto ut nunquàm gravius, there is nothing more acceptable to a rich man then mo­ney: Nihil diviti magis in votis pecuniâ.

CAAP. IV. Of the Particle (To.)

THis Particle is put sometimes by (quàm, or atque) as, you have done contrary to what I commanded: Fecisti contrâ quàm mandaveram; vel contrà atque mandaveram.

(To) going after (mos, or Consuetudo) is expressed by (ut) with the subjunctive: As it was a custome amongst the Romans to praise Valiant men after their death: In more positum erat apud Romanos, vel mos erat Romanorū, praeclaros viros post mortem publicé laudare.

If (To) follow [...] Verb of motion, which is a Verb that signifies to go out of one place to an other, and if it answers to the question (quò) to what place, if a proper [Page 22] name of a Towne follow it, it is put in the Accusative without a Preposition; As my brother goeth to London: Frater meus pro­ficiscitur Londinum: If (rus, and domus) follow, they are put this same way: as, he hath sent his Son to the Country: Fili­um suum misit Rus: I go home: Eo do­mum.

But if the name following (To) be an Appellative, or a name of some Nation, Island, or Province, then you must use the Accusative, with the Preposition (in, or ad) As, he hath sent his Son to the Schoole: Misit suum filium in Scholam: He is gone to Flanders: Contulit see in Bel­gium.

But if (To) following a Verb of motion, have after it a Verb, this Verb may be put four waies, if it be not a defective Verb: First by the supine in (um) As, I go to Rome, to see my Brother, Proficiscor Romam visum fratrem: or, by the gerund in (di) with (causâ or gratiâ) as, causâ vi­dendi fratris, or by the Gerund in (dum) with the preposition (ad) as, ad videndum fratrem: Lastly by the future of the par­ticiple, which agreeth as with its sub­stantive, with the Nominative of the Verb of motion, in gender, number, and case; as, Porficiscor Romam visurus fratrem.

Here remarke two things: first that defective Verbs, such as Neuter Verbs, which want for the most part their Supins and consequently the future of the parti­ciple which is formed thereof, cannot be put all these waies, but only by the Ge­runds.

Secondly, That Active Verbs which are put in the Gerund in (di) or (dum) agree with the Substantives following, in Gender, Number and Case, which sort of Speeches the Grammarians call Oratio per Gerundivum; as, Can â amandae pacis, for Causâ amandi pacem, The first way is the best, though the last is not to be con­temned, specially in Poetry: Ad petendam pacem, for ad petendum pacem: The first way is only to be followed amongst the Latines, and the last is proper to the Greek. What I have said of Active Verbs, let it serve also for Deponents of the A­ctive signification, and for these two, which are not Actives (frui, uti) for you say, Causâ fruendae tuae consuetudinis, vel ad fruendam tuam consuetudinem: But let these Verbs which have not the Accusative af­ter them, but the Genitive, Dative, or Ablative, let them I say, abide in their Gerund without alteration; and put the Substantive following them, in the Case [Page 24] that they governe: As, Causâ Miserendi Matris, and not Miserendae matris, ad placendum parentibus; and not, ad placendos parentes.

(To) being put after (pertinet, attinet, spectat) is changed into (ad) with the Accusative; As, this belongs to me: Hoc ad me spectat, vel, pertinet: All his Intenti­ons are to make Warre: Omnia illius Con­silia ad bellum spectant: And sometimes you say without the praeposition, Quod me Spectat, what belongs to me: Quod me attinet, Idem.

(To) after these Verbs delector, capior, afficior) is not expressed: but these Verbs will have the Ablative after them, with­out a Preposition: and thus is the Particle (In) put, if you have it, in place of (To) As, I take great pleasure to hunt, or in hunting, Delector venatione, I take pleasure to read Cicero: Afficior lectione Cicero­nis.

If (To) following these three Verbs have after it a Verb, this last Verb is put in the Gerund in (do,) as I delight to read: De­lector legendo, vel lectione: And if the Verb have a Noune after it, and be an Active or deponent of the Active signification, it is put Gerundively, that is, made an Adjective, agreeing with the Noune sub­stantive [Page 25] following, in Gender, Number and Case; As, I love to read Cicero: In legendo Cicerone multúm Delector.

(To) put after (Refert, est, Interest,) hath the Noune following it, in the Ge­nitive; As it belongs to a wise man to foresee things; Sapientis est Prospicere fu­tura; But if it hath after it one of these Pronouns; meâ, tuâ, suâ, then these Pro­nouns are put in the Ablative, with this note that is prefixed; As, it belongs to me, meâ Interest, to you, tuâ Refert; but if you make use of (est,) then you must put the Pronoun in the Neuter Gender, as, meum est, tuum est, suum est.

(To) going after, Pronus proclivis, pro­pensus, is expressed by (ad,) which hath the Noun following it, in the Accusative, and the Verb in the Gerund in (dum;) As, he is inclined to Vice, Pronus est ad vitia, vel in vitia; Youth is prone to un­dertake things rashly; Proclivis est Juven­tus, ad res temerè suscipiendas; You are much given to flattery, Pronus es ad blan­diendum; Under this Rule is also com­prehended the Substantive Nounes, des­cending from these Adjectives; as Pro­clivitas, propensio.

Some times (To) is left out, and the Noune following it, is put in the Abla­tive, [Page 26] without a preposition, or with the prepositions, (cum, or sinè,) and this is done when (To) is the same that (not without;) as, Cicero was banished to the great grief of the People; id est, not with­out the great grief, &c. Summo totius populi dolore, Cicero in exilium ejectus fuit, vel cum summo totius populi dolore, vel non sine summo totius populi dolore; He was cal­led back to the great contentment of all; Summâ omnium laetitiâ ab exilio revocatus fuit Rochel was taken to the great admiration of all Europe; Magnâ cum admiratione to­tius Europae capta fuit Rupella.

If (To) be the Mark of the Infinitive Mood, and hath a Substantive before it, the Verb of the present of the Infinitive, is put in the Gerund (in di:) yet in Po­etry you may use the present of the Infi­nitive; and most commonly these Sub­stantives are, tempus, occasio, opportunitas, desiderum, causa, impedimentum, &c. As, it is time to study; Tempus est studendi; You have no cause to complain; Nulla tibi causa est conquerendi; You have an oc­casion to write; Oblata est occasio tibi scri­bendi; which likewise must be done, if any of these Adjectives go before (To,) to wit, Cupidus Avarus, Avidus, Studiosus, Peritus, Imperitus, and others of the same [Page 27] signification; As, desirous to know; Cu­pidus sciendi; Your Brother was very ear­nest to know your health; Avidus er at Frater tuus cognoscendi tuam valetudinem; He is mighty desirous to learn Liberal Arts; Artium liberalium est studiosissimus, vel ediscendi artes liberales; He is very fit­ing to ride; Est equitandi idoneus.

Mark these wayes of speaking in the Particle (To) What had I best do, to sight? It were to indanger my self; to suffer disgrace? it is worser then death it self; Quid agam, aut quò me convertam, pugnem? tum in ri [...]ae discrimen adducor; feram de­decus? & hoc morte pejus, vel si pugnem, sin contumeliam feram, &c.

When (To) following, rogo, quaeso, sua­deo, obtestor, consulo, and others of this signification, goeth before some other Verb; It is expressed by (ut) with the Subjunctive; As your Father prayes you to obey your Master; Rogat te pater tuus, ut preceptori mori gereris; I counsel you to leave ill Company; Aucior sum tibi, at ab Improbis te se jungas.

Some times (To) going before an In­finitive, is expressed in the same Mood, and becomes a Nominative to a Verb; As Deum & proximum amare est legem ad im­plere; To love God and our Neighbour [Page 28] is to fulfill the Law. To Read, and not to understand is to neglect; Legere & non Intelligere, est negligere. (Intelligere) is the Nominative to (est.)

(To) after the Verb (Jubeo) hath the Verb following in the Infinitive Mood; As, I command you to come into the Schoole, Jubeo te Scholam Ingredi

Here are certain wayes of speaking in this Particle, which cannot be reduced to any General Rule; As, this will turn to your Honour; Istud tibi erit Honori, vel istud cadet in honorem tuum; To your pro­fit, in tuum emolumentum hoc verget, vel hoc erit in rem tuam, vel erit hoc tibi magno usui; To speak to ones praise; Ad vel in laudem alicuj [...]s dicere; To boyle any thing to the half; In partem dimidiam aliquid decoquere.

(To) Following these Verbs, Cohortor, Accendo, Acuo, Pervenio, Aspiro, Specto, and many of the like signification, is ex­pressed by (ad,) with the Substantive Noune, following in the Accusative, and the Verb in the Gerund in (dum;) As, Caesar did exhort his Souldiers to Crosse Rubicon; Hortatus est suos milites Caesar, ad transmittendum Rubiconem amnem.

Catiline did stir up the factious Citi­zens to make War; Catilina ne farios & [Page 29] tumultuantes Cives ad bellum acuebat, vel ac­cendebat. Caesar came to the Empire by his Valour; Caesar ad Imperium pervenit virtute suâ; Every one cannot aspire to such praise; Non est cujusvis ad eam laudem aspirare; Pompey did not look so much to his own Renowne, as to the safety of the Common-Wealth; Non tàm ad gloriam suam Pompeius spectabat, quàm ad Publicam Salutem.

(To) going after these Verbs, Attribuo, Ascribo, Assigno, hath the Noune follow­ing it in the Dative; As, Alexander did attribute the Germans Answer to pride; Alexander Macedo Germanorum respon­sionem attribuit superbiae, vel Germanis re­sponsionem attribuit superbiae; I ascribe it to your wisedom; do hoc tuae prudentiae; I impute this to your rashnesse; Assigno istud tuae temeritati.

When (To) goeth after, the Verb (Sum,) the thing and person is put in the Dative; As, it is profitable to the Common-Wealth; Est summae utilitati Reipub. This is acceptable to me; Hoc mihi cordi est; This will prove Honourable to you; Hoc erit tibi honori.

If (To) follow these Verbs, Antepono, Praepono, Postpono, Posthaheo, &c. The Noune following (To) is likewise put in [Page 30] the Dative; As, Cato did preferre a cruel death to a dishonest Life: Mortem atrocem Cato anteposuit ignominiosae vitae, vel vi­tam ignominiosam morti atroci postpo­suit.

CHAP. V. Of the Particle (After.)

THis Particle is sometimes a Preposi­tion, and sometimes an Adverb, and because the wayes of speaking in this Particle, cannot well be drawn to some General Heads and Observations, as I have done in these proceding: I will here insert Examples, containing the greatest difficulties, that can arise upon this Particle.

Many things come in my mind, one after another; Aliud ex alio mihi occurrit; He had three Sons Consuls one after an­other; Tres habuit Filios deinceps Consules; He was killed some Months after; Aliquot post menses occisus est; The day after his death; Postero die quàm excessit è vivis, vel postridié illius diei, &c. Five dayes after you did write to me; Quinto die quàm ad [Page 31] me scripseras, vel postquàm scripseras, vel post diem quintam scripseras.

He that was Admiral after Lysander; Qui praefectus classis proximus post Lysan­drum fuit.

After Aegypt, there is no part so fer­tile of Roses; as Campania; Proximé post Aegyptum, vel ab Aegypto Campania, copiâ Rosarum.

After I had gone from you; Ʋt abii à te, vel postquàm à te discessi.

A little after he did come and see me: Non ità multó post venit me visurus.

After you, there is nothing I love more then solitarinesse; Secundum te nihil mihi amacius solitudine.

He was made Heir after the Son: Se­cundum filium Haeres institutus fuit.

After my Father, there is none I love so much as him: Cúm à patre discessi nemo mihi illo charior.

The next after him: Froximus ab illo.

The first after the King: Secundus à Rege.

I shall be wiser hereafter: Sapiam post­hàc, vel imposterùm ero cautior.

After labour, rest seems more pleasant: Post laborem quies gratior.

After Breakfast: á Jentaculo: After Dinner: à prandio.

Sleepe is not good immediately after Dinner: Non bonus est somnus statìm à pran­dio.

After some space of time: Ex inter­vallo.

After many presents, sent from the one to the other: Multis ultrò citróque missis muneribus.

A Man eloquent after Wine: Homo ad Vinum disertus.

After such Letters: Sub tales Literas.

Immediatly after the Holy dayes: Sta­tìm sub dies Festos.

After the General had fallen, the Army did loose Courage: Ʋt cecidit Im­perator confestìm acies cecidit.

After many prayers, I did obtain Fa­vour: Post quàm multotiès rogavi tandem in gratiam redii, vél eum saepissimé precatus in gratiam redii, vel multis effusis precibus in gratiam redii.

After many Assaults, the Towne was taken: Postquàm sepissimé oppugnatum, tan­dèm expugnatum est oppidum, vel crebró la­cessitum, tandém captum est oppidum.

CHAP. VI. Of (Because.)

VVHen (Because) goeth before a Verb, it is expressed by (quia, or quod) with the Indicative; As, he is angry, because fortune frowns: Irascitur, quia fortuna, vel quod fortuna sibi adversa­tur.

But if it have a Substantive Noun af­ter it, then it is expressed by (é, ex, á ab) with the Ablative; whereof here follow­eth the most considerable and hardest ex­amples.

My Head aketh because of the Sun: Caput mihi dolet á sole.

He hath a red face because of his bo­dily heat: á Colore corporis vultus rubet.

He is most clement, because of his In­nocency: Ab innocentiâ clementissimus est.

He did make use of Sooth-sayers, be­cause of his superstition: á Superstitione animi vates adhibuit.

To cry because of his Friends death: De amici inter [...]tu flere.

Because of certain Reasons: Certis de causis.

He is mad because of the Injurie that is done to him: Insanit ex Injuriâ.

He is guilty because of that matter: Ex eâ re est in culpâ.

To honour a Man much because of his Qualitie: Multùm alicui tribuere ex digni­tate.

He is become proud because of his Riches: Ex Divitiis eum superbia invasit.

He did fall sick because of his anguish: Ex aegritudine animi in morbum incidit.

Sometimes you may use (prae, or pro;) As he seeth not the Sun, because of the Multitude of arrows; Prae sagittarum mul­titudine solem non videt.

He will easily do it, because of his great power: Pro summâ Auctoritate, id facilé consequetur.

CHAP. VII. Of the Adverb (Otherwise.)

THis Adverb is Expressed three wayes, according to its three di­verse significations, which may be shewen in as many Examples almost.

Thou speakest otherwise then thou [Page 35] thinks: Alitèr loqueris, ac sentis; alitèr lo­queris, alitèr sentis.

Thou hast done otherise then I com­manded: Alitèr fecisti quam mandaveram, vel contrà fecisti quàm mandaveram.

Write to me oftner then you have done, otherwise I will accuse you of pride or negligence: Scribé sepiùs ad me quam anteà, alioqui, te vel naegligentiae, vel su­perbiae accusabor, vel scribe saepiùs quàm hacte­nùs scripseris sìn minùs, vel sìn alitèr, super biae aut negligentiae nomine mihi suspectus eris.

Alexander the Great was proud, other­wise a Gallant Man, and of very good parts: Macedo erat elato animo, alioqui vir praestantissimus, multisque animi dotibus & ornamentis instructus, vel caeterò vir praestan­tissimus, &c.

He used me no otherwise then as his Servant: Non secùs mecum egit ac cum Ser­vo suo.

CHAP. VIII. Of the Particle (Against.)

THis Particle is diversly put, seeing it is sometimes an Adverb, and some­times a Preposition, the which diversity [Page 36] will be easily known in the following Ex­amples, which shall consist of both parts.

Cicero did speak at other times, many things against Verres: Cicero olìm multa dixit in Verrem, vel multis orationibus in­vectus est in Verrem.

That which you say makes against your self: Contràtemet facit quod dicis.

The Tribunes did stir up the People against the Senate: Tribuni adversùs Se­natum plebem concitarunt.

You ought not to go against the Prince's Ordination: Adversùs edictum Principis facere non debes.

That is come to passe contrary to all mens expectation: Praeter omnium spem, & expectationem id accidit.

Against my Opinion: Contrà Sententiam meam, vel Opinionem.

Against my desire: Praeter votum.

Against all right and reason: Praeter jus & fas, vel praeter jus & aequum.

He hath done contrary, or against his custome: Praeter norem fecit.

Against his Nature or Inclination: Praeter Naturam & Ingenium.

You speak against your self: Tecùm ipse pugnas, vel á te ipse dissent is, tibi ipsi contradicis, pugnantia loqueris.

He goeth against all men: Omnibus ad­versatur.

He hath done this against his will: In­vitus hoc fecit

The Law was made against the Senates will: Nolente ac repugnante Senatu lata Lex est.

This Herb is powerful against the bi­ting of Beasts: Herba ad Bestiarum morsus efficax.

I am ready to fight against any man: Paratus sum cum quovis in certamen descen­dere, vel cum quovis congredi.

You have ever been against me: Semper mihi fuisti infensus, me semper oppugnasti.

My House is just over against the Kings Pallace: Domus mea est é Regione curiae, vel est juxta Curiam.

To go against his word: Fidem violare, pactum rescindere, a side resilire, ire inficias pro­missi.

Have all things ready against the mor­row: In diem crastinum vide ut parata sint omnia.

I keep'd this against your coming: In adventum tuum hoc reservavi.

Against what time shall I come: Quotâ horâ veniam, quando veniam.

To fight man against man: Vir viro congreditur, vel congredi viritìm. Foot a­gainst foot: Concertis pedibus decertare.

To lay a Siege against a Town: Opi­dum [Page 38] obsidione cingere, obsidere Ʋrbem.

To lay ten pieces against one: Decem nummos aureos ad unum deponere, vel pericli­tari.

CHAP. IX. Of (Not only) or (Only) alone.

IF this double Particle have after it (but also) then it is expressed by (non solùm, non modò:) As, I am ready to put in hazzard, not only my goods, but also my life for you: Non opes modò verùm etiàm & vitam ipsam pro te effundere paratus sum: He hath not only spoil'd this poor Tra­veller, but also wounded him grievously: Miserum hunc viatorem non solùm spoliavit, verùm etiàm eum gravitèr vulneravit.

The which way of speaking may be yet put otherwise: As, Viatorem spoliavit, atque adeò vulneravit gravitèr, cùm spoliavit, tùm etiam gravitèr vulneravit, vel parùm erat spoliasse, nisi & gravitèr vulnerasset.

(Only) in these wayes of speaking fol­lowing, to wit, (except only my Brother, or my Brother being only excepted) hath the Substantive Noun, with the Ad­jective agreeing therewith, in the Abla­tive: [Page 39] As I give you power over all of them, except only my Brother, or my Brother only being excepted: Do tibi Authoritatem in caeteros omnes, excepto Fratre meo: But if in these Speeches there fol­low a Verb; then (Only) is put by (modò, si,) with the Verb in the Subjunctive, or else the Verb is put in the Imperative; As, Do tibi in alios quoscùnque Auctoritatem, modò Fratrem exceperis, vel si Fratrem exce­peris, vel tamèn fratrem excipe.

This Particle is yet put diverse waies, as will be seen in the following Examples; As, Let us two only speak together: Nos duo inter nos loquamur, vel loquamur remotis arbitris.

You are my only stop: Praeter te nullum, mihi impedimentum, vel tu unicus mihi obex, atque impedimentum: You are the only man that can prefer me to this charge: Tui solius opera, hanc provinciam assequar, vel per te tantùm, vel te adjuvente aut favente perveniam ad hoc munus, vel fave as solus, & mea haec erit provincia: Speak only when you are desired: Rogatus tantùm loquere.

CHAP. X. Of the Particles (By, and Through.)

VVHen these Particles are found in the English, most commonly the Substantive Nouns following them, are put in the Ablative without a Prepo­sition: As, Caesar came to the Empire by his Courage: Caesar Imperium fortitudine suâ adeptus est: Cicero did become the best of Latine Orators, by his Industry: La­bore & Industriâ suâ omnium Latinorum Ora­torum facundissimus evasit Cicero, vel elo­quentiae Principatum tenuit: He is fallen in­to these Inconveniences by his own fault: Suâ culpâ incidit in has miserias.

Sometimes we use (per) with the Accu­sative; As to do any businesse by an Am­bassadour: Per Legatum rem agere: To kill his Enemy by snares: Per insidias in­imicum interficere.

To do any thing through malice, through Strife, Impudence, Deceit, Play, Jest, Envie, Violence: Per Malitiam, per Cavillationem, per Imprudentiam, per Dolum, [Page 41] per Fraudem, per Ludum, per Jocum, per Invi­diam, per Vim, aliquid facere.

To spend excessively that which was gotten by robbing: Luxuriâ effundere quod per scelus paratum fuit.

To obtain any thing through meek­nesse, or by meeknesse: Aliquid per amici­tiam & gratiam impetrare.

He hath los'd all through his too great meeknesse: Per comitatem nimiam omnia disperdidit.

He kill'd himself through despair: Per desperationem manus sibi violentas Intulit, vel attulit.

To absolve a man through favour: Per gratiam aliquem absolvere.

To desire a thing through Avarice: Per avaritiam aliquid appetere.

To entertain his friends by Letters: Cum amicis per Literas colloqui.

They pray through the streets: Per compita viarum supplicatum est.

To become great by anothers ruine: Per alterius ruinam, vel incommodum ascendere.

To fall in want or necessity through his own fault: Per culpam suam venire in necessitatem.

He did lose the Empire by his coward­liness: Per Ignaviam suam Imperium ami­sit.

To end his Life by a disgraceful death: Per dedecus & Ignominiam, vitam amittere.

To do any thing through Contempt, or Despite: Per contemptum aliquid facere.

I Conjure you by the Memory of your deceased Father: Per cinerem defuncti pa­tris, vel per manes defuncti patris te testor.

By the honour that is due to the im­mortal gods: Per deos Immortales, vel per deûm Immortalium fidem.

I have received two Letters from you, by the Post: Binas á te Literas per Tabella­rium accepi.

These Evils were brought upon us by the Shouldiers: Nobis sunt haec mala per milites Importata.

In these and such like Examples (by or through) are expressed by (per.) In these Examples following, they are put by (de, é, ex, á, ab.) as,

I shall pay you by my Brother: á fratre tibi solvam.

Who cannot be tamed by Labour? Quis á Labore invictus?

He did this through Anger or Envy, or out of anger ab irâ & odìo hoc fecit.

This is done by my Counsel: De meo consilio id actum est. By the common opi­nion: Ex communi Sententiâ.

To do any thing by Agreement or ap­pointment: [Page 43] Ex Compacto, vel de Compacto, aliquid agere.

By the Authority of Parliament: Ex Auctoritate Senatus.

To do a thing by force or necessity: Ex necessitate quid quam facere.

I shall know that by you: Id ex te Cog­noscam.

I understand by my Friends Letters: Ex amicorum Literis Intelligo

Men Judge of the Intention by the issue: Ex eventu rerum animus Judicatur.

I did it by the Physitians advise, or or­dinance: Ex Medicorum praescripto, vel con­silio id feci.

To say any thing by Heart: Aliq memcoritèr dicere, vel memoriâ aliquid expo­nere.

To rule himself by the will and plea­sure of another: Ex alterìus voluntate se gerere.

To begin Dinner by a Drink: á potu prandium Incipere

To keep ones Friendship by good Offi­ces: Alicujus benevolentiam Officiis tueri, vel retinere.

You will pass through my Hands, some of these dayes: In manus meas, vel Inpo­testatem meam aliquando venies.

I have passed through many dangers: [Page 44] Multa subivi discrimina; vel multis periculis defunctus sum.

Remark this by the way: Hoc obitèr attende, vel observa.

I pass by your former Escapes: Ante­riora crimina missa facio, vel praetereo silentio, vel praetermitto, vel taceo.

By your Leave: Tuâ bonâ veniâ, vel cum tuâ bonâ veniâ.

By your Favour be it spoken: Pace tuâ dixerim, vel cum tuâ bonâ veniâ dixerim.

CHAP. XI. Of the Particle (For.)

VVHen this Particle is opposite to (contrà) then it is put by (pro) As, the good Subject fighteth for his Country: Bonus Subditus pugnat pro Patriâ; Therefore not against his Country: I have often hazzarded my Life for my Friends: Saepé capitis periculum adii pro amicis.

If (For) be the same that (Because) it is expressed by (ob, propter;) As, Aeneas is praised for his piety, id est, because of his piety: Laudatur Aeneas ob pietatem, [Page 45] vel propter pietatem: Nero is condemned for his cruelty: Ob crudelitatem damnatus est Nero: If you love me, you will do this for my cause: Si me amas id meâ causâ facies: There should not be so great a punishment for so small a fault: Non erant tàm graves paenae exigendae ob culpam tàm levem.

In these wayes of speaking, which fol­low (For) is put by (quamvis, quantumvis) and others of the like signification: As, for as Valiant and Couragious as you are, you dare not fight with me: Quantumvis fortis & audax es, vel quamvis sis fortis & audax, mecum tamèn in certamen descendere non audes: For as great an Orator as Ci­cero was, he would never, though he were alive perswade me: Cicero quantumlibet eloquens & disertus, vel eloquentissimus licet, & si a mortuis resurgeret id mihi neutiquàm persuadere potuisset.

When (For) can be changed into (Be,) it is put by (cùm) with the Subjunctive: As, for a Learned man he is exceedingly mistaken, id est, to be a Learned man he is &c. Cum sit vir Doctus turpitèr errat, vel hallucinatus est.

In this sort of speech following (for) is put by (á cum, or pro) As that what you say makes for me: Quod dixisti pro me facit, [Page 46] á me facit, mecum facit: To plead for one that is criminal: á Reo dicere: I am for you: Sto á tuis partibus.

Sometimes you use (secundum) in place of (for;) As the Judge hath given Sen­tence for me: Judex secundum me judicavit.

Again, you will find (for) expressed by putting the Noun or Pronoun in the Da­tive, and this so often as (for) followeth an Adjective, or Verb of Commodity or Discommodity; As this food is healthful for you: Cibus hic est tibi saluberrimus: The pot doth not boyle for you: Tibi nec seritur, nec metitur: I had not keep'd this too long time for you: Hoc tibi tàm diu non servareram.

When (for) signifieth (in stead) it is put by (pro, loco, vice, in vicem) As he gave me Brasse for Silver, id est, in stead of Sil­ver: Aes mihi dedit pro argento, loco argenti: I have ever holden you for a Father, id est, instead of a Father: Te semper pro Patre, vel Patris loco habui.

Sometimes (for) is put by (in) with the Accusative, as, He gave me an excel­lent Tablet for a reward, Insignem mihi bullam dedit in praemium, vel praemio; He did give five hundred acres of Land to his daughter, for her dowrie, Quingenta terra jugera filiae dedit, in dotem: He hath rost meat [Page 47] for supper, Ʋtitur assá carne in coenam: He hath alledged many things for proof hereof, Multa in hujus rei fidem vel argumen­tum protulit; to take for a pattern, in ex­emplum sumere; He ordained two Censors for each Citie, Duos in singulas Civitates describebat Censores, He gave four hundred Sesterces for every man, Quadringintos in singula capita sistertios dedit; He taketh a pennie of Impost for every Bottle of Wine, Assem portorii nomine in singulas vini Amphoras exigit; He payeth twenty pence for every supper, Viginti asses dat in sin­gulas caenas. When (for) is followed by the Future tense, then it is put by (in) with the Noun of time following in the Accusative; as, He hath invited me to supper for the next day: Me in diem pro­ximum ad caenam condixit, vel vocavit.

There is a truce made for ten years, In­duciae in decem annos factae sunt; for ever, in aeternum; for the Year to come, in annum sequentem; for the time to come, in reli­quum tempus; for some few dayes, in pau­cos dies; for ever and ever, in perpetuum, in omne tempus, in secula seculorum.

Sometimes (for) may be put by (pro, vel ut) and this is when it can be chan­ged into (in regard) as he is most wise for his age, id est, in regard of his age; [Page 48] prudentissimus est pro aetate, vel est, ut in e [...] aetate prudentissimus; he was learned for these times, Erat ut illis temporibus eru­ditus.

(For) is put by (de) when it is the same, that (because) as, he is not angry for no­thing, id est, because of nothing, non ira­scitur de nihilo, for certain causes or con­siderations, certis de causis.

(For) being put after the Verbs of Buy­ing, Selling, Changing or Acquiring, and others of the like signification, hath the Noun following in the Ablative, without a Preposition, as, I have bought Ovid for twenty pence: Mercatus sum Ovidium vigin­ti solidis. I have sold my Horse for fiftie crowns, Quinquagenta coronariis equum ven­didi. I have changed Lucan for Virgil; Lucanum Virgilio commutavi.

When the Particle (for) specifieth the end, or final cause why such a thing is done, then it is put by (ad) as all things were created for the use of man, then the cause of creating things was for the use of man, Omnia creata sunt ad usum homi­nis. Great men do many things for the instruction of others, Viri magni multa faciunt ad aliorum disciplinam: The Con­sul ordained that there should be Money lifted for the use of the Church: Ad tem­plum Consul decrevit pecuniam.

(For) Is sometimes put by (de) special­ly, when it may be changed in (as con­cerning) as, for the hand-ball I fear no man, id est, as concerning the hand-ball, &c. De pilâ palmariâ neminem timeo.

At other times it is expressed by (à, or ab,) As, for Friends I have none: Inops sum ab Amicis: For Phylosophy he know­eth it alittle: à Philosophiâ mediocriter est Instructus.

There be some waies of speaking, wherein (for) is omitted, and the Noun following is put in the Nominative: As, he is holden for a Learned man: Habetur vir doctus: You take me for the man that I am not: Is tibi videor qui non sum.

Now do I set down particular wayes of speaking upon this Particle (for) which cannot be reduced to some gene­ral heads: As, Every one for himself: Pro suâ quisque parte: Vertue ought to be desired for it self: Virtus per se expetendae est, vel propter se: For one pleasure, a thousand griefs: Mille dolores parit unica voluptas: For what man do you take me to be? Quid hominis me esse putas? For what cause are you angry with me! Quid mihi succenses? vel quid est quod mihi succen­seas? That shall be for your profit: I [...] crit è tuâ, vel in rem tuam, vel ex usu tuo, [Page 50] ex rationibus tuis: This Herb is good for the Feaver: Herba ista valet ad Febrim: For to speak nothing of his thefts: Ʋt de furtis ejus taceam, ut furta illius missa fa­ciam, ut silentio praeteream furta illius: He hath this Sute for Sunday, or Holy-daies: Hac Veste utitur ad dies Festos: For one los'd two saved: Damnum etiàm cum lucro compensatum, ex damno dupla nata utilitas, vel copiam peperit inopia.

CHAP. XII. Of the double Particle (Without.)

THe wayes of speaking in this Particle (Without) can be better shewn by Examples then by general Observations.

He was condemned without knowing the cause. Indictâ causa damnatus est, vel incognitâ causa: This way may be put (He was condemned without being heard;) which is one thing with the former.

He was made Consul without opposi­tion: Consul facius est nemine repugnante, vel refragrante nemine reclamante, nemine prohibente, nemine invito.

In these and other such like wayes of speaking, you make use of the Indepen­dent, or absolute Ablative, when after (Without) there cometh a Substantive, and an Adjective Independent, one what goeth before; As, Damnatus est indictâ causâ, or when you may in keeping the same sense, form a Substantive and an Adjective, from the Substantive Noun following (Without;) as instead of (with­out opposition) you may say no man op­posing) and so put Nemine repugnante Consul factus est.

Sometimes (Without) is put by (Quòd) with the Subjunctive: As, providing it may be without your Discommoditie: Quod tuo Commodo fiat, quod sine molestiâ tu fiat.

In the Examples following it is put di­versly: As, he did this without thinking thereof: Id temeré fecit, vel Imprudens fe­cit, vel incogitantèr, vel inconsulto fecit.

This did befall me without thinking thereon: Id mihi Improvisum, vel inopina­tum contigit, vel mihi nec opinanti contigit.

Without delay: Nullâ interposita morâ, vel nullâ factâ morâ, continuò, évestigio.

To do any thing without Example: Nullo Exemplo aliquid agere.

He obtained this without any mans [Page 52] help: Id consec [...]tus est sine cujusquam auxilio, nullius ope aut operâ emendicata & accersita, vel nullius advocato aut Implorato subsidio, [...]u­vante nemine.

Without stumbling: In offenso pede.

Without offence: Citra offensionem.

To strike without missing: Certo jectu fe­rire.

He escaped without being hurt: Ill aesus & incolumis evasit.

I have lived without being Calumni­ate: á Calumnia tutus vixi.

Hortentius did attain to old Age with­out being mocked: Intactus á sibilo perve­nit ad senectutem Hortentius.

He hath done this without the con­sent of his Master: Hoc fecit in, cio, & in­consulto praeceptore.

Without danger of any offence: Ab injuriâ tutus, extrà omnem injuriam positus.

The Enemy plundred all the Houses without touching the Churches: Hostis Domos omnes expilavit, à templis manus ab­stinens, vel templa intacta relinquens.

This was not without much debate, Non nisi post longam concertationem ac discep­tationem, hoc factum est.

You cannot become a Learned man, without you indure much: Si vir Doctus esse vis multa tibi necessariò ferendae sunt, vel ut multa f [...]r [...]s necesse est.

A Town without defence: Vacuum à defensoribus oppidum.

You have done me wrong without ha­ving deserved it: Mihi Immerenti Inju­riam obtulisti.

He was ill used without having de­served it: Nullo suo merito pessimè exceptus fuit.

The Souldiers do begin a new the Bat­tel without the Captains Command: Haud expectato Ducis Imperio milites prae­lium redintigrant.

He hath come to honour without any trouble: Per ludum, & negligentiam ad honores pervenit.

The Army had been routed without the Consul's help: Acium fuisset de exercitu nisi in suppetias venisset Consul, vel nisi subsi­diarias copias mississet Consul, nisi cohortes sub­sidio misisset Consul.

Without any hope: Sine ulla spe, vel omni spe depositâ, omni spe praecisa abjectâ, ademptâ.

Without doing wrong to any: Nullâ cuiquam factâ, irrogatâ, vel impositâ injuriâ.

Without being wearied: Citrà taedium, & molestiam.

The matter is without danger: Res vacat periculo, vel sal [...]a res est.

Without fear: Metu vacuus, vel securus.

Without passion: Perturbationis expers.

Without respect of Quality: Nullâ habita ratione dignitatis.

He hath taken many Towns without stroke of Sword: Citrà pulverem & san­guinem, multas Ʋrbes cepit, vel sine pulvere & sanguine, sine caede.

I do not Esteem much Learning with­out Vertue: Doctrinam magni non facio, si virtus abfuerit, nisi accedat virtus, nisi cum virtute conjuncta sit.

Without reason: Abs re, vel immeritò.

Without consideration: Temeré vel prae­cipitanter, inconsultò, caeco Impetu.

A man without Friends: Vir ab amicis Inops.

Without civility: Vir inurbanus, inhu­manus, rusticus, humanitatis expers.

Without experience: Vir rerum impe­ritus, rudis, vir ab usu rerum imperitus, usu rerum carens.

Without Renown, or Reputation: Vir obscurus, nullius neminis, inglorius, ignotus.

Take him without this fault, and he is very good: Vir alioqui praestantissimus.

He is not angry without cause: Non ab [...] re irascitur, vel non irascitur de nibilo.

Without trouble: Facilè, nullo labore, nullo negotio.

I have not got this without pains: [Page 55] Aegrè hoc impetravi, vix hoc sum Consecutus.

Without noise: Per silentium.

He did come without making noise: Suspenso gradu venit.

Without Order or Method: Passim, nullo Ordine, citrà Delectum.

Without taking his breath: Ʋno spiritu.

Without Interruption: Continenter, assidué.

Without wearinesse: Citrà fatigationem.

Without satietie: Citrà satietatem.

I cannot see that without weeping: Hoc videns tenere lachrymas non possum; á la­crymis temperare nequeo cùm hoc intueor.

I cannot hear these trifles without laughing: Has audiens ineptias risum tenere non possum, facere non possum quin rideam cùm his nugis aures meae verberantur.

To suffer without complaining: Aequo animo pati, vel aequa nimiter pati.

To passe dayes and nights without sleep: Dies noctesque insomnes, vel vigiles traducere.

He went to bed without Supper. Di­scessit cubitum incaenatus.

Without Dinner: Impransus.

He hath done this without being for­c'd by any: Id fecit á nemine coactus, vel sponte & ultrò h [...]c fecit.

Without being requested: Non rogatus hoc fecit.

I say these things without braging: Non ut quidquam exprobrem haec dico.

Without making known his will: Sine significatione suae voluntatis.

Without taking notice of any thing: Te merè Imprudenter inconsultò.

To do any thing without deceit: Ex animo aliquid facere, apertè, vel simplicitèr ali­quid agere.

To hear one speak without being trou­bled: Bonâ veniâ, vel sine molestia aliquem dicentem audire.

Without complement: Ʋt verè dicam quod res est, ut verum fatear, ut ingenuè libere­que loquar, ut nihil dissimulem, ut absque ver­borum fuco & lenocinio loquar.

I will passe over these things without speaking: Haec omnia silentio involuam, taci­tus praeter mittam.

You will know well without my speak­ing how much I love you: Facilè intelli­ges, vel me tacente quantum te diligam.

You will do this without danger: Ab omni periculo tutus id facies, vel nullum est ab eâ re periculum.

You cannot do this without the ha­tred of many: Id ut facias multorum tibi inimicitiae subeundae sunt, vel multorum susci­pienda sunt odia.

I did this without fear: Intrepidè hoc [Page 57] feci, nulla pericula exhorrescens, levia ducens pericula.

Without speaking of his Insatiable de­sire: Ʋt de effraenatâ ejus cupidi [...]ate taceam.

Without saying any more: Ʋt ne quid amplius dicam.

CHAP. XIII. Of the Particle (According.)

THis Particle is expressed often by (e, or ex) as may be seen in the follow­ing Examples.

To live according to reason: Ex aequo & bono vivere.

A Life led according to the Phyloso­phick precepts: Ex Philosophicis praeceptis acta vita.

To do any thing according to his qua­lity: Aliquid ex dignitate agere.

This is fallen out according to my de­sire: Hoc accidit ex voluntate, ex animi sententia.

To do according to his inclination: Ex naturâ agere.

To say any thing according to the common report: Aliquid ex hominum opini­one, aut fama dicere.

To require his money according to Law: Ex Lege pecuniam repetere.

To give to a man according to his qua­lity: Alicui ex dignitate suâ tribuere.

According as the occasion offers: Ex occasione, vel ex re natâ.

To Judge one man according to ano­ther: Aliquem ex aliorum ingeniis judicare.

To consider a cause according to the Clyent's Riches, and not according to equity: Causam ex Clyentis opibus non ex aequitate pendere.

You will see what you will buy accord­ing to the plenty of Merchandize: Ex copiâ mercium consulere licebit quid emas.

To praise ones actions according to the truth: Celebrare facta alicujus ex veritate.

To do according to the custome: Ex more ex consuetudine agere.

According to command: Ex mandato, ex praecepto.

Things are judged according to the Event: Res ex eventu Judicantur.

Sometimes according is put by (Pro) As, to take Counsell according to the times: Consilium pro tempore capere.

To do all things according to ones power and authority: Pro suo jure omnia agere.

Nothing is fallen out according to my [Page 59] hope: Nihil contigit pro spe meâ.

Every one according to his Power: Pro suâ quisque facultate, pro suis quisque vi­ribus.

I have spoken briefly according to my Custome: Pro meâ consuetudine brevitèr dixi.

He Imposed sums of Money upon the Cities according to the number of Shoul­diers: Pro numero militum civitatibus pecu­niae summas describebat

I doubt not but that you understand according to you singular prudence: Non dubito quin pro tuâ singulari prudentiâ Intelligas.

According to every ones deserving: Pro cujusque merito.

Sometimes (according) is put by (ad) as,

To speak according to ones minde: Ad alterius voluntatem, vel Ingenium loqui.

To resolve according to the time: Ad tempus consilium capere.

According to my meaning: Ad meum Sensum.

To live according to the instinct of Na­ture: Ad Naturam vivere.

According to the time and place: Ad rationem loci & temporis.

To do according to the Command of [Page 60] another: Ad alterius praescriptum agere.

According to my ability and strength: Ad portionem virium.

To speak according to the opinion of others, and not to his own: Ad conjectu­ram alieni sensus, non ad judicium suum loqui.

Sometimes (accoding) is put by (Se­cundum) As, according to what is alleged and proved: Secundum allegata & pro­bata.

According to your opinion: Secundum tuam Sententiam.

There be yet some other wayes of put­ting (according) as,

According as I can Guess: Quantùm conjecturâ consequi possum, quantùm animi conjecturâ colligere valeo

According as I see him given to his stu­dies: Ʋt illum video erga literas anima­tum.

I thanked him according as I was obli­ged: Pro eo ac debui elli gratias egi.

According to my Judgement: Ʋt meae fert Sententia, prout Sentio.

A Man according to my heart or minde: Alter ego, vir mei similis, vir mihi ad Inge­nium.

CHAP. XIV. Of the Particle (Ʋpon.)

THis Particle is put diversely, accor­ding to the diverse significations thereof: as will appear in the following examples. There cometh every day new hinderances one upon another. Alia ex aliis me quotidiè Impediunt.

He hath made a brave Speech upon the miseries of man: Praeclaram Orationem habuit de vitae humanae miseriis.

He layeth the fault upon his Neigh­bour: In socium culpam suam transfert, vei transfundit.

Every body layeth the cause of this mischance upon you: Huju, ce mali causam omnes in te Conferunt.

These reproaches will fall upon your self: In te cadent hae contumeliae.

I have Gardens upon the Theams: Ad Tamesim Hortos habeo.

To lift upon his Shoulders: In humeros tollere.

You have put a heavy burden upon my Shoulders: Grave onus meis humeris Impo­suisti: [Page 62] And if it be mean'd of any Charge or Office; you say, Durum ac difficilem provinciam mihi mandasti

He ought not to have been condemned upon so light suspitions: Tàm levibus con­jecturis, vel ob tàm leves conjecturas damnari non debuit.

The King hath taken the Town upon his Enemies: Ex Hostibus, vel ab Hostibus vrbem Rex Caepit.

I confide, or rely upon your power and favour: Tuâ gratiâ & potentiâ nitor, vel in tuâ Auctoritate & gratiâ conquiesco, in te omne mihi praesidium stat.

He did shew upon his Countenance, the envy he had in his Heart: Internum odium, vultu suo praeferebat.

To play upon the Flute: Ad tibiam Canere.

I rely upon your Honesty: Fidei tuae me permitto.

I will take the blame upon me: Omnem ad me culpam accipio, rem mei periculi facio, prestabo culpam.

I oblidge my self to do this upon pain of Death: Vel capitis mei perculo spondeo me hoc facturum, aut peream nisi fecero.

He was robed upon the way: In Itinere spoliatus fuit

The matter is just upon doing: In ma­nibus res est.

There is Money laid upon every City: In singulas civitates imposita Pecunia.

Your Reputation and Innocency is up­on the point of loosing: Fama tua & Inno­centia sub ictu est, periclitatur fama.

The King did ordaine upon pain of Death, that, &c. Rex edixit sub capitis paenâ, vel propositâ capitis paenâ.

He is ever bent upon his studies: Sem­per libris incumbit, studiis semper affixus est, á libris non discedit, libros é manibus non amittit.

The Swans stand sometimes upon one foot, and sometimes upon another: Al­ternis pedibus insistunt Grues.

Upon what ground, or what account do you speak so? Quamobrem haec de me lo­queris? vel quid ità de me praedicas? sentis?

He relieth upon a weak assurance: In­firmis nititut fundamentis, rationibus, ar­gumentis.

To insult upon a Man: Insultare alicui, vel in aliquem.

He was taken upon doing of the fact: In flagranti delicto deprehensus est.

I did this upon my Brothers behalf: Rogatu fratris id feci, vel á fratre rogatus id feci▪ causâ fratris, vel in gratiam fratris.

He did run desperately upon the Ene­mie: Praeceps in Hostem ferebatur, caeco im­petu in Hostem ruebat.

[...]
[...]

He knoweth not upon what foot to stand: Rerum omnium inopiâ laborat, non habet ad quem confugiat, adsummas adductus est Angustias.

I cannot answer upon such demands: Non habeo quod respondeam ad talia postulata.

Verres did impose great summs of Gold and Silver yearly upon the People: Ver­res quotannis magnam vim Auri, atque Ar­genti á Populo exigebat.

You are ever upon your toyes and tri­fles: A nugis & deliramentis non discedis, vel jocis semper intentus es.

He hath shewn his industry upon a light matter: In levi Argumento, vel in e­juna materia probavit suam industriam.

Many evils hang upon your head: Multa tibi mala Impendent.

He is upon a brave enterprize: Prae­clarum quiddam meditatur.

To seize upon another mans goods: In alienas opes involare, impetum facere in bona aliena, invadere bona aliena

All the disgrace w [...]ll fall upon you: Omne ad te dedecus redundabit.

To look upon himself proudly: Mag­nificè sese circumspicere, vel efferre sese glorià & praedicatione, sibi plu [...]m [...]m tribuere, arro­gare, assumere.

The King hath power of death and [Page 65] life upon every one of his Subjects: In singulos subditorum Rex vitae necisque potesta­tem habet.

He hath said thus upon the Testimony of the Poets: Ex fide & Testimonio Poeta­rum id protulit.

He relieth upon his Riches: Opibus suis nititur, vel confidit, animos illi pecunia facit.

To build his fortune upon the ruines of another: Ex alterius incommodis, vel per alterius incommodum, & calamitatem as­cendere.

To do any thing upon a suddain: Ex tempore aliquid agere, ex Improviso.

He said upon his Oath: Juratus dixit.

Upon my faith I will not do this: Do fidem me hoc non facturum.

To fight upon the head of an Army: Pugnare in prima acie, vel in primis ordinibus.

He came here upon horse: Equo vectus huc venit, vel equo insedens.

Upon your peril be it: Tuo sit peri­culo, vel cum tuo fiat periculo.

CHAP. XV. Concerning the Particle (Of.)

VVHen this Particle (of,) is put be­fore a word, it is expressed by putting the word in the Genitive Case; and although this observation be very obvious, yet it is not to be neglected, but often to be inculcate into the memories of young beginners; specially since it comprehends a great many of the Rules belonging to the Genitive, as may easily appear in the following Examples

But mark first that this way of speak­ing (Johns Book) is the same with (the Book of John;) And so in these wayes of speaking, the Letter (S) put with the Substantive; As (John's Book) is the mark of the Genitive, and sometimes (his) is the mark of the Genitive case; As John his Book, Liber Joannis: But to come to the proof of the preceding Assertion, which is that the former Ob­servation comprehendeth the most part of the Rules belonging to the Genitive.

As much of Water, as of Wine: Tan­tum [Page 67] Aquaequantum vim: By the Rule, Ad­verbs of Quantity, Time and Place go­vern the Genitive.

A young man of great expectation: Magnae spei Adolescens: By the Rule, Nouns of Propriety, Praise, or Dispraise are put in the Genitive.

I have need of money: Opus est mihi pecuniae: By the Rule, Opus governeth the Genitive or Ablative.

Desirous of honour: Cupidus laudis: By the Rule, Adjectives of Desire, and of the Active signification govern the Ge­nitive.

Caesar's Cousin: Affinis vel Consangui­neus Caesaris: By the Rule, Adjectives of Affinity, Similitude, &c. govern the Ge­nitive or Dative.

Some of the Phylosophers: Phyloso­phorum aliqui: By the Rule, Partative Nouns govern the Genitive.

The modestest of the Brethren: Mo­destior fratrum: By the Rule, that the Comparative when we speak only of two things, governeth the Genitive.

To stand in need of Counsel: Egere Consilii: A hogs-head of Wine: Dolium plenum Vini; Both said by the Rule that Verbs and Adjectives of Plenty, and Scarcitie, are put with the Genitive or Ablative.

To take care of his own Affairs: Re­rum suarum satagere; By the Rule, that Satago governeth the Genitive.

Condemned of theft: Damnatus furti: Accused of Avarice: Accusatus Avaritiae: By the Rule, Verbs of Condemning and Accusing have the Genitive.

I remember of a Proverb: Recordor Proverbii: By the Rule, Verbs of Remem­bring and Forgetting govern the Geni­tive or Accusative.

He repents him of his enterprize: Pae­nitet eum incaepti: You are ashamed of this disgrace: Pudette hujusce infamiae: By the Rule, Paenitet, Taedet, Miseret, Pudet, Piget, have the thing in the Genitive, and the Person in the Accusative.

It is for the good of the Common-Wealth, that evil men be punished: In­terest Reipub ut mali coerceantur: By the Rule, Interest, Refert, Est, govern the Genitive.

But seeing that the Noun following (Of) is not alwayes put by the Geni­tive: I will touch the most frequent and necessary Exceptions arising from this Observation.

Sometimes (Of) is put by (é, or ex,) with the Ablative, as in these wayes of speaking; Of a Slave he is become a Free­man: [Page 69] é Servo Libertus facius est: Of a Rich man, a Poor man, of an Ignorant, a man most Learned, of a Blessed, an Unhappy man: é Divite, Pauper, ex Ig­naro, Doctus, é Beato, Miserrimus, Evasit: Of a man, he became as suddenly a Boar, as if he had tasted of Circes Potion: Re­pentè ex homine factus est Verres tanquàm gustato Circeo poculo.

When (Of) is put before the matter, whereof any thing is made, then it is put by (ex) with the Ablative: As, an Image of Brasse: Simulachrum ex aere: a Vessel made of one Precious Stone: Vas ex una Gemma conflatum: And by (é) if the Noun of the matter begin by a Consonant.

When (Of) is put for concerning, then it is put by (de:) As, the Master told us a pretty story of the Fox, id est, concern­ing the Fox: I epidam fabulam narravit nobis Praeceptor de Vulpe.

Likewise (Of) is put by (de) after the Verbs of Diminishing, and taking Away; As, you have taken away much of your affection: Multùm detraxisti de amore tuo: We must sometimes quit some thing of our right: Interdum aliquid de jure nostro cedere oportet.

Now cometh particular wayes of speak­ing, which cannot be reduced to any ge­neral [Page 70] Observation: As, I am glad of your coming: Adventu tuo gaudeo: One of the Vulgar sort: Ʋnus é plaebe, unus é multis: A man greedy of Nature: Homo ex naturâ suâ avidus: To do a thing of pur­pose: Ex destinato aliquid agere, de indurist [...] aliquid agere, datâ operâ, ex praeparato, con­sultò vel studiosè aliquid agere.

He was a Souldier the space of ten years without Interruption: Decem con­tinuos annos militavit.

He did this of his own accord: Id su [...] sponte fecit, vel non invitus id fecit: He is of such a nature: Talis est ejus indoles, ità [...] naturâ est comparatus: He is a handsome man of person: Corporis praestantiâ conspi­cuus est: He is of mean Parentage: Est natus obscuris Parentibus, humili loco natus, vel ortus est: He is of Noble Parents: Est nobili loco ortus, natus est praeclaro Stemmate, vel conspicuis Parentibus: He is of my ac­quaintance: Est mihi notus, est mihi Cum illo familiaritas, illo utor valde familiariter: I make great account of your favour Magni facio tuum beneficium, in summo pre­tio est tuum beneficium.

CHAP. XVI. Of the Particle (in.)

THough I may very safely leave off to speak of (In) as it is a Latine Pre­position, as of a thing not belonging to my purpose, yet in behalf of young be­ginners, of whose profit I am most solli­citous; I will rather be thought guiltie of transgressing in matter of Method, then sparing of my pains in serving them; to the effectuating of which, I will speak of this Particle, as it is a Latine Preposition, and an English Particle.

(In) As a Latine Preposition, govern­eth sometimes the Accusative, and some­times the Ablative, according to the di­versity of Verbs that are put with it, or its own diverse significations, concerning both which the Scholler must have re­course to the following Rules.

The Preposition (In) being put with a Verb of Rest, id est, which signifieth no local Mutation, or going from one place to another, hath after it the Ablative: He prayeth in the Church; here is no change [Page 72] from one place to another, wherefore you say, Oratin Templo: He walks in the Hall: Ambulat in Aula.

But, when it followeth a Verb of Mo­tion; id est, which signifieth to go from one place to another, then it hath after it the Accusative; As, he is gone to the Church, the place from which he is gone, is the place that is left; and the (Church) to which he is gone, is that which he hath acquired; and so you say, Abiit in Templum: He hath gone up to his Cham­ber: Ascendit in cubiculum,

Remember that it is not enough that a Verb signifie a Moving, but it must of necessity signifie to move out of one place to another, in such wayes that the two places, to wit, (á quo) the place from which, and (ad quem) the place to which you go, must be distinct; As when a man goeth from his House to the Church, he leaveth his House to go to the Church: Wherefore we say not, Ambulat in Hortum, he walketh in the Garden, nor, natat in Fluvium, he swimeth in the River, al­though (Ambulo and Nato) signifie a mo­ving or motion, but we say (In horto, am­bulat, natat in Fluvio) Because he that walks in the Garden doth not go out of it so long as he walketh therein, and al­though [Page 73] he changeth places in going from one end to the other, these places are all of the Garden; neither is it the same thing when you say he walketh in the Garden, and he walketh from one end of it to the other; For in the first there is no deserting of one place to ac­quire another; but in the second you leave this end to go to the other, and this way it is a motion.

This Rule comprehends also all Meta­phorick motions, which are so called, because of the Proportion and Simili­tude which they have with a true motion; As, he hath casten his goods into the Sea, here is a true motion, from one place to another; But when we say, he hath ca­sten himself in misery; here is a Meta­phorick motion, which will have also the Accusative; As, Se met conjecit in summas Angustias: Besides this local motion, there is another which the Phylosophers call (Motus Alterationis) a Motion of Al­teration, which is, when a thing chan­geth from one Estate to another, or from one Nature to another, whether it be from one Accident to another, or from one substance to another; In this sort of motion, the Preposition (In) will have after it the Accusative: As, God did [Page 74] change Water into Wine▪ here is one substance changed into another: Deus Aquam in Vinum mutavit. Daphne was metamorphosed into a Laurel: Daphne in Laurum est transformata: He changeth white into black, cold into heat, moisture into drynesse: Album in nigrum, frigidum in calidum, humidum in siccum convertit; he turneth all to his own gain: In suum emo­lumentum omnia convertit.

There be vet many significations, wherein this Preposition governeth the Accusative.

First when (In) is put for (Contrà) or Adversùs,) As Cicero said many things a­gainst Catiline: In Catilinam Cicero multa dixit: Caesar did make warrs against the Frenchs: Caesar in Gallos bellum gessit.

Secondly, when it is put for (Ergà,) my love for my Brother: Meum studium in Fratrem, id est, erga Fratrem: Your spite against your Enemies: Tuum in tuos ini­micos odium, id est, erga inimicos.

Thirdly, when (In) is put for (Pro;) As, he hath given Land to his Daughter for her Dowry: Agrum dedit Filiae in do­tem, id est, pro dote, loco dotis, vice dotis: The King hath promised to him that is Victo­rious, a Horse for a Reward: Victori Rex pollicitus est Equum in praemium, id est, pro [Page 75] praemio, loco praemii. He did alleadge ma­ny things for proof: Multa attulit in hujus rei fidem.

Fourthly, When (In) goeth before some thing that is to come: As, they have made a Truce for twenty years: Indu­cias in viginti annos Impetraverunt. He hath call'd me to Supper to morrow: Me ad caenam invitavit in posterum diem. The Ec­clipses of Sun and Moon, are foretold for many years: Solis & lunae defectiones prae­dicuntur in multos annos. The enemy doth encrease from day to day: Crescit in sin­gulos dies hostium numerus. I expect my Brother at every hour: Fratrem in horas expecto.

Fiftly, When (In) is found in a distri­bution or division, it hath the Accusa­tive: As, Binos censores in singulas civita­tes distribuit. He did establish two Cen­sors for every Town: Quaternos denarios in singulas vini Amphoras exigebat.: He did exact a penny of every bottle of Wine.

Now it remains that I speak of it, as it is an English Particle.

When (In) is the same thing with (for) then it is put by (In) with the Accusative; As, he gave his Daughter Land in Dowry: Id est, for her Dowry, Dedit filiae agrum in [Page 76] dotem. The King did promise a horse to him that should be Victorious in recom­pence: Id est, for a Recompence: Rex pollicitus est equum Victori in praemium. He hath alleaged many things in proof of this: Multa attulit in hujus rei fidem, vel Argumentum. To do any thing in hate or spite to another: Aliquid in odium al­terius facere. I will do this in your Favour: In gratiam tui id agam.

When (In) doth answer to the question (quomodò) it is put likewise by (In) with the Accusative: As, let him be cloth'd in some strange kinde of way: Peregrinum in modum exornetur. Here (In) answers to (quomodo) or how was he clothed. They were tormented in a slavish fashon: Ser­vilem in modum cruciati sunt.

You take all things in ill part: In ma­lam partem accipis omnia.

When (In) is in a speech answering to the question, (in quo, or, qua in re) It is left out in the Latin, and the Noune fol­lowing is put in the Ablative, without a Preposition, as he exceedeth some in Piety, others in Learning: Alios peitate, alios Do­ctrinâ superat. Somtimes the Ablative hath before it the preposition (In) as in these waies of speaking, following, it is a brave thing to out go others in some thing: [Page 77] Praeter caeteros in re aliquâ excellere pulchrum est. He hath spent his Life in Grief and Sadness: Exegit vitam in Luctu & Maerore,

Although (in) be put before a Noune of time in the English, it is ordinarily left out in the Latine: As, in the Winter season, Hyme: in Summer, Aestate: in the Spring time, Vere: in harvest, Autumno. in these times, Temporibus illis: the Month of April, Mense Aprili: Yet in these wayes following, the Preposition is expressed, as in the flower of his Age: In florente etate, vel in flore aetatis. In his Youth: in juventute sua. In his old Age: In senectute, vel, in extremo vitae tempore. In our Time: In nostro saeculo. In five years: In quinquennio. In Cicero his Counsel-ship, In consulatu Ciceronis: In Charles the Second his Reigne: In Imperio Caroli ejus nominis Secundi.

(In) going after Verbs of plenty, or scacity, is left out in the Latin; As he abounds in learning: Abundat doctrimâ. He is wanting in friends: Eget amicis: Neither is this only to be done with Verbs, but with Adjectives likewise of this Nature: As, he is Rich in Lands: Est dives agris: A Land barren in Grain: Terra infaecunda frugibus.

Now followeth particular wayes of speaking, upon this Particle (In) which [Page 78] can be easier expressed in Examples then drawn to some general heads; As, to turn In a Circle: In Orbem vertere. In a Point, In aciem vertere. In Peace and Warre: In Togâ & Sago, in Pace & Bello.

In time of the Pest, Grassante lue, in full Senate, in frequenti Senatu. In a publick Place: In Publico, in Propatulo, in Aperto. A place in Sight: Locus editus, vel facilè, in aspectum cadens, vel in conspectu locus. In form of a Hill: In speciem Montis, instar Montis. In shape or form of a Cap: In modum pilei. In Readiness: In Procinctu, in Promptu. To set an Army in array: Aciem Instruere. To fight in the front of an Army: In prima Acie, vel in primis ordinibus Pugnare. There was four in All: Erant in universum quatuor, vel omninò qua­tuor, ad summum quatuor: A thing pleasant in show: Res preclara in speciem. In a word: Paucis. In despite of you: Velis Nolis. In despite of the Senat: Nolente ac refra­gante Senatu. A matter in question or debate: Res controversa, vel de qua ambigi­tur, vel quae in controversiam cadit. To keep his own in subjection. Tenere aucto­ritatem in suos. To live in private: Priva­tam vitam agere, domi se tenere, aliorum con­suetudinem colloquia, vel contubernia fugere: To live in good Reputation: Sanctè & [Page 79] Religiosè vivere. Died in Blew: Ceruleo colore infectum. He is in his right and pro­per Element: Hîc Regnat, hîc Triumphat, hac in materiâ Luxuriat & abundat He is in great power and favour: Gratiâ & auctoritate pollet. He is in good humor: Hilaris est, totus ad hilaritem compositus est.

He is in to an Extasie: Extrà se est, à seipso peregrinatur.

He is in an Agony: Animum agit.

He is not in capacity of appealing: Ap­pellationis beneficio excidit, provocationis mu­nus non habet.

In Play, per ludum, per jocum, joco.

He is in danger for your Cause: Pericli­tatur tuâ causâ,

Your Father is in trouble for you: Pa­trem afficit sollicitudo ex te.

In Imitation of any one: Per similatìo­nem alicujus.

He is in danger of his Life: Periclitatur sálus illius, vel capite periclitatur.

He is in danger of losing his Cause: Pe­riculum est ne causâ cadat, vel ne ejus causa laboret.

To be in good esteeme: Benè audire.

He is in a happy condition: Omnia illi ad voluntatem fluunt, omnia succedunt ex ani­mi Sententiâ, arridet illi fortuna, res illi cadit ad nutum.

To Saile in going up the River: Adver­so flumine Navigare. In going down: Secundo flumine Navigare.

To speak in considerately: Temerè & in cogitantèr loqui.

He is in bad Terms with his Father: Cum patre non Convenit.

He is in good Terms with his Brother: Amantissimè & Conjunctissimè cum fratre vivit.

He hath given his Daughter in Pledge: Filiam in obsidem dedit.

He came in great Pompe: Amplissimo comitatu venit.

He cometh in great hast: Magnâ celeri­tate, vel magnâ cum celeritate Advolat▪

In Short: Ʋt paucis dicam, verbo dicam, ne multa, ne multis.

To tell every thing in Order: Ordine singula persequi, per capita singula commevo­vare.

CHAP. XVII. Of the Particle (If.)

VVHen the Partile (If) goeth after any of these Verbs, Nescio, [Page 81] Quaero, Dubito, Perpendo, it is put by (utrùm, ne, an, nùm) which have the Verb follow­ing in the Subjunctive: As, I know not if you Love me: Nescio utrum me ames. He asked me if you was of my opinion: Quae­sivit ex me mecumne sentires. I doubt if I should grant you your request: Dubito an petitioni tuae subscribere debeam. The King is consulting with his Officers, if it be expedient to declare Warre: Deliberat Rex cum ducibus suis num bellum indicendum sit.

(If) is put also by (utrùm, num, ne,) af­ter (refert, interest) as it is little matter, if you did this your self, or by another: Parùm interest, utrùm ipse hoc feceris an aliis faciendum mandaveris. It is nothing to you if I said this or not: utrùm hoc dixerim nec ne tuâ nihil refert.

(If) is put by (si, or quamvis) when it is the same in English with (although, albeit) As, if you would give me all the World, I would not do that: Si mihi dares omnia, non istud agerem. If you were Eloquent, as Cicero, you could never perswade me: Id est, although, or albeit you were Elo­quent, as Cicero, &c. Quamvìs par esses Ciceroni Eloquentiâ, nunquàm mihi persua­deres.

When (if) is the same with (when) it it is put by (si) with the Subjunctive: As you shall oblidge me if you will write of­ten to me: Id est, when you will write, &c. Gratissimum mihi feceris si ad me sepissimè scribas. You shall befriend me if you send me Money: Id est, When you send, &c. Mihi maximè proderis si ad me pecuniam mittas. You will come if you think good: venies si tibi visum fuerit.

When (if) can be changed into (unless) it is put by (nisi) which hath after it the Subjunctive or the Indicative: As, if you carry not your self more humble & mo­dest you will cause your friends to for­sake you: Nisi te submissius atque modestius geras omnes à te amicos alenabis.

If I be not deceived this is the man that I did suspect: Nisi me animus fallit, hic profectò est quem suspicabar: (If) in both these Examples can be changed into (un­less.)

When (If) hath after it these words (at least) which is expressed in the Latin by (tamèn, attamèn, certè, at certé, at saltem) it is rendered into the Latin by (si non, si minùs,) As, If I cannot altogether take away your grief, at least I shall diminish it: Si dolorem tibi hunc eripere non possum, diminuam saltem. But here observe that [Page 83] (si) is put without (non, or minus) if your speech have in it a Negative Verb, As, Si dolorem hunc tibi eripere nequeo diminuam saltèm. If then you should put after (si) (non, or minus) with the Negative Verb (nequeo) your speech would be Affirma­tive; two Negatives making alwaies an Affirmative. But where the Verb with the which (if) goeth, is Affirmative, there (si nòn, or si minùs) are put conjunctly: As if I cannot prevail too day, at least the day after, here (prevail) is an Affirmative Verb, and so you say, si hodiè non possum, postridiè saltem.

Moreover albeit the Verb be Affirma­tive: Yet if there be any other part of your speech rendering it Negative, you must use (si) only: As, Si mihil possum bodie, at certè postridiè.

If my affaires have not succeeded well, I cannot at least but praise your good will: Si minùs benéres meae contigerint, non possum non laudare voluntatem tuam. If you could not come, at least you might have writen: Si venire non potuisti, saltèm potuisti scribere.

(If) is most commonly put by (si) after the Pronouns: As, if you should do this: Hoc si feceris: Who if he comes: Qui si Venerit. I do marvel if this should [Page 84] come so too pass: Mirabar hoc si sic abiret.

CHAP. XVIII. Of the Particle (When.)

IF (When) go before a Passive Verb, or an Adjective Noune, which is not a participle of the Active voice, it may be put either by (cùm) with the Verb in the Indicative: As, I came when I was desired: Veni cum rogabar. I did this when I was sick: Id feci cum eram aeger. Or else (when) is left out in the Latine, and the passive Verb is put in the Preterit. or Future Tense of the Participle: according to the Tense of your English; neither is the Substan­tive Verb expressed with the Adjective following it, but the Adjective alone: As, Rogatus veni, I came when I was desired: I did this when I was sick; aegrotus hoc feci. I did subscribe when I was forced, Coactus subscripsi. I did fight when I was hurt: Saucius pugnavi.

And that you may know when this Particle is put so, it is when it can be re­solved into (being) As, I subscribed being forced. I did fight being hurt, &c.

If (When) go before an Active Verb, Neuter, or Deponent of the Active sig­nification, it is put either by the Ablative absolutely, or by (cum) with the Subjun­ctive or Indicative; and to know when it is put absolutely, and when by (cùm) take notice if (that) go before (when) and then it is expressed by (cùm;) As, they say that when Cesar came to Rubicon, he doubted if he should crosse the River, Aiunt Caesarem cum pervenisset ad Rubico­nem haesitaste transmitteretne Fluvium nec ne: They say that Marcus Antonius, when he was Loving Cleopatra did seldome sleep: Dicitur Marcus Antonius cum deperiret Cleopatram, rarò dormivisse: But if (that) neither expresly nor tacitely doth go be­fore (when,) then it is put by the Abla­tive absolutely; As, Theeves are rob­bing when good men sleep, Fures Latro­cina exercent dormientibus bonis.

If (When) be put betwixt a Verb, and a Particle of the Present Tense, it is there left out; As, I did observe this when I was reading: Hoc legens annotavi, or it is put by (cùm) with the Subjun­ctive, and sometimes the Indicative; As, Cum legerem hoc annotavi; or, it is put by (Inter) with the Gerund in (dum;) As, Inter legendum hoc annotavi; And (when) [Page 86] is put this last way, when it is the same with (whiles.)

But if there follow the Verb a Noun, then you must not use the Gerund in (dum) with (inter,) but other the Gerund in (do) in giving it the case that the Verb from which it descends, doth govern; As, I did learn this in reading Cicero: Le­gendo Ciceronem hoc annotavi, or you may make a Gerundive of the Gerund, id est, make the Gerund to agree with the Sub­stantive following, in Gender and Num­ber and in the Ablative Case with (in) going before; As, In legendo Cicerone hoc annotavi.

I said before, that (When) was some­times expounded by the Independent, or absolute Ablative; but that you may know when this ought to be done; Ob­serve that if the English Participle, which is known by its ending in (ing) have no dependence upon the Nominative of the preceding or following Verb, then you use this Ablative; As, when I was read­ing Cicero, you was playing; Here playing depends not upon (I) which is the No­minative to (Reading) nor contrary­wayes (Reading) depends not upon (you) the Nominative to (Playing,) wherefore you say, Me legente Ciceronem ludebas, [Page 87] vel te ludente legebam Ciceronem.

But if there be a dependence, then you use, (cùm, dum, or inter) according to what is already said.

Mark well this way of speaking upon (When,) what think ye were my thoughts when I did hear these words: Quo animo me esse putas his auditis, haec ut audivi, haec audientem, haec dum audiebam.

CHAP. XIX. Of the Particle (Since.)

THis Particle is sometimes the same that (Seeing,) and then it is put by (cùm) with the Verb following it in the Conjunctive Mood; As, Since you are such a man, I will have nothing to do with you: Talis cùm sis, nolo mihi tecum rem esse; or else by (Quandoquidem, or quoni­am) with the Indicative; As, Since I can­not escape, I will fight manfully: Gnavi­tèr pugnabo quoniam, vel quandoquidem nullus super est fugae locus.

(Since) going before a Substantive Noun, is changed into (ex quo,) and in place of the Noun, is used the Verb de­scending [Page 88] from it; As, Since Dinner: Ex quo pransus sum: Since I supped: Ex quo caenavi.

But if you cannot have a Verb from the Substantive Noun following (Since,) then you must put the Noun in the Ab­lative with (Ex;) As, I had no Letter from you since Friday: Ex die Veneris nulla mihi á te reddita Epistola: I did hear nothing since Yesternight: Ex Hesternâ nocte audivi nihil.

(Since) in these wayes of speaking, fol­lowing, is put by (Quod, quum, ex quo;) As, It is a long time since he departed; Diu est quod abivit, quum abivit, ex quo abivit, It is ten years since he dyed: Decem anni exierunt ex quo mortuus est, decimus hic est annus ab ejus morte.

Sometimes (Since) is put by (Jam du­dùm, jam pridèm,) (dudùm est quod pridèm est quod:) As, it is long since you played: Jamdudùm non lusisti, dudùm est quod lusisti: It is not long since: Non ità pridèm est: These other wayes of speaking, are to be observed; Since that day, Ex illo Die: Since the first of January, Ex Calendis Januariis: Since Cicero's Consul-Ship, Ex Consulatu Ciceronis: Since Nero's time, á Tempore Neronis: Since the day before the Nones of June, till the day before the [Page 89] Calends of September, Ex ante diem No­narum Juniarum, usque ad pridiè Calendas Septembris: Since that time, Ex illo tem­pore: A long time since, A Longo Tempore.

CHAP. XX. Of the Particle (Whether.)

THis Particle (Whether) being put In­terrogatively, is expressed diversly; sometimes by (quò,) and this is when you aske one whether he goeth; As, Quò tendis: Whether go you? At other times whether is changed into (utrùm,) and this is when you aske one which of two, or more things he will do, or embrace; As, whether will you studie, or play, Ʋ ­trùm vis operam studiis navare, an ludo?

It is put by (utrùm) without an Inter­rogation; As also after (Refert, Interest,) As, It matters not whether you did it your self, or commanded it to be done by o­thers: Parùm Interest, utrùm ipse feceris, an aliis faciendum mandaveris.

When (Whether) is followed by (so ever) then it is put diversly according to the signification of the Verb following; for if it be a Verb of motion to a place, then [Page 90] it is put by (quòcunque, quòlibet, quôvis) As whether soever he goeth: Quòcunque, vel quòlibet se confert; But if the Verb follow­ing signifie a rest in a place, then (whether) is put by (Ʋbicunque, ubilibet, ubivis;) As, whether so ever he be, I shall think on him; Ʋbicunque sit, ubivis sit, semper illius Recor­dabor.

(Whether) In these wayes of speaking which follow, is put by (sivè;) As, you shall not be rewarded for your works, whether they be good or bad: Nullum feres praemium laborum tuorum, sivè boni, sivè mali sinè; And fail not to put the Verb after (sivè) in the Conjunctive Mood.

These other wayes of speaking, are to be observed: Whether I dye or live, you shall not repent it: Moriar, non moriar te non paenitebit: Do I well, do I ill, it con­cerns you nothing: Rectè an perperàm agam, tuâ nihil refert: Go whether you please: Ito quòcunque velis: Whether he be Poor or Rich I care not: Sit pauper an dives perindè mihi est.

CHAP. XXI. Of the Particle (But.)

THe Particle (But) is most elegantly doubled sometimes in stead of (&) As, I say not that he is a wicked man, but a good and honest man: Ipsum non dico Improbum esse sed probum sed honestum.

When (But) is taken conditionally, it is expounded by (siverò) (sin autèm;) As, you shall oblige me if you come hither, but if your health cannot permit you, I pray stay: Gratissimum mihi feceris si hùc veneris; si verò per valetudinem non potes, quaeso domi maneas.

If (But) follow the Verb (Dubito) or its Synonimes, it is rendred by (Quin) with the Conjunctive; As, I doubt not but you love me: Non dubito quin me ames; and not only is it so expounded after (dubito) and the like Verbs; But also when it followeth a Negation; As, I con­not but think much of your Vertue: Non possum quin Virtutem tuam magni faciam: There passeth never a day but he comes to see me: Nullum intermittit diem quin ad me veniat.

(But) is put by (quàm, nisi, praetèr, praeter­quàm,) and thus so often as it goeth af­ter (what is) or (nothing else) As, poverty is nothing else but the despising of riches: Nihil aliud paupertas quàm contemptus, prae­ter contemptum divitiarum: What is envy, but a grief conceived of another mans happinesse: Quid est invidia quàm dolor, praeterquàm dolor, nisi dolor, ex alterius faeli­citate conceptus.

CHAP. XXII. Of the Particle (At.)

AS this Particle is put by the Latine Preposition (Apud,) it sufficeth to say that it governeth the Accusative; As, at that same place: Apud eundem locum.

There are many excellent wayes of speaking on this Particle, whereof here followeth the most considerable.

At mid night: De mediâ nocie.

At night come hither: Hùc veni sub noctem

At the third watch: De tertiâ vigiliâ.

At the break of day: Sub primam lucem, subauroram.

At the declining of his age: Sub exitu vitae.

You deal with me at the Rigour: Sum­mo jure mecum agis.

He did speak at his own commodity: Suo commodo dixit.

Write at your leasure: Per otium tuum scribe.

(At) going before a Noun of Time, is expressed by the Ablative, when the question is by (Quando,) without a Pre­position; As, he did return at three of the clock: Rediit horâ tertiâ: He went away at the dawning of the day, Primâ luce profectùs est: You came at the right time, Tempore advenisti: It shall not be ill said if you use (per or sub;) As, Per tempus venisti, sub lucem profectus est.

To aske at any body, Quaerere ex aliquo.

I have obtained this at my Brothers request: Id rogatu Fratris assecutus sum.

I am at your devotion or will: Sum tibi ad arbitrium, sum tibi ad nutum.

The Labourer is wakened at the Cocks crowing, the Souldier at the sound of the Trumpet: Agricola ad Galli cantum, miles ad tubae sonitum excitatur.

Cicero was banished at the great grief of the People, Cicero in exilium conjectus est, magno totius populi maerore.

To serve one at a fit occasion, Alicui ipso tempore praesto esse.

To pay at his day, Ad diem solvere.

At the first sight, Primâ fronte, primo congressu, primo obtuitu vel intuitu.

To tell at a word, Verbo dicere.

To expect on at every hour and mi­nute, Aliquem in singulas horas, & momenta expectare.

One waiteth for you at the door, Te praestolatur ad fores aliquis.

I know my lesson at twice reading over, Bis relegendo lectionem meam teneo.

At the second time, Secundâ vice.

At our House, Domi, vel in aedibus nostris.

He liveth at the Sign of the Lion, De­git ad Leonem.

I did this at another mans charges, Istud alieno sumptu praestiti.

At the most, Ad summum; At the least, Ad minimum.

I come at a call, Vocatus advolo.

He is angry at a word, Verbo excandescit.

At an instant, Continuò, statìm.

CHAP. XXIII. Of the Particle (Out.)

HEre as in the former Particle, are many usefull wayes of speaking, [Page 95] whereof I have collected the most con­siderable.

To do a thing out of folly, Temerè & inconsultò aliquid agere, ex inscitiâ aliquid facere.

To out-live his Parents, Superesse Paren­tibus.

You are out of purpose: Jàm ineptis, a scopo deflectis.

You are out of Countenance, Erubescis.

He is out of his wit, Extrà se est, inops mentis est.

You are out of danger, Extrà periculum es.

You are out of the fashion, Es consuetu­dini difformis, vel dissimilis, à consuetudine, alienus es, vel abhorres.

You are out or mistaken, Hallucinatus es, captus es.

Without doubt, Procul dubio.

Out of one trouble into another, é Scylla in Charybdim, é foco in cineres.

He is out of hopes, Spem omnem abjecit, vel deposuit, despondet animum.

To put out ones eye, Alicui oculum effo­dere, vel exculpere.

To put one out of doors, Aliquem suis aedibus ejicere, vel extrudere.

To put out of mind, Ex animo delere ali­quid.

Out of pride and envie, Ex super­biâ [Page 96] & invidiâ, prae Arrogantiâ & invidiâ:

You are out of your Element, á Propriâ deflectis materia.

To lay out money upon any thing, Pecuniam in rem aliquam insumere, vel im­pendere.

CHAP. XXIV. Of the Particles (Whiles) or (Till.)

(VVHiles) is commonly expressed by (dùm, or donèc,) with the Indicative, or Conjunctive Mood; the Conjunctive Mood is made use of, when (dùm or donèc) is betwixt two Verbs; As, hear whiles he speaks, Audi dum loquatur; But if (Whiles) goeth not between two Verbs, then you make use of the Indica­tive; As, none hears whiles he speaks, Dum loquitur nemo audit.

(Whiles or Till) going after (Expecto) are alwayes put by (dùm or donèc,) with the Subjunctive; As, I expect whiles my Brother, or till my Brother come, Expecto dùm veniat Frater.

When (Whiles) is put with a Verb, which hath no dependence upon any o­ther [Page 97] Verb in the speech with it, then it is put by the absolute Ablative: This depen­dence is known, if the Nominative of both Verbs be one and the same, and if they be diverse, then are they said to be independent one of another: As while the Navy was fighting▪ Cleo patra was flying, Here (Navy, and Cleopatra) the two No­minatives, are two diverse things: Where­fore you say, Pugnantibus classiariis militibus, fugiebat Cleopatra, vel fugiente Cleopatrâ pugnae Instabant Classiarii: This may be said by (dùm, or donèc) As, Dùm pugnabant Clas­siarii fugrebat Cleopatra.

But if the Verb or Verbs following (whiles) have a dependence on what goeth before, then it is put by (dum, donèc, or inter) with the Gerund in (dum) accor­ding as I have shewen above in the parti­cle (when) with whom this particle hath great Affinity.

CAAP. XXV. Of the Particle (Above.)

(ABove) is sometimes put by (suprà) As, What is above us, doth not [Page 98] concerne us, Quod suprà nos, nihil ad nos.

In these wayes following it is put by (praeter, in, inter) As, above all vertues I praise modesty, Praetèr caeteras, virtutes laudo modestíam; in caeteris virtutibus, inter caetera [...] virtutes

Sometimes by (in, or, prae) As, I detest Avarice, above all things, Ab Avariti [...] imprimis abhorreo: The Captain did for­bear above others, In Caeteris, vel prae caeterà dux se abstinuit.

Marke these Particular wayes of speak­ing, I have ever esteemed this above all things. Mihi id semper. Antiquissimum fuit: I Love Plato above all Philosophers, Ex omnibus Philosophis Platonem unicè dilig [...]: This is above my quality, Id digintat [...]m meam excedit, veb exuperat: It is a thing above my ability or force, Hoc viribus meu [...] est Impar. This is fallen out above expecta­tion, Id praeter spem contigit: To Swim with the Head above Water, Super natare aquam capite.

It is yet put by (amplius) As, I had wal­ked a mile and above, when I did meet you, miliare & aliquid amplius confeceram, cum me tibi habuisti obvium.

In these wayes it is expounded by (antè, Imprimis) As, above all things fear God, Antè omnia Deum time: Imprimis Deum time: [Page 99] Or, you may say, Quidquid feceris Deum time.

It is sometimes put by a Verb; As in these following examples: There is none above the King in his own Kingdome, Nullus Regi praesidet in Regno suo, nemo Regi praeest, vel nemini Rex subest.

These wayes of speaking deserve atten­tion; He is learned above measure, Est suprà modum, vel fidem Doctus, mirandum in modum est Doctus, majorem in modum est Doctus.

He is above me in Leaning and Vertue, Doctrinâ & Virtute me superat, Antevertit▪ Antecellit: He is above, Est Supernè.

CHAP. XXVI. Of the Particles (As.)

THis Particle (As) in a Comparison is put by (ut, sicùt, velùt, tanquàm) As, for example, our time slideth away, as the gliding water, Ʋt aqua labatur sic tempus.

When (As) goeth before an English Participle, it is expressed by (cùm,) with the Verb in the Conjunctive: An example hereof: As I was walking by the Thames, I did see our Master, Cum d [...] ambularem in [Page 100] Thamesis ripâ vidi praeceptorem, nostrum: You may say by the participle though not so Elegantly, nor according to the Latine phrase, specially in prose, Deam­bulans vidi preceptorem nostrum: But in Poe­try you may speak so.

If there follow not your participle which hath (As) before it, a Noune, you can express (as) by (inter) with the parti­ciple in the Gerund in (dum;) As; Inter deambulandum prope Thamesim vidi praecep­torem: If there follow a Noune then it is put Gerundively according to what is al­ready said in the preceding Chapters: As I was Reading Virgil, I did see our Ma­ster, In Legendo Virgilio, Vel legendo Vir­gilium vidi nostrum praeceptorem: This way of speaking by the Gerundive is only in Active Verbs; Neuters and Deponents are other put by (cum;) or in the Gerunds in (do) if they be not wanting, or by (in­ter) with the Gerund in (dum,) but take heed that you use not this last way of speaking, when the Nominatives of the Verbs which are in your speech, are di­verse and distinct things, otherwise you will commit an Amphibologie, or Doubt­some speech; for Example, As, I was fighting, John did hurt me. Here (J. and John) which are the Nominatives are [Page 101] diverse, so if you should say, Inter pugnan­dum mihi nocuit Johannes, it would be doubtsome whether (pugnandum) went to (mihi) or to (Joannes) wherefore you must in this case use (cum) As, Cum pugnarem mihi nocuit Joannes: Or the Participle, specially when it is not in the Nomi­native Case; As, mihi pugnanti nocuit Joannes.

When this Particle (As) is twise put, the first (As) is expressed by (adeò, ità, tàm) and the last by (ac, quàm, ut) which have after them the same Case and Moods that goeth before them; As Caesar was, as Couragious, as Alexander, Adeò fuit strenuus Caesar, quam Alexander, Ità fuit strenuus ac Alexander: He Reads as well as he writs, Ità Legit, ut Scribit; aequè Legit ac Scribit: Where it is to be remarked that, (As) in this Example insinuateth a Comparison.

But when (As) is doubled without a comparison, it is to be put by (quàm) with the Adjective following Adverbially put in the Superlative degree as, I shall recommend you to the King as carefully as I can, Te Regi commendabo quàm Studiosi­ssunè potero: I did informe my self, as ex­actly as I could, Quàm accuratissimè potuerim singula perscrutatus sum: And here in stead [Page 102] of (quàm) you may use (ut) As, ut Studio­sissimè potui, ut Accuratissimè potui.

These two wayes of speaking are not to be forgot; I Love you as much as any man, Tàm te amo quàm qui maximé: My House is as much frequented as ever it was, Domus mea frequentur ut cum Maximè: To which I add yet a third way, As I am an honest man this is true, Vel honestus non sum vel hoc verum est; vt honestus sum ità & hoc verum; ne honestus sim nisi hoc verum sit.

CHAP. XXVII. Of the Particle (Would.)

THese be the most usual and consider­able wayes of speaking upon this Particle.

What more? he would have killed me, Quid? Quod me etiàm occidere voluit.

What would you give for that time again? Quanto velis pretio tempus illud Re­demptum, vel Redimendum?

Who would not be angry with you? Quis tibi non succenseat?

If you did so, would you not put your [Page 103] self in great danger? Ità si faceres nonné te praecipitem in discrimen ageres?

Would I could see him whom I look for? Faxit Deus hominem quem expecto videam.

Would you ever have thought this? Numquid unquàm hoc tibi in mentem venisset▪

Who would have ever thought of this? Quis hac de re unquàm cogitasset.

Here is one would speak with you, Ali­quis te alloqui cupit, vel quaerit te ad coloquium quispiam.

Who would believe any such thing? Quis tale credat?

I would not do this for my life, vel si mibi vitam daret istud non facerem; ne, si de vitâ salvandâ ageretur, istud agerem.

I would not disoblidge my friend for any thing, Nullam ob causam deessem amico.

I would not do this for twenty pieces, Vel propositis mihi viginti numis aureis hoc non agerem.

CHAP. XXVIII. Of the Particle (from.)

THough this Particle be of a large ex­tent, I shall only insist upon the most considerable wayes of speaking thereon.

(From) going after (Celo) is expressed by puting the thing as well in the Accu­sative as the Person; As, I will keep or conceal nothing from my Friends, Nihil celabo amicos.

When (From) followeth, (peto, postulo,) and their Synonime, or Verbs of Recei­ving, and Distance it is put by (á, or ab) with the Ablative; As, you, should not have asked so much money from me, Tan­tam vim pecuniae á me petere non debebas: I received Letters from my Father, Accepi Literas á patre meo: The Castle is not far from the Town, Non multùm abest castrum ab Ʋrbe.

(From) is also put by (á or ab,) in these wayes of speaking from my Infancy, Ab ine [...]nt [...] aetate, á teneris unguiculis, ab incuna­bulis: From the beginning, Ab initio: This did not come from him, á se id non prompsit: There is no danger to come from the No­bility, Nihil periculi est á Nobilitate: Salute him from me, Dic illi salutem á me.

Sometimes by an Adverb, as in these speeches following, The Lungs draws in the Air from without, Ducunt spiritum ex­trinsicùs Pulmones: He was killed with a stone from above, Lapide desupèr interfectus est.

Elswhere (From) is put by (in) with [Page 105] the Accusative; As, the number of our Enemies increaseth from day to day, Ho­stium numerus in singulus dies augetur, The Plants grow from hour to hour, In singulas horas crescunt Plantae; From time to time, Identidèm, subindè, per intervalla.

Or it's rendred by (per,) As to give a thing from hand to hand, Per manus ali­quid tradere.

Sometimes by (é, or ex,) or by this Adverb (Eminùs,) As, to fight from a far, Ex longinquo praeliari, To fight from a high place, Ex edito loco pugnare, To fight far from off himself, Eminùs pugnare.

There are yet many wayes whereby this Particle may be put, which I shall comprehend in some few Examples.

To relate all from point to point, Or­dine singula persequi, per capita, singula com­memorare.

From the beginning to the end, A ca­pite ad calcem.

From one thing to another, Ex alio in aliud.

From door to door, Ostiatim, vel per ostia.

From house to house, Domatìm, per Do­mos

To run from one place to another, Hìnc illùc vagari, vel transcurrere.

Men come here from all parts, Ʋn lique [Page 106] hùc accurrunt homines, ex qualibet gente hùc congregantur homines.

There is something fallen from you, Aliquid tibi excidit.

To rise from a low Degree, to a high Dignitie, Ab infimo Gradu, ad summam Dig­nitatem evehi, vel ascendere.

A man risen from nothing, Ex vili & obscuro illustris.

From a child I was ever so minded, Eo fui animo á puero.

From my youth, I have ever been so brought up, A juventute ità fui educatus.

After many presents sent from both hands, post multa hìnc indè, vel ultrò citrò­que collata munera.

CHAP. XXIX. Of the Verb (to Make or Cause)

IF this Verb (Make) be the same thing in signification with these words (was the cause) then it is expressed by, Facio, Efficio▪ Perficio, Impello, Adduco and others of the like signification, with the Verb following in the Subjunctive, after the Conjunction (ut;) As, your Civility made [Page 107] me implore your assistance, id est, was the cause that I implored your assistance, Fecit humanitas tua, ut tuam opem implorarem: Your request made me undertake a thing so hard, and so far contrary to my pro­fession, Effecit postulatio tua ut rem tàm ar­duam tàmque ab instituto alienam susciperem: His great learning made me desirous of his acquaintance, Summa hujus v [...]ri erudi­tio me impulit ut in ejus familiaritatem veni­rem: The Masters too great vigour and severity made me forsake my Studies: Ma­gistri nimia severitas fecit, vel in causà fuit, ut discendi voluntatem abjicerem: It was an­ger made him do this ill action, Ad hoc tàm atrox facinus patrandum ipsum ira im­pulit.

All which wayes may be put by the Ablative in changing the Verbs into the Passive voice; As, Humanitate tuâ adductus sum, ut opem tuam implorarem, irâ impulsus tàm atrox facinus patravit.

You may make use of (propter, or ob) when (made) is the same with (was the cause;) As, the singular Courtesie of Pompey made him be loved by all men, Effecit singularis humanitas Pompeii ut ab omnibus amaretur; vel propter singularem hu­manitatem Pompeius amabatur ab omnibus.

Sometimes (made or cause) is put by [Page 108] (Jubeo) with the Verb following in the Infinitive of the Passive; or by (Curo,) with the future of the Participle of the Passive; As, the King did make build a stately Church, Rex Aedem magnificentis­simam construi Jussit, vel construendam cura­vit: The King caused levie new Forces, Rex novas copias contrahi jussit, vel contra­hendas curavit.

Cogo, Adduco, Compello, are the Verbs whereinto (make or cause) are changed, when they are the same in signification with (to force;) As, necessity makes a man do many things, id est, forceth a man to do many things, Multa facere hominem cogit necessitas: Cicero made Catiline go out of Rome, Compulit Cicero Catilinam Ʋrbe cedere; But if (make or cause) do not sig­nifie to do any thing through compul­sion, but perswasively, and without using violence; then it is put by (suadeo, per­suadeo;) As, he caused me by his wise Counsel, or admonitions leave off sen­sensual pleasures, Sapientissimis suis admo­nitionibus mihi persuasit, ut voluptatibus nun­tium remitterem: I could never make him forsake ill company, Nunquàm illi suadere potui, vel precibus meis ab illo nun­quàm impetrare potui, ut improborum con­gressus fugeret.

In these wayes following, (Make) is ex­pressed by one Verb in the Latine, though it hath two in the English; As, a good Prince makes himself beloved by the Peo­ple, Bonus Princeps sibi Populi benevol entiam conciliat, vel allicit sibi benevolentiam populi: A Tyrant makes himself be hated by all men, Omnium in se invidiam concitat Ty­rannus.

Thus having reduced to some general heads all the wayes of speaking on this Particle, that are capable of any general Observation; I come now according to my ordinary Method to speak of the par­ticular wayes of speaking on those Par­ticles.

To make himself be admired by all men, Omnibus movere admirationem, omnes in admirationem traducere, vel rapere.

To make others be admired, In aliis ad­mirationem efficere.

To make ones peace with the Prince, Benignum aliquem reddere Principi, in Prin­cipis gratiam aliquem reducere.

To cause an untimely birth or abortion, Partum abigere.

To Cause, abolish a Law, Legem abrogare.

To make his house larger, Aedibus ac­cessionem adjungere.

To cause, pull down the Walls of a Town, Ʋrbis Maenia diruere.

To cause, augment any thing, Alicui rei incrementum dare.

To make a man change his way of li­ving, Hominem ad aliam viam aliosque mores traducere, hominis naturam Ingeniumque mu­tare bominem de statu vitae dejicere.

To make one fear, Alicui metum incutere torrorem alicui injicere; aliquem in terrorem adjicere, in metum adducere.

To make himself be feared by his Sub­jects, Auctoritatem tenere in suos.

To make ones hat fly off, De capite pi­leum decutere.

To make a branch or fruit fall from a Tree, Ramum vel fructum de arbore decutere.

To make one confesse the Truth, Alicui veritatem extorquere.

To make a thing unknown to appear, Rem occultam aperire.

To make one angry, Aliquem ad indigna­tionem, vel iracundiam adducere; alicui bilem aut stomachum movere; aliquem ad iram im­pellere, aut provocare.

To make one comprehend or under­stand any thing, Aliquèm ad Intelligen­dum aliquid adducere; vel ad rei alicujus in­telligentiam aut notitiam perducere.

To make one condescend to our will, Aliquem ad voluntatem nostram adducere.

To make, id est, force or constrain one [Page 111] to consent, Alicui consensum extorquere, vel exprimere.

To make one desirous of any thing, Alicui rei alicujus cupiditatem adferre, vel injicere.

To make one dispair, Desperationem ali­cui afferre spem cuipiam addimere, ad despe­rationem adducere, adigere compellere, é spe aliquem deturbare, alicui spem praecidere.

To make one fall from his Dignity, De Honoris loco, vel gradu aliquem dejicere.

To make mad, angry any body, Ali­quem uvere, ad furorem adigere.

There is an Herb that makes men drunk, Est Herba quae temulentos facit, quae temulen­tiam facit.

To make man look for great things of himself, Magnam sui expectationem apud omnes concitare.

To make his mind known, Alicui men­tem suam aperire.

To make one proud, Alicui animos fa­cere, aut inflare.

To make ones escape, Alicui fugam pa­tefacere, vel viam ad fugam aperire.

To make himself be heard, Sibi audi­entiam facere.

To make the Master have an aversion from the Servant, Herum á servo abalienare Servum apud Herum in invidiam vocare.

To make one do any mischief, Aliquem ad nefas adducere vel impellere.

To make one erre, Aliquem in errorem inducere.

To make room in a throng, Turbam sum movere.

To make one sigh, Alicui gemitus expri­mere aut elicere.

To make himself be laughed at by all men, Omnibus se ridendum proponere, vel cachinnas movere.

To make a Colonie, In Regionem aliquam, vel Coloniam, incolas mittere.

To make a man give his oath, Sacra­mento, vel jurejurando aliquem adigere.

To make information against any one, In aliquem quaestionem habere vel quaerere.

To cause Register, In Commentarios ne­ferre, in Publicas Tabulas perscribere, in acta referre.

To cause Act a Comedie, or Tragedie, Comaediam aut Tragaediam in Theatrum dare, Public é exhibere.

This will make you praise-worthy, Id tibi laudem afferet.

To make a Rebellion, or Troubles, Tu­multus & Seditiones ciere, Excitare, commo­vere.

To make one forget any thing, Alicui res alicujus oblivionem afferre, rem aliquam in oblivionem alicui adducere.

To make one cry, Alicui lachrymas elice­re, aliquem ad fletum movere vel adducere.

To make himself be spoken of forever, Nomen suum ad posteros transmittere, vel ab interitu vindicare: He will make his house or family be ever more spoken of, Memo­riam sempiternam in domum suam inferet:

To make one loose courage, Alicujus animum frangere.

To make every man pay his reckoning, or shot, Ab aliquo symbolam, vel collectam exigere.

To make two quarrel together, Duos in­ter se committere, inter duos rixam commovere.

To make one change his Opinion, Ali­quem de sent entiâ depellere.

To make one leave off his work, Ab o­pere aliquem avocare.

To make Victual dear, Inferre carit ae­tem annonae, annonam incendere, vel excande­facere.

To make victual cheap, Levare annonam.

To make one laugh, Alicui risum move­re, cachinnos commovere, vel concitare.

To cause one revive, Demortuum ab In­feris revocare, vel defunctum resuscitare.

To make one mindful of any thing, A­liquid in memoriam cujusdam revocare, alicui, rei alicujus memoriam commovere; aliquid in memoriam redigere, vel reducere.

To make a Town yield by force, Ʋr­bem ad deditionem cogere.

To make a Town yield without exter­nal compulsion, Ad voluntariam deditio­nem perducere urbem.

To make himself be looked on by all men, Omnium infe oculos convertere.

To make one take Courage again, Ali­cui animum reddere, erigere, excitare, rele­vare.

To make one ashamed, Alicui pudorem incutere, aliquem pudore suffundere.

To make a Shire revolt, Provinciam ad defectionem trahere.

To cause the people revolt, Plebem con­citare, seditionem conflare.

To make one silent, Alicui Imponere si­lentium.

To make one tremble for fear, Aliquem horrore perfundere, vel ei horrorem incutere.

To cause ones goods to be sold at Port Sale, Subhastare bona alicujus; Per praeconem vendere; praeconis voci subjicere.

To make an end of any labour, labori finem imponere, vel postremam manum; labo­rem absolvere.

Here ends the Treatise of those English Particles, which give greatest occasion of failing to young beginners, when they are to be put according to the Latine ver­sion: [Page 115] now come I to speak, how the Eng­lish Tenses and Moods may be changed according to the style of the Latine Tongue: and how the Active voice in the English, can be reduced by the pas­sive in the Latine, or contrariwise: how an Impersonal doth become personal, &c. And because that Tenses are included in Moods; I will first speak of the Moods, wherein I shall have occasion to treat of the Tenses.

CHAP. I. How the Finite Moods and all their Tenses may be changed according to the Latine, when they are not to be reduced to the Infinitive Mood.

THere be certain wayes of speaking in the English, that seem to be in the Present Tense, which must be expressed in the Latine by the Preterit. Tense; As, my brother is born, Natus est frater meus: The Church is built, Constructum est Tem­plum: [Page 116] The Town is ruined, Eversum est oppidum.

I said that these speeches seem to be in the Present Tense; because they have not before their Verbs (Have or Did) which are most commonly the marke of the English Preterit. Tense; but being rightly considered, they be of the Preterit. Tense; because they expresse by-past acti­ons, and so of all Verbs containing the like actions, although they never have (Did nor Have) before themselves. As, he bought, he fought, Emit, Pugnavit.

When the Present Tense or Future of the Indicative, do follow the Particle (If) they are put by the Future of the Con­junctive or Indicative Mood: As, You will come if you please, Venies si tibi videbi­tur, vel visum fuerit: If you do this, or if you will do this, you shall oblidge me, Id si feceris, magnam á me gratiam inieris: which also is to be done, whensoever any of these Tenses do follow Verbs of doubting, and have, (If) going before them▪ As, I doubt not but you will send me money, if you receive, or shall receive any, Non dubito quin pecuniam missurus sis, si aliundè acceper is.

An Interrogation being made in the Imperfect of the Subjunctive, or rather [Page 117] Potential; whose mark is (Might, Should, Could) is put in the Latine by the Pre­sent Tense of any of those two Moods; As, who would love so wicked a man? Virum tàm nefarium quis amet? Who could not understand so easy a thing? Quis rem ità facilem non Intelligat? What should I say? Quid dicam?

This Imperfect of the Subjunctive of these two Verbs (Volo and Nolo;) is ex­prest most commonly by the Present of this Mood. As, I would rather die then live in so great shame, Mori malim quàm tàm ignominiosè vivere.

I could wish that you were more cir­cumspect in your Affairs, Velim te in rebus tuis cautiorem esse.

The Present of the Imperative may be put many wayes; As, Write to me often, Scribe ad me saepi simè, scribito, scribas velim, fac scribas.

The Future of the Indicative, the Im­perfect and Plusquamperfect of the Sub­junctive, must be rendred by the Future Tense of the Participle of the Active, with the Substantive Verb (Sum,) as often as these Tenses follow after any of these Particles. (Tàm, ità, adeò, tantus, quantus,) and others of this nature. As, He is so impudent that he will deny this, Adeò est [Page 118] Impudens ut hoc negaturus sit: He is so liberal, that he would give you all he is worth, tàm liberalis est, ut omnia sua bona tibi datu­rus sit vel esset: He did love you so much, that he would have loosed his Life for you, if you had desired him, Tanto te a­more prosecutus est, ut pro te moriturus fuisset, si ità tibi visum fuisset.

Sometimes the Future of the Indica­tive, is put by the Present of the Subjun­ctive; As, You will see Men there who slight all things, Videas illìc homines, qui omnia rideant: Perhaps you will object, that he is too old to carry Armes, Forsi­tàn mihi objicias eum seniorem esse, quàm qui arma ferat.

Sometimes the Imperfect of the Poten­tional is put by the present Tense; As, You would think him mad, eum de­livare putes.

The Future of the Indicative Mood, is put by the Future of the Participle, and the Verb (Sum) after the Verbs (Nescio, Ignoro, Dubito.) As, I know not if you will come, Ʋtrùm venturus sis nescio: I know not what you shall doe, quid facturus sis ig­noro: For the rest of the Moods and Ten­ses belonging to this Chapter they are so easie, that there needs nothing be spoken of them.

CHAP. II. How to put a Verb of the Finite Mood into the Infinite Mood, in the Tenses suitable to your Speech.

YOu must first know that any Mood, excepting the Infinitive, is a Finate Mood, such as the Indicative, Impara­tive. Optative, &c.

Next, that when two Verbs occur in a Speech, no Conjunction intervening; the last is put in the Infinitive: but to know in what Tense, here is the difficul­ty. Hoc Opus, Hic Labor; Wherefore to the better understanding hereof, con­sider the Rules following.

When the Verb that is to be put in the Infinitive is of the Present, the Perfect or Future Tense in the English, you may safely keep it in the self same Tenses in the Infinitive of the Latine; As, I think Peter is a good man, Credo Petrum esse bo­num: That he was ignorant, Fuisse igna­rum: That he will be ignorant, Fore ig­narum.

The Future of the Subjunctive, whose mark is (will have, shall have) being to be put in the Infinitive, is put by the Pre­terit; As, I trust he will have read my Letters before now, Illum meas Literas le­gisse reor ante hoc tempus.

When the English Imperfect Tense, whose mark is (was) is to be put by the In­finitive Mood; You must know what Tense goeth before it; If there be either the Present Tense of the Indicative, or Future of the same Mood, whose mark is (shall or will) then the Imperfect fol­lowing is put by the Preterit Perfect Tense of the Infinitive; As, I believe that Caesar was Valliant, Fortem fuisse Cae­sarem puto: Perhaps you will say that you was doing thus, Fortassis dices te hoc fecisse.

If the Imperfect of the Indicative be to be used in the Infinitive, it is put by the Preterit Perfect Tense, how often it fol­loweth the Imperfect of the Subjunctive, whose mark is (should or could) or the Plusquamperfect of this Mood, whose mark is (would or could have;) As, you would say that I was Learned, Diceres me fuisse Doctum: I would have said that Pompey was very happy, if he had not died miserably, Dixissem Pompeium fuisse for­tunatissimum, nisi miserè periisset: But if [Page 121] the Imperfect of the Indicative, which is to be put by the Infinitive Mood, have before it another Imperfect of that same Mood with it, then it is used in the Pre­sent Tense of the Infinitive; As, you was saying, that you was my Friend, Te esse mei amantissimum praedicabas: Which like­wise must be done with this Imperfect, if there goeth before it the Plusquamper­fect of the Indicative, whose mark is (had) As, I had believed that you was an ho­nest man, unlesse, &c. Arbitratus eram te bonestissimum esse nisi, &c.

If this Imperfect of the Indicative, have going before it the Preterit Perfect Tense of the same Mood, whose mark is (have or did) it is rendred by the Present or Perfect Tense of the Infinitive; As, I have heard from your Commarads that you was very foolish in your Youth, Ac­cepi ab Aequalibus tuis, te Juvenem fuisse im­prudentissimum: Hearing this report of you, I did think that you was to be pit­tied, His de te auditis putavi te commisera­tione dignum esse: Cicero hath left in wri­ting that Catiline was the betrayer of his Country, Cicero memoriae, vel script is pro­didit Catilinam suae Patriae proditorem esse, vel fuisse.

If the Imperfect of the Subjunctive be [Page 122] to be put by the Infinitive, and have be­fore it a Verb of any other Mood or Tense, it is put by the Future of the In­finitive; As, I hope that my Father would come if he were in good health, Arbitror Patrem meum venturúm esse si valeret: I thought you would do this for my sake, Id meâ causâ te facturum esse putavi: I did foresee that this would have no good suc­cesse, Id malè cessarum auguratus fui: But if the preceeding Verb be of the same Mood and Tense, with the Imperfect of the Subjunctive, then this Imperfect be­ing to be used in the Infinitive, is put by the Present Tense; As, I should think that Peter would become a good man, if he would hearken to his Master, Petrum crederem probum esse si auscultaret Precepto­rem suum.

The Plusquamperfect of the Indicative Mood, whose mark is (Had,) being to be used in the Infinitive, is put by the Pre­sent Tense, when a Verb of this same Mood and Tense goeth before it, or the Plusquamperfect of the Subjunctive; As, I had thought that ye had been ingrate, or I should have thought that ye had been ingrate (by the Plusquamperfect of the Subjunctive) Te ingratum esse judi­cassem, vel judicaveram.

But if the Verb going before the Plus­quamperfect of the Indicative, which is to be put by the Infinitive, be not of the same Tense, then it is put by the Pre­terit Tense, and the Future of the Par­ticiple; and and for the better knowing these wayes of speaking, it is to be obser­ved, that they are accompanied with these Conjunctions (Si, nisì, modò, sed;) As, I believe the Post had come if the Weather had been fair, Credo venturum fuisse Tabellar [...]um sì per tempus Licuisset: I heard that Peter had not died, if he had not spoken harshly to the Judge, Audivi Petrum non moriturum fuisse, nisì judicem Verbis Injuriosis lacessisset.

But if it chance that the Verb which is to be put in the Future of the Participle hath no Supine, and consequently no Future of the Participle; you must in this case have recourse to the Substantive Verb (Sum) and put in the same Tense that the Defective Verb is of, and the Defective is put in the Subjunctive with (Ʋt) before it; As, I believe Peter had studied if he had had wherewith to maintain himself, Credo fore ut Petrus Studuisset, si per opes potuisset: Which may also be done with Verbs that have both Supine and Future of the Participle; As, I [Page 124] believe that John had read if, &c. Credo sore ut legeret Joannes si, &c. vel Lecturum fuisse Joannem si, &c.

If the Future of the Subjunctive, whose mark is (shall have, or will have,) have going after it self the Present or Future Tense of the Indicative, it is put by the Future of the Verb (Sum) with (Ʋt) go­ing after it; As, I trust my Son shall have done all that I commanded him when he cometh, or shall come to us again, Credo futurum esse ut filius mandata confecerit cum ad nos remeat vel remeabit: I believe the King will have obtained many Victories when he returns, or will return from the Warrs, Credo futurum esse, ut Rex mul­tas reportaverit▪ Victorias, cum á Bello redit, vel redibit.

If any Verb following (Promitto, Polli­ceor, Spero, Minor, and their Synonimes) be of the Present of the Infinitive in the English, it is put in the Latine by the Future of the Infinitive; As, he hath promised to come, Pollicitus est se venturum esse: I hope to become Learned some day, Spero me aliquando fore Doctum: He threat­neth to put all to Fire and Sword, Omnia se Flammâ, & ferro Vastaturum esse minatur: Yet neverthelesse Cicero useth sometimes the Present of the Infinitive after (Spero;) [Page 125] As, in this Example, Speramus quidèm fier [...] senes, in stead of saying, Speramus nos senes factum iri.

CHAP. III Of the Difficulties upon the Infi­nitive Mood.

OFtentimes Young Beginners con­found the Present Tense of the In­finitive with the Gerund in (di;) for preventing whereof I have set a Chapter apart; But before we enter into the dif­ficultie, it is to be remarked that (To) going before a Verb is a Mark that the Verb is of the Infinitive Mood.

When between a Verb of the Finite Mood, and a Verb of the Infinitive, there is no Substantive Noun, then the Verb is to be put in the Infinitive in the Present Tense, or any other that your English requires; As, I desire to see my Brother, Cupio videre Fratrem.

But if there goeth a Substantive before the Verb, that is to be put in the Infini­tive; Such as, Tempus, Otium, Occasio, Fa­cultas, Licentia, Necessitas, Consilium, Volun­tas, [Page 126] Consuetudo, Causa, Cupiditas, Deside­rium, Ratio; then instead of the Infini­tive you use the Gerund in (di;) As, he waites his opportunity to surprise his Enemy, Captat opportunitatem opprimendi Adversarii: The Master hath given us liberty to play, Magister nobis fecit ludendi veniam: He takes liberty to do all that he lists, Sumit sibi licentiam quodvis faci­endi: I am necessitate either to pay or to give over, Incumbit mihi necessitas aut sol­vendi, aut cedendi: I am resolved to make a Voyage into France, Cepi consilium pro­ficiscendi in Galliam: He hath no desire to studie, Abjecit animum studendi: You have no reason to be angry with me, Cau­sam succensendi mihi nullam habes: I have a desire to go into Italy, Incessit me cupido eundi in Italiam.

If before the Infinitive there go an Ad­jective, which is put in the Neuter Gen­der, and so becometh a Substantive, which falleth out when it can be resolved by (res) as (turpe) id est, res turpis, the Verb may be kept in the Infinitive, or it may be put by the Subjunctive with (ut) As, it is needful to suffer many things in this life, Necessarium est multa pati in hac vitâ, vel ut multa patiamur: It is free to every body to studie, Liberum est unicui­que [Page 127] Studere, vel ut Studeat unusquisque: It is a brave and honourable thing to dye for his Country, Praeclarum atque honorificum est pro Patriâ mortem oppetere, vel ut quis pro Patriâ mortem oppetat, vel spiritum reddat.

It is a base thing to give way to his passion, Turpe est libidini servire, vel ut quis libidini serviat: It is a hard and rare thing to excell in many things, Difficile atque adeò satis rarum est in multis excellere, ut in multis quis excellat.

If the Infinitive follow after these Ad­jectives, Cupidus, Avidus, Studiosus, Gna­rus, Peritus, Imperitus, and their Synonimes; It is to be rendred by the Gerund in (di,) and the Substantive Nouns descending from it, are to be put in the Genitive; As, Caesar was desirous to make wars, Caesar cupidus erat faciendi bellum, vel belli: Alex­ander was skillful to Command an Army, Erat Alexander peritissimus gubernandi Ex­ercitus: He is very unapt to teach, Est im­peritus docendi.

If the Infinitive go after (Dignus, In­dignus) it is put in the Subjunctive in the Person, that the Pronoun of your English is of, and it hath (qui, quae, quod) before it; As, he is worthie to be praised, Dig­nus est qui laudetur: She is unworthie to be heared, Indigna est quae audiatur.

If there go a Verb of Motion, (id est,) which signifieth a local Mutation, as I have already spoken of above;) Before the English Infinitive; this Infinitive may be put four wayes, to wit, by the Supine in (um,) by the Gerund in (di) with (causâ or gratiâ) by the Gerund in (dum) put Gerundively, if the Verb be an Active or a Deponent of the Active signi­fication; and lastly by the Future of the Participle which agreeth with the Nomi­native of the Verb of Motion, in Gender, Number and Case; Examples hereof;

There came a Trumpeter from the King to admonish, &c. Praeco á Rege venit, monitum, monendi gratiâ ad monendum, mo­niturus.

Here observe that Neuter Verbs can­not be put all these wayes, because they want for the most part the Supine, and the Future of the Participle; next that when you make use of the two Gerunds, to wit, (in di, and in dum) they may be elegantly in Active Verbs and Deponents of the Active signification put Gerun­dively, id est, made agree with the Noun following, in Gender, Number and Case, As, Veni causâ monendae Matris, ad monen­dam Matrem: But other Verbs are kept in the Gerunds, and have the Noun fol­lowing [Page 129] in the Case that they Govern.

The Passive Infinitive of the English, being to be rendred by the Latine Infini­tive, is either put by the Future of the Passive, or by the Relative (Qui, quae, quod) or (ut) with the Verb in the Sub­junctive of the Active; As, I give you my Son to be Instructed, Trado tibi Filium meum erudiendum, vel quem erudias, vel ut erudias eum.

The English Infinitive is put by (cùm, or quamvìs) with the Subjunctive Mood, in these wayes of speaking; He hath pro­fited little to have studied so long, Parùm profecit cum tàm diù Studuerit, Quamvis diù studuerit: You have used Peter very ill to have received so many Courtesies of him, Quamvìs tàm multa beneficia á Petro, acce­peris, pessimè tamen á te exceptus est: He is exceedingly deceived to be a Learned Man, Cum sit Doctus turpitèr hallucinatus est.

These wayes of speaking by the En­glish Infinitive, to wit, he is not a man to lye, to betray his Friend; are so ren­dred in the Latine, Non is est qui mentiatur, qui amicum prodat.

When these Particles, (Tàm, Adeò, Ità, Tantus, Tantùm, Tot, Talis;) are to go before the English Infinitive, then it is put in the Conjunctive Mood with (ut) [Page 130] going before it; As, he is so impudent, as to dispise his Master, Adeò est Impudens, ut Magistrum vituperet: Take heed you fall not into the fault that is so common a­mong young beginners, which is not to put the Verb that is to be in the Subjun­ctive, in the same Tense that the pre­ceding Verb is of; As, Adeò est Impudens ut Magistrum vituperaret; for to say, vitu­peret, because (est) going before is of the Present Tense: And to Illustrate this further, I will bring an Example of eve­ry Tense; He was so Impudent as to dis­pise his Master, Adeò erat Impudens ut Prae­ceptorem suum vituperaret: He hath been so Impudent as, &c. Adeò fuit Impudens ut Praeceptorem vituperaverit: He will be so Impudent as to dispise his Master, Tàm erit Impudens ut Magistrum vituperaturus sit.

CHAP. IV. Of the Gerunds.

THough I have already spoken of the Gerund in (di,) yet I must needs in this Chapter speak again of it, (though a little more amply then before) for for­mality's cause.

When the Participle of the English, which is known by its ending in (ing) hath going before it, (in or by,) it is commonly rendred in the Latine by the Gerund in (do;) As, he spends his time in Reading, Legendo tempus terit: He is much delighted in hunting, Delectatur venando: He is lean by Studying, Emar­cescit studendo: Here again remark what I have often said, that if your Gerunds be to govern any Noun after themselves, (I mean Gerunds of Active Verbs, or of Verbs of the Active signification) then may you put them Gerundively, id est, as Adjectives agreeing with the Substan­tive Nouns following, in Gender, Num­ber and Case; As, Tempus est visendi amici, for visendi amicum; It is time to see a Friend, In legendis historicis tempus impen­dit, for legendo historicos; He spends his time in reading Histories: Est ad amici­tiam colendam idoneus, for ad amicitiam co­lendum: He is good to keep Friendship with: but the Gerunds are not to be changed, if they are neither Actives, nor of the Active signification; As you have no reason to hate your Friend, Nulla tibi causa est invidendi amico, and not amici.

Neverthelesse, Fruor, Ʋtor and Fungor, though they govern the Ablative, are [Page 132] found to be put Gerundively, because they did formerly govern the Accusative, as is to be seen in Old Authors; As, Causa fruendae voluptatis, ad utendas divitias, ad de­fungendum officium.

You change the English Infinitive by the Gerund in (di) when it hath a Sub­stantive Noun before it; As, I had no occasion to write to you, Nulla mihi ob­lata fuit occasio ad te scribendi; The Sub­stantives which most frequently go before it, are already set down in the Chapter, shewing the distinction of the Infinitive from the Gerund in (di.)

When the English Infinitive hath go­ing before it a Verb of motion, whereof you have heard the mark; which is a changing or removing from one place to another, or from one substance or qua­lity to another, it is put by the Ge­rund in (dum;) this last way of changing is called a Metaphorick motion; so it is absolutely necessary that we understand by motion a desertion or leaving off one place to acquire another; For though you say, I walk in my Chamber; and walking cannot be without a motion, yet it is not the motion that I speak of, be­cause you may walk all day long in your Chamber without going out of it; Ex­amples of both motions Real and Meta­phorick: [Page 133] I am going to London to salute my Friends; here is a desertion of a place, for you must go from some place, and so say, Proficiscor Londinum ad videndos ami­cos: The Master exhorteth his Schollers to studie, Praeceptor Discipulos impellit ad studendum. This Verb (Exhort) is a Verb of a Metaphorick motion, because it carrieth with it the change of a condi­tion, which is from not studying, to study; For if they did study, he would not exhort them to study; The General exhorteth his Souldiers to fight valiantly, Imperator Milites accendit ad fortitèr dimi­candum.

These Adjectives, Aptus, Idoneus, Fa­cilis, Pronus, Proclivis, Segnis, Acer, Alacris, and others such like, will have the Verb which is of the Infinitive Mood in the English, to be put by the Gerund in (dum) in the Latine; or if a Noun fol­low them, it is put by (ad) in the Accu­sative; As, he is a fitting man to move Sedition, Est ad Tumultum excitandum l­doneus: He is easily brought to pardon injuries, Est ad condonandas injurias facilis, vel est facilis ad veniam: He is given to re­venge, Pronus est ad ulciscendum, vel ultio­nem: He is loath to break peace, but most careful to keep it, Ad pacis faedus [Page 134] violandum segnis, ad continuandum alacris.

In these wayes of speaking, to wit, when the Verb hath no Substantive after it to govern, as in time of Supper, in time of Reading, the Verb is put in the Ge­rund in (dum) with (inter,) and if there go a Noun after (in time of) you use the Verb from which it descends; As, in time of Supper, Inter Caenandum, from (caenare) cometh (caena:) In time of stu­dying, Inter Studendum, which wayes that you may know better, may be changed thus; Whiles, or when I was Supping, whiles, or when I was reading.

But if in these wayes the Verb govern­eth a Noun after it, then this Verb is put by the Gerund in (do) Gerundively, if it be an Active, or any of that signification, or in the Present of the Participle which agreeth with the Nominative of the Verb following, or else by (dùm, or cùm) with the Indicative or Subjunctive; As, in time of hearing my Lesson I laughed, In audiendâ Lectione risi, audiens Lectionem risi, dum audiebam Lectionem risi, cum audi­rem Lectionem risi.

CHAP. V. Of Participles of the Present, and Preterit Tense.

THe mark of the English Participle of the Present Tense is its ending in (ing,) as Loving, and the Participle of the Preterit Tense is known by its end­ing in (ed) as Loved.

If there go before the Participle (ing) this English Particle (without) you must know if your Speech be Negative, or Af­firmative; If it be Negative, then the Participle is put by the Conjunctive Mood, and (without) is put by (Quìn, Pri­us, Quàm, Antequàm;) As, he will not undertake so weighty a thing without asking my Advise, Rem tantam non sus­cipiet quìn me consulat, rem tantam non antè suscipiet quàm me consulat, vel consulverit.

But if the Speech be Affirmative, (without) is put by (Quamvìs, Nèc, Nequè, Tamèn,) and other such like Particles, with the Participle, as before in the Sub­junctive Mood; As, he hath undertaken, a Voyage without acquainting me there­with, [Page 136] Peregrinationem suscepit quamvis me non consuluerit, nèc tamèn me consuluit; or by (Priusquàm or Antequàm) you may say, Priùs peregrinationem suscepit quàm me consu­luerit; Antè perigrinationem suscepit quàm me consuluerit; Or by the Independent, or absolute Ablative you may say, Me incon­sulto peregrinationem suscepit; But take heed in using this way, that the Nominative of the Verb which is expressed by an Ad­jective in the Ablative, be not the same thing with the Nominative of the fol­lowing or preceding Verb, in which case you must not use this Ablative, unlesse you can diversifie or distinguish them without altering the sense; As, he did undertake this Voyage without asking my advise; Here the Nominative to (asking) and (undertake) is one thing, to wit, (he;) So that you cannot here use the Ablative, if you put it into Latine, according as it is in the English, but if you will diversifie them so, He under­took this Voyage, I not being consulted; you may say then, Me inconsulto peregrina­tionem hanc suscepit; But if it cannot be diversified, then you must have recourse to some of the wayes above-mentioned; As, he was condemned without being heard; here the Nominative to con­demned, [Page 137] is the same thing that goeth to the Participle (being heard;) neither can it be diversified, wherefore you do not here use the Ablative; but (Priusquàm) Antequàm, &c.) Priùs damnatus est quàm auditus fuerit.

Or if it be a Participle of the Passive Voice, which is known by its ending in (ed) or, by the Particle (being) going be­fore a Verb, then if it cannot be diver­sified or made independent of the Verb preceding or following, it is put in the Preterit of the Participle, and agreeth with the Nominative of the Personal Verb, in Gender, Number and Case; As, he did escape his Enemies hands without being hurt, Illaesus hostium manus evasit: He did this undesired, Id fecit non rogatus.

Sometimes you may expresse these wayes of speaking by the Substantives descending from the Participles; As, without declaring his will, Sine significa­tione suae voluntatis: Without doubting, Procul omni dubio.

These wayes of speaking (having Lo­ved, having Taught in the Active Voice, or (having been Taught, having been Loved) in the Passive Voice, are diversly expressed in the Latine, according to the diverse na­ture and sorts of Verbs which you shall [Page 138] have to do with; for if your English Participle be in the Active Voice, and the Verb that you must render it by, be ei­ther a Deponent, or Common Verb, then it is put in the Preterit Tense of the Participle, and made agree with the No­minative of the Finite Verb, as with its Substantive; As, having spoken many things to good purpose he went away, Multa Commodè locutus abiit: The Father having comforted his Children dyed, Pater consolatus Filios obiit.

Observe further, that (having) going before a Verb, maketh it of the Partici­ple of the Active; But if (been) go be­tween it and the Verb, then the Verb is in the Participle of the passive; Just so, if a Verb ending in (ed) follow the par­ticle (after) it is in the participle of the Active, but if the word (been) go between (after) and the Verb, the Verb is in the Participle of the Passive; neither in this do I contradict my self in what I have said in the beginning of this Chapter concerning the mark of the Participles; because I speak of Participles taken ab­solutely, id est, without having any thing going before them, as Loving in the Active, Loved in the Passive; therefore if you find in the English (after) instead [Page 139] of (having) what I have said of the one, may be applyed to the other; As, After that the Father had comforted his Chil­dren he dyed, Consolatus filios suos Pater obiit.

But if your English Participle be to be rendred by an Active or Neuter Verb, then you must make use of (postquàm, or cùm) with the Indicative or Subjunctive, and not of the Preterit of the Participle, because they have none; As, The Father having admonished his Children, depar­ted this Life, Postquàm monuisset suos Libros Pater; é vivis excessit; The Schollers ha­ving Studied do play, Cum Studuissent Scholastici Ludo vacant.

But know that the Active hath this priviledge which the Neuter Verb can­not have, to wit, that it may be put Abso­lutely in the Ablative, when it is changed into the Passive Voice, the which the Neu­ter wants; As, The Scholler goeth home having said his Lesson, Dictâ Lectione Scho­lasticus domum repet [...]t.

If the Relative (is, and ille) follow your Participle of the Active you cannot use the Independent or Absolute Abla­tive, but you must either make it agree in Gender, Number and Case (if you will change it from the Active to a Parti­ciple of the Passive) with its Antecedent, [Page 140] or by (Postquàm or cùm) with the subjun­ctive Mood, if you will keep it in the Active Voice.

As, The Master did send away his Schollers, having told them of what they had to doe, Dimisit Discipulos suos Magister, de officio suo monitos, vel postquàm eos de officio movisset: And in this case the Neuter Verbs are put by (cùm, or postquàm) be­cause they have no Preterit Participle of the Passive voice, to be put the other way.

In these wayes of speaking, following, the Preterit participle of the Passive voice in the English, is kept so in the Latine, if you have to doe with an Active Verb; As, the Scholler becometh more diligent be­ing chided by his Master, diligentior eva­dit Discipulus objurgatus á Praeceptore; This doth also comprehend common Verbs; As the sick man dyed having been comfor­ted by his Pastor, Aeger à Pastore consolatus obiit. But if the Verb be a deponent, you must not put it so, by reason that it hath no Passive, and for evading of this fault so common among Schollers, change the Verb which was in the Passive in the English, into an Active in the Latine; As, The Captain escaped without being fol­lowed by his Enemies, Dux evasit Hostibus eum minimè sequentibus. Or if this way [Page 141] seemeth not good to be used, strive to find a Synonime to this deponent, which may be put Passively.

Sometimes the English Participle is put in the Conjunctive by (quamvìs) and this so often, as there followeth it in the English the word (Nevertheless;) As, Themistocles having done great service to his Country, was nevertheless, or not­withstanding put away by his fellow-Ci­tizens. Quamvìs Themistocles fortitèr & praeclarè pro patriâ gessisset, à Civibus tamèn suis ejectus fuit.

CHAP. VI. Of the Participles of the Future Tense.

THere be two Participles of the Future Tense, that of the Active which ends in (rus) and the other of the Passive which ends in (dus.)

The Future of the Indicative, the Im­perfect and Plusquamperfect of the Sub­junctive are exprest in the Latine by the Future in (rus) so often as there goeth before these Tenses any of these Latine [Page 142] Particles, (tàm, ut, adeò, ut, ità, ut, eatenùs, ut, and such like; As, He hath so great power with the King, that he will obtain easily of him what he listeth, Tantùm va­let apud Regem ut ab eo facilè quidlibet Impe­traturus sit; He is so merciful and meek that he would pardon his Enemies, Adeò clemens est & humanus, ut veniam daturus esset Inimicis; He loved me so much, that he would have shed his blood for me, ità me diligebat ut Sanguinem suum pro me pro­fusurus fuisset.

And if these Moods be of the Passive Voice, & these Latine Particles go before them; they are expressed in the Latine by the Future in (dus;) As the Town is so de­stitute of help, that it wil be taken before the fifteenth of this Month, Ità ab omnibus presidiis inops est, & vacua Civitas, ut antè de­cimum quintum mensis diem capenda sit; The Citizens were in such extremity, that the Town had been sooner taken if it had sooner been Seiged, Adeas Angustias adducti erant cives ut citiùs oppidum capiendum fuisset si Citiùs obsessum.

Sometimes the Future of the Indicative of the Active is put by the Present of the Subjunctive, although it follow the Latine Particles abovementioned; and this is when the Verb that should expresse the [Page 143] Future of your English, hath no Supine, and consequently no Participle of the Fu­ture Tense; As, The Enemy is so formi­dable, that none will Assault him, Adeò formidabilis est hostis ut cùm eo congredi nemo velit; The matter is so Intricate, that you shall not be able to clear it, Ità res Impli­cata est ut eam explicare non possis.

These three Tenses are put by the Fu­ture in (rus) when they follow (utrùm, an nùm;) As, I know not if the Post will come, Ʋtrùm venturus sit Tabellarius nescio; He asked of me if I should send him Books, Quaesivit ex me nùm missurus essem Libros; I doubt if he would have done this for my cause, Dubito an hoc meâ causâ facturus esset.

You may in these wayes of speaking, make use of the Verb (Debeo) and put the English Verb which ought to be in the Future of the Participle, in the Infini­tive Mood: As, I know not if I shall goe to the Judge, Ʋtrùm Jùdicem convenire de­beam ignoro; You aske me if you shall come to this Country, Quaeris an in Gentem hanc venire debeas; I doubt if I shall do this for you, Ʋtrùm hoc tuâ causâ facere debeam dubito.

If these wayes of speaking (my Bro­ther should come, my Master should write) carry no obligation or necessity [Page 144] with them, then you make use of the Fu­ture in (rus) As, Venturus est Frater, Scrip­turus est Magister; but if these speeches in­clude any necessity, then you make use of (debeo, oportet, necesse est.) As, My Bro­ther should come to see his Father; here is an Obligation, wherefore you say, De­bet frater venire causâ videndi patris, A Son should obey his Parents; Oportet Filium Parentibus morem gerere.

These three Tenses, the Future of the Indicative, the Imperfect, and Plusquam­perfect of the Subjunctive, are expressed in the Future of the Participle with the Verb (Sum) in the Conjunctive, because of (Quin) going before it, whensoever they follow (dubito) or its Synonimes; and this as well in the Passive, as the Active: As, I doubt not but that the Post will come to morrow, Non dubito quìn cras venturus sit Tabellarius; I doubt not but you should be punished, Non dubito quin mulctandus esses.

CHAP. VII. How to reduce a Participle to the Finit Moods of its Verb.

THis Reduction of the participle to the Finite Tense of its Verb, is, ne­cessary because of certain Verbs, such as, Odi, Caepi, Novi, Memini, which having no participle of the present Tense, must be reduced to the Finite Mood and Tense of its Verb suitable to your Speeches, by means of some certain par­ticles.

Another reason is, because, the fre­quent using of the present of the parti­ciple, is not so elegant in the Latine as in the Greek; wherefore let these reasons be sufficient for the Consideration of the following Rules.

When you find any of the above writ­ten Defective Verbs in the Participle of your English, or if the present of the Participle of other Verbs can be chan­ged into a Finit Mood by (when, or, if,) then you put them by a Finit Mood in the Latine with (Cùm, Dum, Quando, [Page 146] Quandiu;) As, a Scholler maketh great progresse in a short time, he being dili­gent, id est, if he is diligent, or when he is diligent, Scholasticus magnum progressum brevi facit cum diligens est, & in lectione assiduus: The Souldier remembring the dangers past, is glad, Quando Miles in ani­mum revocat pericula quibus perfunctus est, gaud [...]t: Caesar not being desirous to Reign, was loved by the Romans, id est, when he desired not to Reign, &c. Caesar Populo Romano Charus fuit, quamdiu Im­perium non affectabat: A Scholler being modest, is praised by his Master, Discipu­lus a Praeceptore laudatur dum modestus est.

When your English Participle of the present Tense, can be put Finitly by (be­cause,) then it is put in the Indicative or Subjunctive with (quòd,) or in the Subjunctive with (cùm;) As, the King is Loved deservedly being so meek a Prince, id est, because he is so meek a Prince, Jure merito amatur Rex quod Princeps sit, vel est humanissimus: Pompey did overcome many Nations, he being a brave Warriour, id est, because he was a brave Warriour, Pompeius multas Nationes subjugavit cùm, vel quòd esset bellicosissimus

You may put these Participles by (ut potè, quippè,) As, Omnes amant Regem ut [Page 147] potè humanum, or you may use (qui, quae, quod) before these Particles, and say, Om­nes amant Regem quippe qui sit humanus.

The participle of the present is ex­pressed, when we speak generally of any thing, by the Adverb (Quando, or Cùm;) As, a Prince is much Esteemed being Couragious; here it is not specified what Prince, and so you say, Commendatur Prin­ceps quando est magnanimus: But when we descend to particulars, the participle is expressed better and oftner by the Con­junction (quòd) with the Conjunctive Mood; As, Commendatur Carolus ejus nomi­nis secundus quod sit Magnanimus.

When the present of the participle can be rendred into a Finit Mood by (al­though,) then it is put in the Latine in the Conjunctive Mood with (cùm or quam­vis;) As, so long as a Child is in the years of minority, he differs nothing from a Servant, being the Lord and pro­prietor of all, id est, although he be the Lord, &c. Quamdiu Pupillus durat in tutela nihil deffert á servo cum, vel quamvis sit Do­minus omnium: Socrates was condemned as guilty, being most innocent, Socrates ut nocens daninatus est quamvis fuerit Innocen­tissimus.

I doubt not but you think already this [Page 148] reducing of participles to be most ne­cessary in respct of the Verbs, which have not this Tense, but it is not unnecessary in other Verbs, who have the present of the participle; seeing (as I have a­bove said) the present of the participle is more elegantly used in the Greek then in the Latine, yet it is sometimes found in the Latine, and most frequently in the Poets; wherefore I have shewn you how to change it in Prose sufficiently, I only add that if your participle doth not agree with the Nominitive of the Finit Verb, then it is put by the absolute Abla­tive; As, the Schollers take heed whilest the Master is a Teaching, Attendunt Scho­lastici docente Praeceptore.

CHAP. VIII. How, and when the Impersonal Verb should be reduced to a Personall.

IT is necessary to know first your En­glish Impersonal before you can re­duce it to a personal in the Latine; wherefore observe that when your Verb [Page 149] hath no certain or particular Nomina­tive, then it is an Impersonal, as it is be­lieved; here is no mention made of any particular or determinate thing: but it will yet appear better, by comparing a Personal with an Impersonal, as (Ego Amo,) here is a certain determinate person, but (Creditur) hath no certain Nominative, when it is Impersonally taken.

If before your English Verb there be (They, or One) which have no dependence upon any Antecedent, then this Verb is Impersonally put in the English, and may be kept so in the Latine; As, they drink when they Suppe, or one drinketh when one Suppeth, Bibitur cum Caenatur; but if (One, or They) be Relatives depend­ing upon some Antecedent, then the Verb following them is only put Person­ally, because in this occasion they will signifie some certain and determinate thing, they being of the same Number and Person with their Antecedent; As, I love my Brother and Sister, and they Love me, Amo Germanum & Sororem, & illi me, vicissim amant; Here (They) is a Relative to the Antecedent (Brother and Sister.)

Having given you the mark of English [Page 150] Impersonals, I come now to speak of the way of reducing them.

If the English Impersonal is alone, and hath no Noun or Pronoun after it, then it is kept Impersonally in the Latine, as it is reported every where, Ità fertur undi­que.

But if it be accompained with a Noun or Pronoun, with which it hath Con­nection, then it may be reduced to a Personal Verb, which is done diversly, according to the diverse sorts of Verbs which you meet with.

First the English Impersonal is reduced to a Personal in the Latine, by change­ing it out of the Active voice into the Passive, and in putting in the Nomina­tive the Noun or Pronoun which should have been in the Accusative after the Active now changed; As, they praise the Schollers modesty, id est, the Schollers modesty is praised, Laudatur Scholastico­rum modestia: They esteem you a pru­dent man, id est, you are esteemed pru­dent, Haberis sapiens: One thinks you too meek, Haberis plus aequo mansuetus.

But if the Verb that you have to do with, have no Passive, as the Neuters and Deponents; in this case we must make use of the first or third person of the [Page 151] Plural Number; As, one favoureth for the most part the Powerful, Potentioribus ut plurimùm favemus, vel favent, supp. Ho­mines: One doth admire Learned Men, Miramur Doctos, or Mirantur Doctis, supp. Studiosi: They may bring Remedy some­times for the greatest Diseases, Interdùm medemur, periculosissimis Morbis, vel meden­tur, supp. medici.

If a Neuter Verb be taken Passively in the English, it may not only be put by these two wayes, but also Impersonally in the Passive Voice; As, evil men are fa­voured, (here favoured is taken Passively in the English) and so you may not only say, Favemus Improbis, vel favent, Supp. Ho­mines, but also favetur improbis: Princes are obeyed, Obtemperamus Principibus vel obtem­perant, supp. subditi, vel obtemperatur Princi­pibus; which cannot be done with a De­ponent, though it have a Passive Con­struction in the English.

To reduce these two Impersona's (one should, or ought, one can,) you must put the Verb following them in the Passive, though it be in the Active of the English, and the Noun and Pronoun following it, is made the Nominative to (debeo) into which these Impersonals are changed; As, one should or ought Love Vertue, De­bet virtus amari: One cannot do that, Id fieri non potest.

But when the Verb that goeth after (debeo, or possum) hath no passive, then you must do as is already said concerning Neuters and Deponents, which is, to make use of the first or third person of (debeo or possum) and the Verb following is put in the Infinitive, according to the fashion of an Active; As, one ought to obey Gods Commands; Debemus parere Dei Praeceptis, vel debent supp. Christiani: One ought to follow or imitate Good men, Probos imitari debemus, vel debent supp. Homines.

These Impersonals, Aiunt Dicunt, Fe­runt, Scribunt, Narrant, Memorant, &c. may be put two wayes, first Impersonally with the Noun or Pronoun following in the Accusative, and the Verb in the In­finitive; As, they say that I am apt to studie, Dicunt me ad Studia, esse maximè idoneum: They write that Attilius Regu­lus dyed for his Country, Scribunt Attili­um Regulum pro Patriâ occubuisse.

Secondly, these Verbs may be put personally in the passive Voice, and have for the Nominative to them the Noun or pronoun following (that;) As, Dicor aptus ad studia, Fertur Attilius Regulus pro patriâ occubuisse; Here take heed that you use not these Verbs Impersonally in [Page 153] the passive, and put the Noun or pro­noun in the Accusative; As, Fertur At­tilium Regulum pro patriâ occubuisse; which way of speaking is not used.

If the Impersonal have a case put with it, which goeth before (That,) then it is kept Impersonally in the Latine with the case that it requireth; As, it was told me that you were rash, Nunciatum est mihi te esse temerarium, and not, Dictus es mihi esse temerarius.

If there goeth a Verb of the Future Tense after the Impersonal, this Verb of the Future is expressed in the Future of the Participle of (Rus, or, Dus;) As, it is thought that you will dye, Crederis mo­riturus esse: It is thought that you will be praised, Crederis laudandus esse.

But if in this case there follow your Impersonal a Verb in the Future Tense, which hath no Future of the participle in the Latine, then your Impersonal is kept in the Latine, and instead of the Future of the participle which is wanting, you use (fore) with (ut) going to the De­fective Verb, which is put in the Sub­junctive Mood; As, it is believed that you will study, Credunt fore ut studeas: It is reported that you will please your parents, Nunciatum est, fore ut placeas pa­rontibus: [Page 154] It is expected that the Sun will shine to morrow, Vere simile est fore ut cras Sol splendescat.

Take heed you fall not into that com­mon mistake concerning the Impersonal (it seemeth to me) which is expressed by (videri;) oftentimes have I seen it put thus; It seemeth to me that you are un­mindful of your Duty, Videtur te esse im­memorem tui officii; But in these wayes of speaking (videri) must be made a per­sonal, and say, Videris mihi immemor esse tui officii.

These English Impersonals are kept Impersonally in the latine, to wit, it Raineth, Snoweth, Haileth, Thundreth, Lightneth, Pluit, Ningit, Grandinat, To­nat, Fulgurat; yet according to the opi­nion of some that will have (Deus or Na­tura) to be the Nominatives to these Verbs, they may be called personals.

CHAP. IX. When and how you should reduce an Active to a Passive, or contrarily.

THis Reduction is sometimes volun­tary and without necessity, safe only [Page 155] for variety: but at other times it is so needfull, that it cannot be omitted, as may be seen in the ensuing discourse.

If your English Verb be of the passive voice, and must be expressed in the La­tine by a Neuter or Deponent, then you must change it into an Active; As, the Grecians and the Romans are admired by all other Nations, id est, all other Nati­ons do admire the Grecians and the Ro­mans, Mirantur Graecos & Romanos aliae Nationes: Cicero should be followed by all Orators, id est, all Orators ought to fol­low Cicero, Ciceronem caeteri Oratores imi­tari debent: Innocent men are favoured by good men, id est, good men do favour Innocent men, Boni favent Innocuis: The reason is, because Neuter Verbs taken personally have no passive, neither can we use Deponents in this Voice, other­wise we could say, Graeci & Romani mi­rantur á caeteris nationibus, Innocentes faven­tur à bonis.

Yet you may use the Future of the participle in (dus) of Deponent Verbs, and that passively with the Dative in place of the Ablative; As, Cicero imi­tandus est Caeteris Oratoribus.

When the Action of an Active Verb doth fall upon some Animate or living [Page 156] thing, then it is most commonly kept in its Voice; As, I accuse you of Pride, Ac­cuso te Arrogantiae.

But if it falleth upon an Inanimate thing, then it is changed into the Passive Voice, and this thing is put in the Abla­tive, without a Preposition, the which reduction is not so much for necessity's cause, as variety: Seeing it may in this case be kept Actively, in makeing the Ina­nimate thing the Nominative, and put­ing in the Accusative, which was in the Nominative, of your English; As, I am very angry at your Pride. Here (Pride) is the Inanimate thing, Offendor tuâ Su­perbiâ, vel tua Superbia me offendit; I am not moved at your threats, Minis tuis non moveor, vel minae tuae non me movent; And as you see done with these two Active Verbs (Offendo and Moveo) so do in this case with others.

You must change the Active into the Passive, so often as there is danger of makeing an Amphibologie or doubtsome speech; As, I think that Peter exceedeth Paul, Petrum à Paulo superari Puto; And if you would say by the Active, Patrum superare Paulum puto; It is uncertain whe­ther it be Peter or Paul that doth exceed, because the Latine construction can suffer [Page 157] any of these senses. Peter doth exceed Paul, or Paul exceedeth Peter, which Pyr­rhus King of the Epyrods knew to be true to his woful experience in the Response that he had from the Oracle; Aio te Aea­cida Romanos vincere posse; I say Pyrrhus Son to Aeacus, that you (according to his explication) can overcome the Ro­mans; When the true Interpretation was; I say that the Romans can overcome you, for so it did fall out; into which mistake Pyrrhus had never fallen, if the Devil had spoken to him by the Passive Voice, and said, Aio te vinici posse á Romanis; But he desired not to be understood, wherefore he made choice of this doubtsome way by using the Active Voice.

If you be to reduce an Active (which governeth the thing in the Accusative, and the person in the Dative) to the Pas­sive Voice; As, If you had this example, Tabellarius mihi reddidit Epistolam; the thing to wit (Epistolam) is put in the No­minative, and that which was the No­minative to the Active Verb, is put in the Ablative, with (á, or ab,) and so you say á Tabellario mihi reddita fuit epistola.

And when you would reduce a Verb to the Passive Voice, which had not the thing in the Accusative, then the person [Page 158] is made the Nominative to it in the Pas­sive Voice; and the thing in the Case that it was in before; As, In this example: Interdico tibi domo meâ, I forbid you com­ing to my house; you say, Interdiceris á me domo mea; here (domo mea) which is the thing, is kept in the Ablative as it was before, but the Person (tibi) is here made the Nominative.

To make this reduction of the Active to the Passive in these Verbs (Celo, Rogo, Doceo,) which taken Actively, govern two Accusatives; one of the Person, and another of the Thing you must make the Person the Nominative, and the Thing, is yet kept in the Accusative; As, Celasti me consilium tuum; You kept up your Coun­sel from me, you reduce it thus. Celatus sum á te consilium tuum▪ Praeceptor docet Scholasticos Rhetoricam, The Master teach­eth his Scholers Rethorick; Scholastici docentur Rhetoricam á Praeceptore.

If an Active Verb follow after (Jubeo, praecipio, mando) and their Synonimes, it is put by the Passive voice; As, The King did command to build a Church, Rex Templum aedificari Jussit; He comman­ded to levie Forces, Copias conscribi jussit.

Yet you may use the Infinitive of the Active, if there go an Accusative before it; [Page 159] As, The King commanded the Archi­tector to build a Church, Rex jussit Archi­tectorem Templum aedificare; or if there go any other case before it besides the Ac­cusative; As, The King gave order to the Officers to levie new Troups, Mandavit Rex Ducibus novas copias contrahere.

CHAP. X. What must be done when you joyn two Verbs of a Diverse Con­struction with one word.

IT is a very ordinary thing in our young Schollers, to joyn with one word two or more Verbs, which are of a diverse Regiment; because it is usual in the English phrase: Wherefore I have set a Chapter a part for preventing of this fault.

When you find in your English, Verbs of diverse Regiments put with one word; you may put them one of two wayes, ei­ther by changing them into their Syno­nimes untill they both be of one nature, and consequently of one Regiment or [Page 160] Government, or by rendring to each Verb the Case that it requireth, which is done by doubling the word Governed; as for example, A Flatterer praiseth and Flattereth every body, if you would put it so; Adulator laudat & blanditur omnibus, or blanditur & Laudat omnes, you would defraud one of these Verbs of its case, but in applying any of the wayes above mentioned, you will satisfie both of them.

First, Then change (Blanditur) into a Synonime of the Active signification, that it may have the same case that (Laudat) hath, which is (Colo) and then say; Adulator colit & Laudat omnes; or you may change your Active (If it be easier to be done, then by altering the other) into a Synonime of the same na­ture that the other Verb is of.

Secondly, You may repeat the word Governed (Omnes) and put it after each Verb in their proper Cases; As, Adulator & omnibus blanditur, & omnes laudat; if you finde it not expedient to repeat the go­verned word, then after the last Verb put (is, or ille) in the case convenient, and say Adulator omnibus blanditur eosque Lau­dat.

Remember to leave out the Conjun­ction, if the governed word be repeated [Page 161] oftner then twice; As, Adulator omnes Laudat, omnibus blanditur, omnium captat benevolentiam, by the figure Polyptoton, or Metagoge.

Perhaps you may say that in satisfy­ing one Verb explicitly, you do not de­fraud the other, since the Case that it go­verneth is understood; As, Adulator lau­dat omnes & blanditur, supp. omnibus; yet this is rather to be remarked then follow­ed wheresoever you find it, and most u­sually these wayes of speaking are put by one of the wayes above, and use in matters of this kinde, is equivalent to a positive Rule or Law.

CHAP. XI. Concerning the marke of an A­ctive Verb, and the Regiment of Passive Verbs; and Verbs of Receiving.

IT is hard, if not impossible to make known perfectly by precepts, which is known by practise; so stands the Case [Page 162] now with me, who is to give the mark of an Active Verb, which by practise and long experience is certainly know. For let a young Scholer consider the definiti­on of the Active Verb left to him by the Grammarians, and he will find it in ap­pearance agree to a Neuter Verb, for they say, that an Active ends in (o) and signifieth to do some Action, which by adding the letter (r,) becometh a Pas­sive; but one that is little acquainted with an Active Verb, may imagine all these marks to agree to the Verb (Noceo) which is a Neuter, and so he is little surer by this definition then without it: But though it were harder then it is, yet I would not refuse to contribute somthing herein, for the benefit and ease of young beginners, who are often deceived in this point; notwithstanding, the definition of an Active Verb. Neither do I promise to bring you such a definition, that it can put you out of all doubts; but one that will bring you easier and more sure to the general knowledg of an Active Verb. A Verb is most commonly either an Active or of the Active signification (thse words comprehend the Deponents of the Active signification) if it ends in (o) or being a Deponent, in (or) and if it can be joyn­ed [Page 163] with these two words (Some thing) in a right and pertinent sense; As, I Read, this Verb which is (lego) ends in (o) and you may say in good sense, I Read (Some thing;) but (Sedeo, Gaudeo, Valeo,) are not Actives, albeit they end in (o,) because you cannot add to them in a right sense these two words (Some thing) for we say not I fit some thing, but upon some thing; neither I rejoyce some thing, but at some thing, &c. So the words must have an im­mediate dependence upon the Active Verb. Thus having given you a general kind of knowledge on this subject, I come to the general exceptions.

You must except these kinde of Verbs following from this definition, who though they end in (o,) and may have after them in right sense (some thing,) yet are they not to be used as Actives, these are they: Verbs of Studying, Placing, Displacing, Favouring, Obeying, Envy­ing, with Noceo, Interdico, Egeo, Careo, Fido. Except of Deponents; these, Blandior, Adversor, Medeor, Medicor; which have the Dative, with Vescor, Ʋtor, Abutor, Fungor, Fruor, which have the Ablative, Misereor and Miseresco, which have the Genitive.

Though you will find many more, both Actives and Deponents to be excepted; [Page 164] when you give your self to reading; yet these that I have made mention of, are the most general and obvious, and are capable with the preceeding definition to give you a general Idea and knowledg of an Active Verb.

The mark of a Passive Verb is, that it ends in (or) and signifieth to suffer, id est, signifieth the reception of some action; As, Amor, I am Loved, then I receive the Love of another.

The Syntax saith, that the Passive hath after it, the Ablative with the Preposition (à, or ab) but this should be so under­stood, when the word that is put in the Ablative, is a Person or any living Thing; As, Amor à Deo, I am loved by God; o­therwise if that which is in the Ablative, be not a living or animate thing, you must leave out the Preposition; As, I am overcharged with grief, Obruor dolore; He is troubled with a heavy sicknesse, Gra­vissimo conflictatur morbo.

According to what hath been said of the Passive in Living and Animate things, so must you do with the Verbs of Recei­ving, for if the word which is put in the Ablative after these Verbs, be a Person or living thing, Then is put before it (à or ab;) As, I received Letters from my [Page 165] Father, Accepi Literas à Patre meo. And if this word be inanimate or without life, then it hath going before it (é, or ex;) As, I received great contentment from your Letters, Incredibilem ex Epistolis tuis cepi voluptatem; or é venatione, In hunting; é Musicâ, in Musick; Ex Agriculturâ, In husbandrie; Albeit you will finde Cicero in these wayes of speaking, make use of the Genitive; As, Capere fructum Laboris, Vigiliarum, Industriae; To reap Fruits of his Labour, Vigilancie and Industry.

By the way I remarke, that the Com­pound, (accipio) is used most with Per­sons or Animate Things, and the Simple (Capio) with Inanimate or not Living Things, or else some of its Synonimes; As, Haurio, duco, peto, traho.

The Grammer saith that the Participle governeth the Case of its Verb, never­thelesse the Participle of the Passive is put with the Dative, although the Verb from whom this Future descendeth, governeth the Ablatve; as we must suffer in this Life; Multa nobis ferenda sunt in hâc vità. I must write a Letter; Scribenda est mihi E­pistola. And thus farr of English Parti­cles, Moods and Tenses, &c, To this I add a most usefull Treatise of Latine Par­ticles and of Verbs, which have a Particu­lar Regiment.

CHAP. I. Concerning the Relative Parti­cles (Qui, Quae, Quod.)

THese Pronouns (Qui, Quae, Quod,) being put after a Negation, hath the Verb, whereof it is the Nominative in the Subjunctive Mood; As, There is no Phylosopher of Epicur. his opinion, Nullus est Philosophorum qui cum Epicuro sentiat vel Epicuro assentiatur; You have said no­thing that is approved by Learned men, nihil dixisti quod probetur eruditis, there is none but accuseth you of negligence, Ne­mo est qui te negligentiae non accuset; I finde nothing here sutable to my minde, Nul­la mihi res hic occurit quae animo meo satisfa­ciat.

This must also be done as often as (Qui, Quae, Quod,) followeth an Interrogation; As, Is there any that thinketh so? Est ne aliquis qui ità sentiat?

Oftentimes (Qui, Quae, Quod,) is put in stead of (ut) and then it hath the Verb following in the subjunctive; As, I sent my servant to you, to acquaint you with my [Page 167] return, Mitto ad te puerū meum, qui te de ridi­tu meo certiorem faciat, in stead of, ut te cer­tiorem faciat: I bring my son, that you may instruct him; Trado tibi filium meum quem erudias, vel ut erudias, That you may have a care of him; Ʋt ejus curam habeas, vel cu­jus curam habeas, That you may shew him the way of Vertue, Cui virtutis viam mon­stres, vel ut ei vertutis viam monstres: I shall send you my Fathers Letters, that you may read them, Mittam ad te Patris Lite­ras, quas Legas.

These Relatives are put very apposite­ly with the Conjunctive Mood, in stead of (ut) after the Particles (tàm, ità, adeò, talis, qualis, tantus) and their Synonimes; As, I am not so Impudent, as to call my self too Good, Non sum tàm Impudens qui me nimis Bonum dicam; Neither am I so ignorant as not to know my one defects, Neque adeò sum ignarus qui meos defectus non cognoscam, vel ut meos defectus non cognoscam; He is not so well advised as to do this, non est ità Imprudens qui hoc faciat.

Observe that it is not required that these Particles (Tàm, ità, adeò, &c.) be in expresse words, to the useing of these Re­latives, (Qui, Quae, Quod,) with the Sub­junctive, in place of (ut,) it is enough if they be understood; As, A good Prince [Page 168] ought to make Laws, that may keep the Peace and Unity of his Subjects: before (Laws) may be understood the word (Talis) which is one of the named Parti­cles, and so you say; Bonus Princeps Leges condere debet, vel tales Leges condere debet, quae subditorum pacem & concordiam tueantur; I wish you children, that may follow your vertues, id est, (such Children,) Ʋ ­tinam liberi tibi contingant, qui virtutes tuas imitentur; send me a boy that may be ser­viceable to me, id est (such a boy) Mitte ad me puerum, qui commodis meis inserviat, qui rebus meis consulat.

In all which examples, you see onely mention made of Actions to be done; in which wayes of speaking, you must of ne­cessity put the Verb in the Subjunctive Mood, after (Qui, Quae, Quod) but if you speak of an Action past, or which is in do­ing, then after these Relatives you make use of the Subjunctive or ndicative; As, the Prince hath made Laws which keep the Peace and Unity of his Subjects: here is a thing actually done, to wit (Laws made,) wherefore you say; Princeps Le­ges condidit quae pacem & concordiam tuentur, vel tueantur, He hath children that do fol­low or imitate his Vertues: Here is a thing actually a doing, Liberos habet qui [Page 169] illius virtutes imitantur vel imitentur.

We say also by the Indicative or Sub­junctive, Aliquid dixit quod Praeceptorem offendat, vel offendit; he hath said something that offendeth the Master, but by the Subjunctive only, Vereor ne quid dicat quod Praeceptorem offendat; I fear least he say something that may offend the Master, which proceedeth from the diversity of the Tenses above remarked, because the last Example is of a thing to come; for as yet he hath not offended the Master; and the first a thing done, for in it he hath actually offended the Master.

These Relatives (Qui, Quae, Quod,) comprehendeth sometimes under their signification, these Pronouns (Ego, Tu, Ille,) and this so often as before these Relatives in the English these words, (Be­cause, Seeing, Although) can be under­stood; As, you ought not to spare money, you who abound in all things, Pecuniae parcere non debes, qui scilicet rerum omnium Copiâ circumfluis, vel cum rerum omnium Copiâ circumfluas; Because before the Re­lative Particle (You,) is understood (See­ing;) As, seeing you abound in all things; he will soon discover the cause of the sicknesse, he who is a skilfull Physitian, Supp. because he is a skilfull Physitian, [Page 170] Morbi causam facilè pervestigabit quippè qui sit Medicus peritissimus, vel quod sit Medicus peritissimus: You are to blame in accusing others of Avarice, you that thinks onely how to enrich your self, Supp. Seeing you think only how, &c. Immeritò alios Avaritiae insimulas qui ad augendas opes totus incumbas, vel cum totus incumbas: You assault me who hath ever been for you, Supp. Although I have ever been for you, Tu me oppugnas qui ad tuam causam me sem­per adjunxerim: He hath disappointed me in a little thing, I who have so often exposed my life for him, Supp. Although I have exposed my, &c. In re minimâ mihi defuit qui pro ispo toties vitae periculum adi­erim, vel quam vis adierim periculum vitae: Sometimes you may use before these Re­latives (Nempè, Scilicèt, Quippè ut Potè,) as you see in the foresaid Examples.

Take heed that you use not these Re­latives after (Quaero, Interrogo, Nescio, Du­bito, &c.) A mistake very incident to young Beginners, but instead of them put after these Verbs (Quis, or Quid;) As, he did aske me who was come hither? Quaesivit ex me quis huc venerit: What is my Brother now a doing? Quid agit Fra­ter meus? If there be an Interrogation it availeth as much as if the Verb (Quaero) [Page 171] were expressed; I know not who did this wicked action, Quis tàm nefarium facinus patraverit nescio: He bethinks himself what to answer, Secùm cogitat quid respon­surus sit: But sometimes (Qui) is found as well as (Quis,) whether the Speech be Doubtful or Interrogative; As, Qui tantus fuit Labor, was there ever so great a La­bour? Si diligentèr considerabis qui vir ille fuerit: If you consider narrowly what sort of man he was.

In the preceding Examples, where there is an Interrogation, you use the In­dicative; As, Quis ità sentit? Who thinks so? But if in these Interrogative wayes, your Verb be of the Potential, which is known if there go before it (can, or would, or should,) then it is put in the Potential Mood; As, who can think so? Quis ità sentiat? Who would not weep? Quis non fleat? Who should not be angry? Quis non succenseat?

When these Relatives (Qui, Quae, Quod) have before themselves the Pronoun (Is) and be both to be put in the same Case, then you may leave out the Antecedent (Is,) expressing the Relative by the Neu­ter Gender in Number and Case conve­nient; As I do much approve that which you say, Valdè probo quod dicis, instead of [Page 172] valdè probo id quod dicis; But if they be not to be put in one Case, then you must expresse the Antecedent; As, I am much delighted in that which you say, In iis ad­modùm delector quae dicis.

If there go explicitely in the English, and tacitely in the Latine these Particles, (Aliquis, Quidam;) these Relatives put with the Conjunctive Mood, serve for ex­pressing these two above-named; As send some body before to acquaint me of your coming, Praemitte qui me de adventu tuo moneat, Supp. Aliquem qui me de adventu, &c. He did appoint a certain man to kill me, Destinavit qui me trucidaret, Supp. quendam.

I have often seen Schollers who had made a good progresse, use these Rela­tives (Qui, Quae, Quod,) to the expres­sing of (Who) or Which) in a comparison between two; As, which is the Learn­edest of the two Brothers? and so they have put, Qui est amborum Fratrum Do­ctior? Take heed therefore not to use these Relatives in this Case, but in place thereof make use of (Ʋter) in Gender, Number and Case convenient; as, Am­borum Fratrum uter Doctior: I know not which of the two is wisest, Ʋter prudentior sit nescio: And if your Comparison pass [Page 173] the number of two, then you must not use any of the Relatives but (Quis) with the Superlative; As, if you would say, speaking of many Souldiers, who is the stoutest of them? Quis omnium est fortis­simus, vel quis quem fortitudine superet? He asked me which was the modestest of my Schollers, Quaesivit ex me quis meorum Scho­lasticorum esset modestissimus, vel quos qui mo­destiae laude seperarent.

(Quod) is elegantly taken for a Sub­stantive; As, Quod habebat militum ad Cae­sarem adduxit; for quos habebat Milites, &c. He brought to Caesar what Souldiers he had, Quod Floris, quod roboris in juventute erat, amiserant: They had lost that vi­gour and strength that is found in youth.

(Qui, Quae, Quod) are put sometimes for (Modò, Dummodò) with the Verb in the Subjunctive Mood; As, he will ob­tain easily this favour of the King, so great is his power with him, Quae est ejus Auctoritas apud Regem, ut abeo beneficium hoc facilè impetraturus sit.

CHAP. II. Of the Particles (Quis, Quan­tus, Qualis, Cùm, Postquàm, Tametsi, Etiamsi, Quamvis, Quando.)

BEcause there is little to be said upon these Particles, I thought it fitting to comprehend them all in this one Chapter; but though it is little that can be said of them, yet is it very usefull and necessary to be known.

Besides that, I have said in the prece­ding Chapter, that (Quis) is used in an Interrogative Speech, instead of (Qui;) and then hath it the Verb in the Indi­cative, and this (Quis) going before (Can, Could or Should) hath the Verb in the Potential Mood; It is needful that you know that after these Particles (Si, Nisì, Nè) (Quis) is most appositely put for (Aliquis;) As, if any body comes, Si quis venerit: If he saith any thing unsea­sonably, Si quid incommodè dixerit: Least he do any thing rashly, Ne quid temerè & [Page 175] inconsultò agat: And if it chance that af­ter these above-written Particles, (Si, Nisì, &c. you are to make use of the Fe­minine of (Quis,) which is (Quae, vel Qua,) or of the Neuter of the Plural Number, which is likewise (Quae, vel Qua) you must make use of (Qua;) As, if any storm begin to rise, Si qua excitetur tem­pestas: Least there fall out some misfor­tune, Ne qua clades contingat: If any wars should threaten us, Si qua bella nobis immi­nerent: Least some evil befall us una­wares, Ne qua mala nos incautos opprimant.

(Quis) being put Interrogatively, with the Potential Mood, is equivalent in an Affirmative Speech to (Nemo;) As, who would approve these things? Quis haec approbet? which in signification is the same with Nemo haec approbet: and if it be a Negative Speech, (Quis) is equivalent to (Omnes;) As, Quis haec non approbet? Who would not approve these things? which is the same that, Omnes haec approbent.

(Quid) is often and most elegantly put in place of a Substantive; As, Quid Hominis est? quid Mulieris? pro quis Homo est, quae Mulier: What sort of man is he? What sort of woman is she? So we say, quid animi, quid consilii, quid causae, quid rei.

(Quis) going between two Verbs, hath [Page 176] the last of them in the Conjunctive Mood, if it be the Nominative to it▪ As, I know; not if any body hath told him this, Ne­scio nùm quis illi hoc dixerit.

(Quantus) is sometimes put as a Sub­stantive in the Neuter Gender; As; Tan­tùm Agri, Quantùm Pecuniae; and if (Quan­tus, and Qualis) go between two Verbs, and be the Nominative to the last Verb, then they have it in the Subjunctive Mood; As, you cannot believe how much I love you, Vix credas quantùm te diligam: You do not consider what man he is, Non attendis qualis vir sit.

When (Cùm) is an Adverb of Time, and signifieth (When,) it is put with the Indicative, saith the Grammarians; As, Cùm Amo, when I Love, Cùm Doceo, when I teach: But notwithstanding it is put with the Subjunctive Mood, rather then the Indicative; When it goeth before a time past; As, when I was writing, Cùm Scriberem, vel Scribebam: He holdeth his peace when he hath said many things, Tacet cùm multa dixerit, vel dixit: He did play when he had studied, Ludebat cùm studuisset, vel studuerat: The which you are to do also with (Postquàm) as, he doth study after he hath prayed, Studet post­quàm oraverit, vel oravit: After he had [Page 177] prayed, Postquàm oraverat, vel oravisset.

Although that (Quandò) an Adverb of Time, hath the same signification with (Cùm;) Neverthelesse it is not put with the Subjunctive but with the Indicative: If (Cùm) signifie (Seeing) then it hath alwayes the Subjunctive; As, I will go visite my Cousin, seeing I am so near, Ibo visurus cognatum cum illi sim proximus.

(Quamquàm, Etsi, Tametsì,) have after themselves the Indicative; but (Quam­vìs, Etiamsì,) will have the Subjunctive, neither is it needful to set down the Ex­amples.

CHAP. III. How to distinguish (Quidam) with (Aliquis, or Quispiam) and concerning the Proprie­ties of (Quispiam and Ʋllus)

VVHen you use the Preterit or Im­perfect Tense, you must make use of (Quidam,) because it signifieth a certain or determinate thing, which is particular to these Tenses, seeing a thing [Page 178] being done is no more indefferent to be or not to be done; As, he sent to me one of his Servants, then it is no more in­different which of them he may send, Peter or Paul; but one of them particu­larly is sent, and so you say, Misit ad me quendam é suis.

But if your speech be not limitted to a certain and determinate person, as it is, when you use the Future Tense; because if you be to do a thing, it is indifferent to do it this way, or another way; or, if there be many in your choise to do this or the other thing, and so no limitation; In this case I say you must use (Aliquis, or Quispiam;) As, I will send you one of my men, Mittam ad te é meis aliquem, vel quempiam meorum: so we say by the for­mer Rules, Quidam me rogavit: A certain man inquired for me, Rogabit me quis­piam: Some body will inquire for me; because the last Verb is of the Future Tense, and so no limitation; and the first is of the Preterit Tense, and conse­quently of a determinate thing.

Albeit you will find in some Authors (Quispiam) instead of (Quidam;) yet this is rather to be remarked then followed.

Though (Quisquàm and Ʋllus) be almost of the signification that (Quispiàm) is of, [Page 179] yet they differ from it in this, that they are never used but in an Interrogation, Negation, Doubt, or Inhibition; As, is there any man in the World more gree­dy? Num quisquàm est Mortalium magis avarus? There is none that can perform these things, Haud ullus est qui haec praestare queat: If ever a man was delighted with Musick, Si quisquàm fuit qui Musicâ cape­retur: I forbid any man to come hither, Veto ne huc accedat quisquàm.

(Quisquàm) hath after it most elegantly the Genitive; As, An hoc dubitavit quis­quam omnium quin prudentia fortitudini esset Anteponenda: Was there ever a man that doubted, but wisedom ought to be pre­ferred to strength, An quisquam gentium est aequé miser? Is there under Heaven a man so miserable?

(Quisquàm) is sometimes put with (Ʋnus) or (Alter;) As, Ne quisquam unus malis artibus posteà esset tàm Popularis: Least that any in time coming should make himself Popular by unlawful means, Non est alter hodiè quisquam illo faelicior: There is none in the World this day more hap­py then he.

Lastly (Quisquàm) may be put instead of (Quamvis or Quilibet;) As, Nisì vos fortiores cognovissem quoquàm, id est, quovis vel quolibet.

CHAP. IV Of the Pronoun (Quisque.)

(QƲisque) which is the same in signi­fication with (Ʋnusquisque,) goeth after a Superlative most elegantly; As, Optimus quisque ità sentit; It is the opinion of every good man, Optimus quisque aequis­simo animo moritur: The best man dyeth with greatest Indifference, Ʋt quisque op­timè decit, ità maximè decendi facilitatem tenet: The more a man is eloquent, the easier he findeth it to expresse himself.

It is found also going after (quò) with the Superlative; As, in this passage of Cicero, quò quisque te maximè cognatione at­tingebat, ità maximè manus tua putabatur: The nearer that one is in Relation to you, the more he is believed to be one of your Company; sometimes (quò, quisque) is found with the Comparative, as, quò quis­que modestior, eò omnibus charior; but the first way is most in use.

Oftentimes (quisque) is put with (quotus) in an Interrogation; As, Quotus quis (que) inve­nitur qui privatis Commodis salutem Publicam Anteponat? How many are found that [Page 181] prefer the common good and happynesse to their own particular interests?

(Quisque) is put with the Ordinal Number, in these wayes following; De­cimus quisque, Every tenth man: Vicesi­mus quisque, Every twentieth man, &c. Tertio quoque die ad me venit, He came to see me every third day; Quartâ quâque horà comedit, He eateth every fourth hour, or once in four hours: Quinto quoque anno Romam petit, He goeth once in five years to Rome, or every fifth year; in which kind of Speeches (quisque) must ever fol­low and never preceed the Ordinal Num­ber.

It is likewise found going after (Sui, Suus, Qui, Quae, Quod;) As, Pro se quis­què contendit, Every one doth what he can: Est sua cuique sententia, Every one hath his own opinion: Suas cuique dotes largitur Deus, God giveth to every one a Talent: Natura animantium cuique sua dedit Arma, Nature hath given Armes for defence to every living Creature: Quod cuique contigit, Which befell every man: Videndum est diligentèr cui quodque loco sit aptissimum: It must be observed carefully for what place every thing is fittest, Permagni refert, quo quidque tem­pore agatur; It is of great consequence [Page 182] the time that every thing is done.

(Quisque) is repeated sometimes, as in this Example of Cicero; Quid, quem­que, cuique praestare oportet, What one man ought to do for another.

CHAP. V. Of the Pronouns (Alius, and Alter,) and wherein they differ.

VVHen we speak of two things we make use of (Alter;) As, Of two Consuls, the one was for Peace, and the other for War, Amborum Consulum alter ad pacem, alter ad bellum incumbebat: The one was stouter, the other wiser, Alter audacior erat, alter prudentior: One of them betrayed the Army, and the other sold it, Alter exercitum prodidit, alter ven­didit: The one side was strong in men, the other in skilful Commanders, Alteri numero militum, alteri ducum peritiâ praesta­bant.

But if in these wayes of speaking, you speak of more then two, then must you use (Alius;) As, some of the Senators [Page 183] did praise the action of Brutus, and some did think it blame-worthy, and others had not the courage to speak their mind, Senatorum alii Bruti factum laudarunt, alii repraehend [...]bant, alii quid sentirent exprimere non audebant.

There are some Schollers modest, and some Impudent, Scholasticorum alii mo­desti, alii impudentes.

When you should repeat these Par­ticles (Alter, Alius) you may make use of (Ʋnus) for any of them; As, Ʋnus ludit, alter studet, The one playeth, and the other doth studie: Ʋnus garrit, alius ta­cet, & alius dormit, One talketh, another keepeth silence, and another sleepeth.

You will find sometimes (Nemo) put with (Alter;) As, that of Quintilian, tantùm inter se distant ut nemo sit alter simi­lis; There is so great a difference between them, that they have no resemblance to one another; Although I must confesse this way of speaking to be very rare, and rather worthie to be remarked then fol­lowed.

(Alter) is often put for (Secundus;) As, Alter á Rege, Next to the King, or the second man of the Kingdom: Altero quoque die, Every second day, or other day, one of two dayes: Altero & vicesimo [Page 184] die, the one and twentieth day: Altera die quàm á Brundusio solvit, The day after he took sail from Brundusium: Ʋnis & alte­ris literis, By my first and second Letters: Ʋnus aut alter dies intercesserat, A day or two had past.

(Alter) doth expresse the great simili­tude that is found between two; As, if you would say of a great Orator, Est alter Tullius: He is another Cicero; or of a Poet: Est alter Virgilius, he is another Virgil, or of a Gallant man: Est alter Caesar: Alter Alexander, He is another Caesar, another Alexander: Hence is it, that the Etymologists say (Frater) is Quasì ferè alter, because of the great re­semblance and sympathie that is often found in Brothers.

If (Alter) ought to be repeated, then you may do according to what hath been already said, or else repeat (Ʋterque) in its place; As, Alter alterum odit, the one hateth the other, Vel uterque utrumque odit: Or here you may use a Verb of the contrary signification, and say, Alter alterum non amat, vel neuter alterum amat, by a Noun.

There be some other wayes of speaking upon this Particle worthie of remark; As, Alterum tantùm, As much again: Etiamsi [Page 185] alterum tantùm perdendum sit; Although I should loose as much again, or twise as much, necesse est partem pedis aut aequalem esse alteri parti, aut altero tanto, aut sequi esse majo­rem, A part of a foot must of necessity be equal to another, or twice as bigg, or as much and half as much. For (altero tanto) you may use duobus tantis, for (tertio tanto) tribus tantis &c.

(Alius) Is repeated, and that very em­phatically, for it comprehendeth, being repeated, more in two words then four or five English words can expresse; As, Alios alia delectant, Some are delighted in one thing, and some in another: Aliis a­lius vivendi mos est, Some liveth after one fashion, and some after another; Alius a­lio dicendi stylo utitur, every man hath his own way of speaking. Aliud ex alio me quotidiè impedit, I meet every day with new hindrances; Aliud ex alio mihi occurrit, One thing calleth to minde another; A­liud ex alio malum, One evil bringeth with it another; Aliud ex alio peccato non desti­tit, He committeth fault upon fault; A­lia ex aliis iniquior a postulando, Demanding things more and more injust; Aliud ex a­lio quaerebat, He went from one purpose to another; Aliis super alias epistolis mihi gratias egit, He sent me letters of thanks one after another.

As (Alter) Doth signifie a Sympothy or similitude, so (Alius) signifieth a di­versity, and dissimilitude; As, Alia mihi mens est, I am of another minde or of a contrary minde; Alius es multò quàm soles, You are farr another man then you use to be; Alia atque alia commemorabat, He told diverse things; Haec Herba alio atque alio loco exoritur; This Herb groweth in many places; Alium atque alium Dominum sortientur, They will choose diverse Ma­sters; Rem eandem alio atque alio verbo ef­ferre novit, He can express one thing di­versely, and by the Adverbs, (Aliàs and Aliò) you say Aliud aliás de iisdem rebus in­dicant, They think somtimes one thing, and somtimes another concerning one thing; Simia & sortes ipsas disturbavit, & alias aliò dissipavit, The Ape did trouble the Lots, and threw some one way some another.

CHAP. VI. Of the Pronounes (Sui, and Suus)

AMongst all the Latine Particles there is none more hard to be understood [Page 187] or fuller of doubts and incertaintie then those two (Sui, Suus) for oftentimes the Masters themselves are mightily put to it, yea and often fail. Wherefore many learned Grammarians, have often strived to clear these mistakes and difficulties; but by the too great abundance and diversity of Precepts, the young beginner falleth into greater mistakes then before. Where­fore I will for remedy hereof, make only use of one observation, which as it is ea­sier put in practise then many, so of all, I know it to be the best and surest for this purpose.

When (Sui and Suus) and the Nomi­native of the preceding Verb, belong both to one and the same Person; and the English Particles of these pronounes, to wit, (Him, His, Hers, Theirs,) cannot without altering the true sense, be ren­dred by (Of Him, Of Her, Of Them,) then you use to expresse them in Latine by these reciprocal Pronouns (Sui, Suus,) But these two conditions being wanting, you ought to make use of (is, ipse, ille,) the proof hereof may be shewn in one ex­ample; The Master Loveth his Scholler for his modesty, Magister amat discipulum suum propter modestiam ejus; Here (suus) and the Nominative of the Verb Preceeding, [Page 188] belongeth both to the same Person, to wit, (Magister;) but the last (his) in the English, goeth to the Scholler and not to the Nominative of the Verb, (Amat.)

Next you cannot change the first (his) by (of him) and keep the right sense; for if you say the Master loveth the Scholler, of him, its understood that of another man, and not his own Scholer; but the last (his,) may very well be changed by (of him,) because it is not the Masters mo­desty, but of some other man; to wit, of his Scholer.

Neither imagine with your self that to the putting of (sui and suus) both these conditions must be had, it is sufficient if you finde the last, though the first be wanting, As, Aiunt Jacobum & suum filium hinc profectos esse, They say that James and his son are gone from hence; you can­not say here, (the son of him;) other­wise it is of another man then James; but the Nominative of the Verb, is (homines,) and so it doth not with (suus) belong to the same person.

Further, that you may more easily know when (suus) and the Nominative of the Verb goeth both to one and the same person, look if the Substantive Noun with which it agreeth, appertain­eth [Page 189] to the Nominative of the Verb; As, (discipulus) in the former example, ap­pertaineth to the Nominative (Magister) therefore (suus) which goeth with (di­scipulus) as with its Substantive, and the Nominative of the Verb, belongeth both to one person.

For the demonstrative (sui) your Eng­lish, may give you assurance when it should be put, to wit when you have (himself, or her self;) As, John loveth himself, Joannes se amat, vel seipsum, aut semet amat.

And to know when the Particle (him) is put by (sui) look if (him) and the Nominative of the preceeding Verb (but with all of the most noble and most con­siderable Verb) (for often there goeth two or more Verbs before it) belong to one person, which if it come so to passe, requireth (sui,) and if not, one of those, (is, ille, ipse;) As my Brother prayeth you to write to him, Frater meus te rogat ut ad se scribas. Here (him) is the same thing with the Nominative to (rogat.) Marcel­lus recommendeth his son to you, and prayeth you to keep him in his homage, Marcellus commendat tibi filium suum, atque petit ut eum in officio contineas. (Him) is not the same thing here with the person [Page 190] that recommendeth or prayeth: Where­fore I use one of these three (ille, is, ipse) If you are in doubt whether to put (sui, suus,) or (ille, is.) You may for greater security, make use of (ipse,) which parti­cipateth both of the Reciprocol Pro­nouns signification, and of the Rela­tives.

When there may be an Amphibulogie in following the preceding rule, you must not use it, but change the Active into a Passive; As here, Petrus amat aman­tes se, it is doubtsome whether Peter lov­eth those that love him self, or those that love themselves, for the Latine can suffer both wayes, Frater meus indignatur quod condiscipulus suus accuset se negligentiae: here (se) may go with the Nominative of the first Verb (Frater,) or with (condiscipu­lus) the Nominative to (Accusat.) Where­fore to speak more clear; Frater meus in­dignatur quod a condiscipulo negligentiae accu­setur; Petrus amat eos á quibus redamatur.

Sometimes the sense is so clear, that though the Pronounes could agree with diverse things without altering the Latine Concordance, yet you need not change your Verbs; As, Petrus rogat Paulum ut ad se scribat; here (se) belongeth to (Pe­trus) because if it went to (Paulus,) then [Page 191] it would be out of sense: For no man is requested to write to himself; but if you say Petrus rogat Paulum ut res suas curet, Peter requesteth Paul to look to his affairs, it is doubtsome both in English and La­tine, for (suas) may as well be meant of the affairs of Peter as of Paul, and so may (his) and by changing the voice of your Verb, the doubt will yet remain; so this doubt or any of this kinde cannot be cleared better, then by referring the Pronoun (suus) to the principal Verb (rogat,) and so it goeth with Peters af­fairs, and not with Pauls, and if it were, Petrus monet Paulum ut res suas curet, (suas) is to be understood as belonging to Pauls affairs, because we admonish our friend to have a care of his affairs, and we re­quest him to look to ours.

When the Verb (videtur) is an Im­personal, that is, hath no Nominative, then it hath after it self the Pronounes (ille, is;) As, Ʋbi Caesar Romam venit visum est ei senatum cogere, When Caesar came to Rome, he thought good to Convocate the Senate: but being taken personally, id est▪ having a Nominative, then it will have after it the reciprocal Pronoun (sui;) As, Petrus videtur sibi esse doctissimus, Peter ima­gineth himself very learned.

CHAP. VII. Of the Negative Particles, Non, Haud, Nemo, Nunquàm, Nullus, Nihil, Nèc, Ne­que, &c.

VVE say Commonly in Latine, (duo negativa saciunt affirmati­vum) two Negatives make an Affirmative, but to come to the right knowledge of this axiome, you must look to the order­ing and placing of the Negatives.

First, If these Adverbs, (Non, Haud, Minimè,) be put after (Nemo, Nunquâm, Nullus, Nihil:) It is true that the affir­mation, resulting from these Particles so placed, is diametrally opposite to a nega­tion; As, Nunquàm non, id est semper, nemo non, vel nullus non, id est, omnes, nihil non, id est, omnia.

If (non) go before these Particles▪ there will not be so great a contrariety and opposition betwixt the Affirmation and Negation; As, Non nunquàm, id est, ali­quando, [Page 193] non nullus, id est aliquis, non nihil, id est aliquid.

When the Conjunctions (Nèc nequè) go­eth before a Negation, the Speech is Af­firmative; As, Nequè illum non amo, id est illum amo, nequè sum nescius, id est, probè scio, nec vel nequè nego, id est fateor.

When (Nèc, Nequè) followeth any Negative, they cannot make an Affirma­tive Speech, although you should repeat them never so often; As, Nunquàm illum nequè vidi, nequè attigi, I never saw him, nor touched him: Nemo unquàm istum vi­rum nèc laudavit nèc amavit, No man ever did praise or love this man, Ʋsquè adeò partinax est & perfrictae mentis, ut nemo illum nèc precibus flectere, nèc nimis movere potuerit, aut a susceptâ semel sententiâ depellere; He is so stuborn and fierce-minded that none can get him neither by prayers nor threatnings to leave off the opinion that he once undertakes.

CHAP. VIII. Of the words (Patria) and (Gens.)

VVHen the word (Patria) is accom­panied with any of the possessive Pronouns, either in Latine or English; As, Meus, Tuus, Suus, Noster, Vester, Mine, Thine, His, Ours, Yours, it is made use of; As, I have foughten for my Country, Pugnavi pro Patrià meâ: Cicero did save his Country, Cicero Patriam suam ab in­teritu vindicavit.

But when it is not accompanied with these Pronouns, then you must make use, for expressing (Country) Of Regio, Ager, Provincia, Solum, Locus, Pars, Gens, and other such like; As, Ʋlysses travelled over many Countries, Ulysses varia loca peragravit: Hannibal did west Italy, Agrum Italicum vastavit Hannibal: Pompey did enlarge the Roman Empire by the Con­quest of many Countries, Multas Regi­ones, vel Provincias Imperio Romano Pom­peius adjecit; My Brother is to come very soon to this Country, In has patres [Page 195] Frater meus propedièm est venturus: This Country did at other times flourish in Learning, Gens haec olìm Studiis floruit.

Of (Gens) remark likewise, that it is not taken only for a Country, but also for a Family; As, Gens Fabiorum, The Family of the Fabians: Vir ex Gente Pa­tritiâ, A man of a Noble Family, or of good Extraction.

To this Treatise I subjoyn another of great concernment, which is concerning Verbs that have a particular, or diverse Regiment, and because there are four which must be explained at large, be­cause they contain greater difficulties then others, I will set apart two Chapters for treating of them.

CHAP. IX. Of (Persuadeo) and (Moneo.)

So often as these two Verbs are of the same signification with (consulo, hortor, impello) and others such like, they have the same Regiment with them, that is, they have (Ʋt) going after them with the Verbs following in the Conjun­ctive Mood; As, the Master perswa­deth [Page 196] me to joyn piety with Learning, id est, he counsels me, &c. Praeceptor suadet mihi ut cum literis pietatem conjungam: He did often admonish me to shun Idleness, id est, he did often exhort me, &c. Saepè me monuit ut otium fugerem.

But if (Persuadeo) signifieth to make one believe, and (Moneo) to acquaint or advertise, then the Verb following is in the Infinitive; As, he did acquaint or or advertise me that my Brother was dead, Monuit me Fratrem fato functum esse: He did make me believe that you were gone, Persuasit mihi te profectum fuisse.

It is to be observed that (Suadeo) is most commonly used in the first significa­tion, and (Persuadeo) in the second.

Although it may be known by the te­nour and order of speech, what signifi­cation (Moneo and Persuadeo) are of; yet because the Young Scholar oftentimes taketh not time to peruse the whole Speech, I shall give him two short and sure Rules for this purpose.

The first is, when (Moneo and Persuadeo) are of the same signification with (Con­sulo, Hortor, Impello, Auctor sum, &c.) Then the Verb following, is either of the Indi­cative or Infinitive Mood, as may be seen in the preceding Examples of the [Page 197] first signification; As, the Master doth perswade me to add piety to Virtue; here the Infinitive, or that I add piety to vertue, here is the Indicative.

But when they are of the second signi­fication, to wit, to make one believe, or to advertise one, the English Verb fol­lowing is in the Indicative, and not in the Infinitive; As, he would make me believe that he hath greatly obliged me, and not, to have greatly obliged me.

The second is, that these two Verbs, being of the second signification, to wit, for, Certiorem facio fidem facio, may have after them a Verb of the Present, Pre­terit, or Future Tense; As, he makes me believe that he hath obliged me, or doth oblige me, or will oblige me; but being of the first signification, to wit, of Hortor, Consulo, Auctor sum, they will be put with a Verb of the Present Tense; As he counsels me to distrust my Enemies.

There is yet another mark to come to the knowledge of what signification they are of; which is, they being taken for (Consulo, Hortor, &c.) they have after themselves a Verb of a diverse person; because no man doth counsel himself, but some other, as, Suades mihi ut fiam dili­gentior, te monuit ut meliùs negotia curares.

Where you see in the first Example, the second and first Person, and in the second, the third and second; but being of the second signification, to wit, of Confirmo, fidem facio, &c. They with the Verb following are both of the same per­son; As, you will make me believe that you have obliged me; here the Nomi­native to (Make) and (Oblige) is (You.)

CHAP. X. Of the Verbs (Consentio, Dis­sentio) and their Synonimes.

THese Verbs, Consentio, Convenio, Con­gruo, and others such like, will have after them the Person to whom the con­sent or agreement is made, in the Dative, or in the Ablative▪ with (Cùm;) As, So­crates Platoni, vel cum Platone consentit, Socrates is of Plato's Opinion.

The Verbs that are of a contrary sig­nification to these, govern the Ablative with the Preposition; A, or Ab; As, Ab Aristotile Plato dissentit, Plato is not of Aristotles Opinion: Ab Antonio Caesar dissidet, Caesar disagreeth with Antony.

But when there is two on more persons consenting or dissenting, copulated by a Conjunction, and therefore will have the Verb in the Plural Number, then you must put the person which ought to be in the Dative after Consentio, and that which was to be put in the Ablative after Dissentio, in the Accusative with the Pre­position (Inter;) As, Socrates and Plato are of one mind, Socrates & Plato inter se consentiunt, and not Sibi vel secùm con­sentiunt, otherwise it were to say that So­crates is of his own mind or opinion, and Plato of his; which is not the sense of your English; So likewise Antonius & Caesar inter se d [...]ssident, Antony and Caesar are at variance, or disagreeth; The rea­son hereof is, that the Verbs (Consentio, Dissentio, &c.) must of necessity have two distinct terms, to make a conveniency or disconveniency betwixt the two persons.

Now (Petrus & Paulus) being thus coupled make but one term, unless they be distinguished and multiplied by the Preposition (Inter) which hath a Disjun­ctive force with it; hence it followeth that, if you had to put; Antony dissent­eth from himself, and Caesar from him­self, you should not use (Inter) to diver­sifie them, because Antony nor Caesar are [Page 200] not distinct from themselves, although they both dissent from themselves, and so you say, Antonius & Caesar á se dissen­tiunt, which is the same with, Antonius á se dissentit, Caesar á se dissentit.

Although (Inter) cannot be put with a Noun of the Singular Number, because it tendeth to a distinction of persons, yet if it be a Collective Noun, you may use (Inter) because taken Collectively, this Noun is equivalent to the Plural Num­ber; As, Phylosophi inter se dissentiunt, & consentiunt, The Phylosophers do agree and disagree; but if you say, Phylosophi secùm consentiunt, & á se dissentiunt; It is, that every one in particular agreeth or disagreeth with himself; so likewise, Ho­mines inter se amant, it is, men loves one another, but Homines se amant, signifieth every one loveth himself.

A Catalogue of Verbs which have diverse Regiments and Con­structions under one significa­tion.

JOhn Behourt, Scholler amongst the Jesuites, besides many worthy obser­vations [Page 201] wherewith he hath enriched John Dispauter's Grammer; did make a little Treatise, De variâ verborum in vario sensu Constructione, Of the diverse construction of Verbs of diverse significations; At the end whereof he did promise another, De variâ verborum in eodem sensu Constructione, Of the diverse Construction of Verbs under one signification; but because he did never, nor will not fullfill his pro­mise, I have for the comfort of young Beginners, gathered them out, and for their greater conveniency, I have set them down according to the Alphabet.

I will not herein, more then in my for­mer Treatises be teadious, by setting down the whole Text of the Writers out of which these Verbs are drawn, al­though Behourt hath done so in his De variâ verborum in vario sensu Constructione; I will only set down simply the Examples which I have drawn out of good Authors, whose Authorities are holden for Rules in the Scholes.

A.

ABdicare Magistrum, vel abdicare se Ma­gistratu, To give over his Office.

Abrogare Legem, vel Lege, To abolish a Law.

Abjicere se alicui ad pedes, vel ad pedes ali­cujus se abjicere, To kneele down to any Body.

Abnuere aliquid alteri, vel alteri de re aliquâ abnuere, To refuse any thing to any body.

Abdere in terrâ, vel in terram, To hide any thing under ground.

Abjudicare sibi libertatem, vel abjudicare se a libertate, To deprive himself of liberty.

Abire Ʋrbe, vel ab Ʋrbe, To go out of Town; and this way may you put many Verbs which have the Preposition re­peated wherewith they are composed, or understood, according to the Writers will; So we say promiscuously: Abesse, Ʋrbe, Domo, Curiâ, vel ab Ʋrbe á Domo, á Curiâ, To be out of Town, from Home, or from the Court: Exire Classe, vel é Classe, To go out of Schoole: Ingredi Tem­plum, vel in Templum, To go into the Church: Adire aliquem, vel ad aliquem, To go to one, &c.

Acquiescere rei alicui, vel in re aliquâ, To rest, or take pleasure in any thing.

Abstinere scelere, & á schelere, vel á sche­lere se abstinere, To refrain from wickedness

Abundare re aliquâ, vel in re aliquâ, To abound in any thing.

Accedere ad Dei similitudinem, vel Deo ad similitudinem accedere, To resemble God.

Adjicere, adjungere, appellere animum stu­diis, vel ad studia, To set his mind upon his studies, by the Rule, Ternum pro quarto, &c

The which Rule comprehendeth a great many more Verbs of this same constru­ction, so we say, Accidere, & advolui pe­dibus alicujus, To fall at ones knees: Ab­dere se literis & in literas, To betake him­self to reading: Accingere se operi & ad opus, To buckle, or prepare himself to his work.

Accommodare se tempori & ad tempus, To turn with the times.

Applicare scalas muris & ad muros, To scale the Walls: Alligare Arbori & ad Ar­borem, To tye one to a Tree: Adrepere amicitiae, vel in amicitiam alicujus, To creep into ones favour: Imminere occasioni, vel in occasionem, To wait upon an occasion: Illabi animis & in animos. To enter into ones mind or Affection: Imprimere aliquid animo & in animunt, To imprint or beat any thing into ones memory: Instillare auribus aliquid, vel in aures, To poure any thing into ones ears: Imponere onus alicui, ve [...] in aliquem, To impose a charge or bur­den on any man, and many others.

Abhorrere aliquem, vel ab aliquo, To have an aversion to any man.

Accedere alicui ad genua, vel ad genua ali­cujus, To prostrate himself at ones knees.

Accipere aliquid ab aliquo, ex aliquo, & de aliquo, To hear somthing of any body.

Acceptus est Plebi, in Plebem & apud Ple­bem, He is Papular, or much liked by the People.

Accusare aliquem inertiae. inertiâ & de in­ertiâ, vel alicujus inertiam accusare, To ac­cuse one of negligence or slouthfulnesse: We say likewise, Aliquem in re aliquâ Accu­sare.

Acceptum referre, vel in acceptum, To keep an account of any thing, and set it down in the book of receits.

Adaequare pietatem doctrinae, vel cum doct­rinâ, To make equal piety with devoti­on, or to be as devout as learned.

Adherescere rei alicui, in re aliquâ, & ad rem aliquam, To adhear, or stick to a thing.

Adhibere saevitiam aut severitatem in ali­quo, & in aliquem, To use one severely.

Admirari rem aliquam, vel de re aliquâ, To marvel at any thing; Admirari homi­nem in aliquo, vel aliquid in homine admirari, To marvel at somthing in any man.

Admiscere aquam vino, vel cum vino, To mingle water with wine.

Admonere aliquem, aliquid, alicujus aut de [Page 205] aliquo, To admonish one of any thing.

Adoptare aliquem, pro filio, vel aliquem sibi in filium adoptare, To adopt one for his son.

Adesse judicio, in judicio, ad Judicium, To be present at the giving out of Judge­ment.

Adulari aliquem, vel alicui, To flatter any body.

Aequiparare virtutes suas, ad virtutes alte­rius, vel cum Virtutibus, To compare his Virtues with another mans.

Aggredi dicere, vel ad dicendum, To be­gin to speak.

Allicere aliquem ad benevolentiam, aut, al­licere benevolentiam alicujus, To obtain ones grace or favour.

Antecedere, antecellere, anteire alteri, aut alterum, To exceed, or out go another.

Appellare Tribunos vel ad Tribunos, To appeal to the Tribunes.

Appellere Classem ad locum aliquem, aut Classe appellere, To Arrive, or Land at any place.

Arcere progressu, vel á progressu, To hin­der one from advancing.

Adscribi in civitatem, in civitate, & civi­tati, To be enfranchised, or made free­man of the City.

Aspergere sale carnes, vel salem carnibus, [Page 206] To salt meat; We say also, Maculis vitam Aspergere, vel maculas vitae; To wrong ones Reputation.

Assentiri aliquid alteri, vel in aliquo, To be of one minde with another in any thing.

For Verbs of this sort, beginning by the letter (B) there is seldome found any, wherefore I passe to (C.)

C.

Caelare Argentum, argento & in Argento, To grave in Silver.

Capere aliquid manu, vel in manum, To take in your hand.

Capio taedium, odium, satietatem, hujus rei, & hujus rei taedium, odium, satietas me capit, I am become weary of this thing.

Capere fructum laboris, & Industriae, vel ex labore & Industriâ, To reap fruits of his Labours and Industry.

Carere re aliquâ, & aliquando rei, & rem, To want any thing.

Cavere aliquem, vel ab aliquo, & eavere si­bi ab aliquo, To take heed least any man hurt you, or to distrust any body.

Cedere jus, vel de jure, To yield off his own Right.

Cedere honorem suum alterē, vel honore, To yield up his honour to another; So we say, Cedere foro alicui, & curia, The trick [Page 207] of Bankers to be out of the way, and so defraud him that had put money into their Bank.

Certare cum aliquo, & apud poetas, alicui, To contest with any man.

Circundare maenibus Ʋrbem, vel maenia Ʋr­bi, To wall a Town.

Cogitare, cognoscere rem aliquam, vel de re aliquâ, To think, or know of any thing.

Cogitare animo, in animo, cum animo, To think with himself.

Colloqui cum aliquo, alicui, & aliquem, To speak with one.

Colere aliquem loco, vel in loco Parentis, To esteem one as a Parent.

Committere se fidei alicujus, vel in fidem, To confide, or trust himself to one.

Committere existimationem suam alicui, vel de existimatione suâ, To give up his ho­nour and reputation to another.

Commonere aliquem officii, officium, & de officio, To admonish one of his dutie.

Communicare cum altero rem aliquam, vel de re aliquâ, To communicate or reveal any thing to another.

Communicare honores alicui, vel cum ali­quo, To make one partaker of his honours.

Commutare fidem pecuniâ, vel cum pecuniâ, to sell his trust and faith.

Comparare accusatores alicui, & in aliquem, [Page 208] To suborne men to accuse others.

Conferre vel comparare alterum alteri, vel cum altero, To compare the one with the other.

Comprehendere memoriam rei, vel rem me­morià comprehendere, To remember of any thing.

Comprimere linguam alicujus, vel alicui, To put one to silence.

Concedere alicui doctrinâ vel de doctrinâ, To yield to one in matter of Learning.

Concidit animus, vel animo, He looseth courage, or he fainteth.

Concitare Expectationem sui, vel de se, To gain himself a good Reputation.

Conciliare sibi benevolentiam alicujus, & ab aliquo, To gain ones affection.

Conciliare alterum alteri, vel alterum cum altero, To reconcile two that had fallen out.

Concludi in caveâ & in Caveam, To be shut up into a Cave or darke place.

Condemnare aliquem Arrogantiae, Arro­gantiâ & de Arrogantiâ, To condemn one of Pride; and so of other Verbs of the like signification; Accusare, arguere, insi­mulare.

Condere Corpus sepulchro, in sepulchrum, & in sepulchro, To bury any dead Corps.

Confidere firmitati Corporis & firmitate, [Page 209] To confide, or trust to his Bodily strength.

Confiteri crimen, vel de crimine, To con­fesse of his fault.

Conflictare morbo, vel cum morbo, To struggle or fight with a disease.

Congerere Titulos alicui & in Aliquem, To Honour one with Titles.

Congredi alicui, cum aliquo, & contrà ali­quem, To fall out with any man, or to en­counter him.

Congruit ejus sermo tuis literis, vel cum tuis literis, His discourse agreeth with your letters.

Consentire alicui, vel cum aliquo, to be of another mans minde.

Conjungere Pietatem Doctrinae, vel cum Doctrinâ, To add Piety to Vertue.

Conqueri fortunam & de fortunâ, To complain of fortune.

Conscendere navem, & in navem, To em­barke.

Conjunctum esse alicui & cum aliquo, To be familiar with any man.

Consequi aliquem Itinere, vel in Itinere, To wait upon one in a Journey.

Conserere manum, vel manu cum Hostibus, To come to hands with the Enemies.

Considere in aliquo loco, & apud aliquem lo­cum, To sit down in some place.

Consulere malè, de aliquo, & in aliquem, [Page 210] To use a man hardly.

Consulere alterum de re aliquâ, & aliquid alterum consulere, To aske ones advice concerning any thing.

Constat ei mens, vel constat mente, He is of the same minde without alteration.

Consuescere alicui, vel cum aliquo, To fre­quent ones company.

Contendere vires & nervos, vel viribus & nervis contendere, To employ his force and power.

Contingere se inter se, & contingere inter se, To be allied with one another, to touch one another in Linage.

Convenit Petrus cum Paulo, vel inter Petrum & Paulum convenit, Peter and Paul, do agree together.

Convenit hoc Petro cum Paulo, vel Petro convenit cum Paulo de hoc, Peter and Paul, do agree in this.

Convincere aliquem maleficii, vel malefici­um alicujus, To convince one of some wicked deed.

Convivere alicui & cum aliquo, To live with one.

Cupere alicui, vel causâ alicujus, To desire ones good.

D.

Damnari sceleris, To be condemned of some wicked deed.

Damnari de Vi, To be condemned for having used Violence.

Capite damnari, To receive sentence of Death, to be condemned to Die.

Damnari in Metallum, To be condem­ned to the Mines.

Decedere officio, vel de officio, To fail in his duty; and likewise we say, Decedere, jure, sententiâ, provinciâ, viâ, vitâ, possessione, &c. vel de jure de sententiâ, &c.

Decernere, aut deliberare rem aliquam, aut de re aliquâ, To ordain, or consult of any matter.

Decidere spe, ex spe, & de spe, To loose hopes.

Declinare de vitiis, vel á vitiis, To fly, or shun vice.

Declinare de viâ, vel declinare se extrà viam, To go out of the way.

Defendere aliquem ab injuriâ, vel defendere injuriam alicujus, To save one from re­ceiving a wrong.

Defendere solem, & á sole, To save one from the heat of the sun.

Deferre Studium suum amicis, vel ad ami­cos, To offer his service to his friends.

Deficit me animus, uel mihi, deficio animo, deficitur animus. I faint, or am discoura­ged.

Defigere oculos in terram, vel in terrá, To cast down his eyes.

Deflectere ex itinere, & iter deflectere de cursu, & deflectere se de curriculo, To go out of the right way.

Delinquere aliquid, & in aliquo, To offend in somthing.

Depellere agnos lacte, & à lacte, To wean the lambs; so you say, Depellere sententiá, & á sententid, To make one change his opinion.

Deperire aliquem amore, vel amore alicujus, To be passionatly in love with any one.

Deplorare miserias, & de miseriis, To la­ment calamities.

Deponere mentum in gremio alicujus, To lay his chin upon anothers brest.

Deponere malleolum in terram, To beat a hammer into the earth.

Deponere aliquid in fide, in fidem & apud fidem alicujus, To put any thing in ano­ther mans trust.

Deprecari reditum alicujus ab aliquo, vel pro reditu alicujus aliquem deprecari, To pray one, for the returning of another.

Derogare fidei testium, vel de fide, To de­rogate from the Testimony of witness.

Desistere sententiâ, á sententiâ, vel de sen­tentiâ, To leave off, or forsake his opi­nion.

Desperare salutem alicujus, saluti, vel de salute, To dispair of ones health.

Deturbari spe, de spe, ex, spe, To be quite out of hopes.

Detrahere alicui & de aliquo, To detract, or speak ill of any one.

Detrahere dignitatem, vel de dignitate, To diminish ones honour and reputation.

Detrahere pretio, & de pretio, To take, or withdraw from the price of any thing.

Diffidere alicui, & de aliquo, To distrust one.

Dimicare de re, vel pro re, To contest a­bout any thing.

Disceptare controversias, vel de controversi­is, To examine differences.

Disputare aliquid, vel de aliquo, To dis­pute, or treat of any thing.

Discrepare sibi, vel á se, in re aliqua & de re aliquâ, To disagree, or dissent from himself in somthing, to contradict him­self.

Dissentire ab aliquo, & cum aliquo, To be different in opinion from another man.

Dividere Nummos militibus & in milites, To distribute Money amongst Souldiers.

Dare pecuniam faenori, faenore, & in [Page 214] faenus, To give money upon interest.

Dare aliquid in manu & in manum, To give into ones hand.

Dare operam alicui exercitationi, & in ali­quam exercitationem, To betake himself to some exercise.

Doleo Caput, Capite, vel á Capite, vel Ca­put mihi dolet, My Head doth pain me.

Doleo Patris interitum, interitu, & de into­ritu, I am much troubled for my Fathers death.

Dubitare aliquid & de aliquo, To doubt of any thing.

Ducere gloriae, vel in gloriam aliquid, To esteem any thing honourable.

Dominari alicui, & in aliquem, To do­minier over one; and likewise, Fortuna in rebus dominatur, Fortune dominiereth over all things.

E.

Efferri funere, & cum funere, To be car­ried forth to burial.

Efflagitare auxilium alicujus, vel ab aliquo, To aske help of any man.

Egredi urbe, urbem, extra urbem, To go out of Town.

Elabi é telis alicujus, & inter tela, To e­scape ones darts.

Elaberare in re aliquâ, & aliquando, in ali­quid, [Page 215] To take pains upon any thing.

Emergere, aquis, ex aquis, & extra aquas, To go out of the water.

Eminebat ex ore, crudelitas, vel in ore, cru­elty did appear in his face.

Emungere alicui argentum, & aliquem ar­gento, To cheat any man of his money.

Enunciare Arcana hominibus, & apud ho­mines, to divulge secrets.

Ire subsidio & in subsidium, to assist, or help one.

Eripere alicui vitam, vel aliquem vitae, to kill one.

Eripere aliquem morti, vel á morte, to de­liver one from death.

Exardescere gloriae cupiditate, & ad gloriae cupiditatem, to be much ambitious of ho­nour.

Excellere aliis, inter alios, preter alios, & super alios, to exceed others.

Excidit memoria hujus rei, vel haec res exci­ditè memoriâ, they speak no more, or minde no more of this thing.

Excusare se alicui, & apud aliquem, to excuse himself to any one.

Excusare aliquid & de aliquo se excusare, to excuse himself of any thing.

Eximere vinculis & é vinculis, to take one out of prison or bondage.

Exorare, expetere, exposcere aliquid deos, [Page 216] aut á diis, to aske the gods something.

Expectare ducem in castris aut in castra, Supp. venturum, to expect the Captains coming to the Camp.

Explere animum alicujus, & alicui, To give all satisfaction and contentment to a man.

Expostulare cum altero in injuriam, vel de injuriâ, To complain to one of the in­jury that he hath done.

Exprimere vocem alicujus, & alicui, To draw a discouse or words out of one.

Exprimere verbum verbo, é verbo, de verbo, To tell, or give an account of a thing, word by word.

Exprobare vitia adversariorum, vel ad­versariis vitia exprobrare, To object to our adversaries their vices.

Expellere, expedire, ejicere, exterminare extrudere, exturbare, Ʋrbe, vel ex Ʋrbe, To' banish one from off the Town, or out of the Town.

Exuere vestem alicui, vel veste aliquem, To take off ones cloaths.

Exuere Jugum, & exuere se Jugo, To shake off the Yoak.

F.

Id facit á reo, pro reo, cum reo, That makes for him that is Arraigned.

Facere bona alicui, & in aliquem, To do good to any one.

Facere mentionem alicujus, & de aliquo, To speak or make mention of any one.

Facere aliquid consilio, vel de consilio, ali­cujus, To do a thing by another mans Counsel.

Fastidire aliquem, vel alicujus, To loath any one.

Ferre fructum victoriae, & á victoriâ, To reap the fruit of the Victory.

Fateri scelus & de scelere, To confesse his wickedness.

Fraudare milites stipendio, vel militum sti­pendium, To defraud the Souldiers of their pay.

Fugere conspectum alicujus, & é conspectu, To fly or shun any body.

Fungi officio, & officium, To do his duty.

So frui re, & frui rem, To enjoy any thing.

G.

Gaudere gaudio & gaudium, To rejoyce exceedingly.

Gigni capite, & in caput, To be born with the head first.

Gloriari aliquid, de re aliqua, ob aliquam rem, To glory in any thing.

Gratulari adventu alicujus, vel de adventu, [Page 218] vel adventum, To be glad at ones return.

H.

Habere aliquid certum, vel pro certo, com­pertum vel pro comperto, To hold a thing for certain.

Habere quaedam dubia, in dubiis & pro dubiis. To doubt of some things.

Habere aliquid derelictum, & pro derelicto, To leave or abandon any thing.

Habere aliquid despicatui, vel despicatum habere, To despise a man.

Habere alicui praecipuum honorem, vel ha­bere aliquem praecipuo honore, & in honore ha­bere, To respect and honour one greatly.

Habere aliquem pro patre, loco patris, & in loco patris, To look upon one, or esteem him as a Father.

Habere aliquid odio, in odio & in odium, To hate any thing.

Habere orationem ad aliquem, apud aliquem, & cum aliquo, to make a speech before one.

Habere in potestate, vel in potestatem, To have in power.

Bellè habere, & bellè habere se, To be in good health.

Habere usum alicujus rei, vel in aliquâ, To be well seen, or expert in any thing.

Haeret peccatum illi, & in illo, All the fault is in him.

I.

Jactare se de re aliquâ, in re aliquâ, ob rem aliquam, & rem aliquam jactare, To vaunt or brag of any thing.

Illabi animis, animos & in animos, To get into ones affection or good likeing.

Illudere alicui, & aliquem in aliquem, & in aliquo, To scorn or jest at one.

Imminere occasioni & in occasionem, To look or wait for an occasion.

Impertire alicui salutem, vel aliquem salute, To greet or salute one.

Implicari morbo & in morbum, To be de­tained by sickness.

Imponere summam manum rei, & in re, To accomplish any thing.

Imprimere aliquid animo, in animo, & in animum, To imprint any thing in ones mind.

Incessit me cupido, vel mihi, I have a de­sire to, &c.

Incidere in aes, & in aere, to grave in brass, or cut out upon brasse, so likewise, Incî­dere Marmori, to cut in Marble.

Inclinat acies, vel inclinatur, The Army taketh the flight, or turneth their backs.

Includere in carcerem, & in carcere, to put into prison.

Incubare ova, & ovis, to sit on egges.

Incumbere gladio, vel in gladium, to fall upon his sword.

Incursare aliquem, vel in aliquem, to justle, or dash one against another, to run against another.

Indicare Conjurationem, vel de Conjura­tione, to discover a Plot or Conspiracy.

Inducere animum, vel in animum, to imagine, or call to mind.

Induere sibi vestem, aut se veste induere, to put on his cloaths.

Induere se in laqueos, to ensnare himself.

Inire gratiam ab aliquo, vel cum aliquo, to oblige a man.

Inferre periculum capiti alicujus, & in pe­riculum capitis aliquem inferre, to accuse one of a capital crime.

Infundere aliquid naribus, in nares, per nares, to poure any thing into the nostrils.

Indulgere alicui, aliquem, & in aliquem, to make much of one, and use him kindly.

Ingerere probra & convitia alicui, & in aliquem, to reproach a man.

Ingredi orationem & in orationem, to be­gin a discourse.

Inniti hastae, vel hastâ, to leane upon a Pike, or Halbard.

Insistere rei, in re, & in rem, to be bent, or earnest upon any thing.

Insistere viam, vel iter, to keep on his way.

Insputare aliquem, & alicui, to spit upon one.

Insternere lectum pallio, vel lecto pallium, to spread a cloak upon a bed.

Intercludere commeatum hostibus, vel hostes commeatu, to hinder an Army from geting victuals.

Interdicere alicui purpurâ & purpuram, to forbid one to wear Scarlet.

Interesse convivio, & in convivio, to be at a Feast.

Interjacet via Romam & Venetias, vel Romae & Venetiis, vel inter Romam & Venetias, there is a way betwixt Rome and Venice.

Intueri aliquem, & in aliquem, to look upon one.

Invadere Ʋrbem, & in Ʋrbem, to assault a Town.

Invasit cupiditas animis, animos & in ani­mos, I have got a desire to, &c.

Invehi Ʋrbem, & in Ʋrbem, to be brought into the Town by force.

Insultare alicui, & in aliquem, to insult upon a man.

Invidere alicujus dignitati, vel alicui dig­nitatem, to envie ones honour.

Invitare aliquem Hospitio, vel in Hospitium, to invite one to lodging.

Invocare subsidium alicujus, aut aliquem [Page 222] in subsidium, to call to one for help.

Jungere pietatem doctrinae, vel cum doctrinâ to add piety to learning.

Irruere in aliquem, & aliquando activè, ir­ruere aliquem, to rush, or run upon one.

Jungere currum equis, vel jungere equos ad currum, vel currui, to put the horses in the Coach.

L.

Laborare invidiâ, vel ex invidiâ, to be greatly envied and hated.

Laborare capite, & é capite, To have a pain in the head.

Laborare ad rem aliquam, vel circà rem aliquam, To take pains upon a thing.

Levare alicui onus, & aliquem onere, To lighten one of his burden, so we say, Le­vare hominibus curam, dolorem, metum, labo­rem, paupertatem, vel levare homines, curâ dolore, metu, labore, paupertate.

Liberare aliquem culpâ, & interdum culpa, To declare one innocent, or not guilty of what he is accused.

Malè loqui alicui & de aliquo, To speak ill of one.

Ludere ludum, vel ludo, to play a game, or at a game.

Ludere aleam, aut aleâ, to play at Dice, or other games of hazzard.

M.

Manere ad Ʋrbem, vel in Ʋrbe, ad exer­titum, vel in exercitu, To stay in Town, or in the Army.

Sententia mihi manet, vel maneo in senten­tiâ, I am still of my former opinion.

Manat arbor picem vel pice, vel pix manat ex arbore, The pitch dropeth out of the tree.

Mederi vulneribus, & contrà vulnera, To cure wounds.

Meditari rem aliquam, aut de re aliquâ, To think of any thing.

Memini me videre, vel memini videre, & vidisse, I remember to have seen.

Mergere aliquem aequore, in aequore, sub aequore, To dip, or plunge one in the Sea.

Metuere alicui & pro aliquo, To be in fear for one.

Mirari aliquid & de aliquo, To marvel at any thing.

Miscere aquam Vino, vel Vinum aquâ, To mix water with Wine.

Moderari cupiditatibus, & cupiditates, To bridle or moderate his passions.

Maerere alicujus mortem, & morte alicujus, To be troubled for the death of any one.

Monere aliquem alicujus rei, aliquam rem, & de re aliquâ, To advertise one of any thing, and sometimes, monere alicui.

Morari apud aliquem, & cum aliquo, To stay, or live with one

Movere aliquem senatu, & é senatu, to put one out of the Senate, or Parliament.

Mutare pacem Bello, & in Bellum, to change Peace into Warr.

Mutare se loco, vel mutare locum, to change his room or place.

Mutare Palium Veste, vel cum Veste, to change his Cloke for a Garment.

N.

Narrare alicui pericula sua, & de periculis, to tell one of his dangers

Niti conjecturâ & in conjecturâ, to build upon ones conjecture.

In ejus vitâ nitebatur salus civitatis, on his life, was depending the safty of the city.

Nocere alicui, and somtimes aliquem, to hurt any body.

Nupta est Caesari, vel cum Caesare, She is married to Caesar.

O.

Obambulare foribus, vel ante fores, to walk before the gate or door.

Obequitare Agmen, vel Agmini, to ride round about the Troops or Army.

Objicere aliquid crimini, vel in loco crimi­nis, to object any thing as a fault, or crime.

Oblivisci injuriam, vel injuriae to forget an injury.

Obrepere animis, & in animos, To creep in to ones affection insensibly.

Obrepit te fames, Hunger will presently come upon you.

Obruere terrâ, vel in terra, To hide un­der ground.

Obtrectare laudibus alieujus & aliquando laudes, To detract from ones praise.

Obvenire haereditate, vel ex haereditate, To fall by inheritance.

Observare oculis & antè oculos, To appear to the eye.

Obumbrare domum, vel domo, To over­shaddow the house.

Obvertere signa hosti, & in hostem, To turn the Ensignes towards the Enemy.

Occumbere morti, mortem, & morte, to die.

Occupare se ad aliquod negotium, & in ali­quo negotio, To be occupied in doing of any thing.

Occupare pecuitiam faenore alicui, vel apud aliquem, To give unto one money upon interest.

Offendere alicui, & aliquem, To hurt or offend one.

Offendere in scopulis & ad scopulos, To hit, or hurt himself against a Rock.

Offendere animum alicujus, & animum ali­cui, [Page 226] To offend one, or move him to anger.

Opponere se periculis, & ad pericula, To expose himself to danger.

Opponere manum oculis, & antè oculos, To put his hand before his eyes.

Oppugnare aliquem capite, & fortunis, & alicujus caput, & fortunas oppugnare, To la­bour to bring one in danger of life and goods.

P.

Participare aliquem consilii, vel consilium cum aliquo, To make one partaker of his Intentions.

Pellere curiâ vel é curiâ, To put, or thrust out of the pleading place.

Pendet animus meus, pendet mihi animus, vel pendeo animo, I am uncertain, or in doubts.

Pendére ex arbore, vel in arbore, To hang upon a tree.

Pendere paenas sceleris, & pro scelere, To suffer for his wickednesse.

Pensare laudem crimine, vel cum crimine, To recompence praise with reproach.

Penetrare in Ʋrbem, To go into the heart of the Town.

Penetrare se in fugam, To take the flight.

Penetrare se in speluncam, To go into a Cave or Den.

Pèrcontari aliquid aliquem, ex aliquo, ab aliquo, vel aliquem de re aliquá percontari, To aske one any thing.

Permittere se fidei, & potestati, vel in fidem & potestatem alicujus, To confide or trust to the discretion and power of another.

Persequi aliqnem vestigiis, & alicujus vesti­gia, To follow the foot-steps of another.

Personabat Ʋrbs tota clamoribus, vel cla­mores tota Ʋrbe personabant, Cryes are heard all the Town over.

Pervadere Agros, & per Agros, To passe through Lands or Countryes.

Petere de aliquo, & poeticè, aliquem, To aske at one.

Petere aliquid alicui, vel pro aliquo, To aske something for another.

Petere veniam errati, vel ex errato, To aske pardon for his fault or escape.

Pollet Auctoritate, aut pollet ejus Auctoritas, He hath Power and Credit.

Ponere coronam in capite, & in caput, To put the Crown upon his head.

Ponere aliquem, in gratiâ aut in gratiam apud alterum, To bring one into favour with another.

Ponere in oculis, & antè oculos, To lay be­fore the eyes.

Ponere spem in re aliquâ, & rem aliquam in spe, To put great confidence in ang thing;

Ponere insidias alicui, & contrà aliquem, To lay snares for any man.

Ponere diem totum in aliquâ re, & in ali­quam rem, To passe a whole day in doing something.

Poscere aliquid alterum, vel ab altero, To require any thing from another.

Postulare injuriarum vel de injuriis ali­quem, To accuse one of Injuries.

Potiri Regno, vel Ʋrbe, & Regni vel Ʋrbis, To make himself Master of a Kingdome and Town.

Praebere se virum fortem, & praebere virum fortem, To shew himself a Gallant Man.

Praecavere insidias, & ab insidiis, To evite snares by foreseeing them.

Praecurrere aliquem, & alicui, To out-run one.

Praestare caeteris, inter caeteros, & aliquando caeteros to exceed others.

Praestare strenuum Ducem, vel se strenuum Ducem, to shew himself a Couragious Captain.

Praestringere oculos alicujus, & alicui, to dim, or dazle ones eyes

Procumbere pedibus alicujus, ad pedes, & antè pedes, to fall at ones feet.

Prodere memoriae vel memoria, to leave in Record.

Prohibere aditum alicui, vel aliquem aditu, [Page 229] to hinder one from entering.

Proficisci Romam, & ad Romam, To go to Rome.

Propugnare aequitatem, & pro aequitate, To fight for Equity, or maintain the Truth.

Pugnare cum Hoste, aut contra Hostem, To fight against an Enemy.

Purgare crimen, & purgare se de crimine, To clear himself of a crime.

Putare nihil, & pro nihilo, To think of no­thing.

Q.

Quaerere aliquid ex aliquo, ab aliquo, & de aliquo, To aske any thing from any one.

Queri injurias & de injuriis, To com­plain of injures done him.

Queri alicui, cum aliquo, & apud aliquem, To complain to any body.

R.

Recordarirem aliquam, & rei alicujus, To remember of any thing.

Reddere Spiritum Patriae & pro patriâ, To dye for his Country.

Referre aliquem in reos, & inter reos, To put one among the number of guilty persons.

Renunciare aliquid aut de re aliquâ, To relate or tell any thing.

Reponere in numerum, & in numero, To put in the number of, &c.

Reposcere aliquid alterum, aut ab altero, To aske one any thing.

Repugnare veritati, aut contrà veritatem, To gain-say the truth.

Rescribere Literis, & ad Literas, To an­swer ones Letters.

Respicere aliquem, & ad aliquem, to look back upon one.

Restituere sanitatem alicui, aut aliquem, sanitati, To give health to one.

Retinere memoriam alicujus rei, aut memo­riâ aliquid retinere, To keep any thing in minde.

Ridere aliquid & de re aliquâ, To laugh at any thing.

S.

Scatere molestiis, & molestiarum, To be exceeding troubled.

Sedere equo, vel in equo, To ride or go on hors-back.

Sequi vestigiis aliquem, & alicujus vestigia, To follow ones footsteps.

Serpere humi, & per humum, To creep on the ground.

Solvere é portu, aut navem é portu solvere, To depart by Ship from any Haven.

Solvere obsidionem Ʋrbis, aut obsidione Ʋr­bem, [Page 231] To raise a Seige from a Town.

Solvere vitam alicui, aut, aliquem vitâ solve­re, To put one to death.

Spectare gloriam, honores, opes, vel ad glori­am, honores, opes, To aspire to glory, ho­nour and riches.

Haec domus spectat orientem vel, in orientem, This house standeth Eastwardly.

Statuere exemplum in homine, & in homi­nem. To make one an example to others.

Stare ab aliquo, & cum aliquo, To take ones part, and be for him.

Stare fide & in fide, To keep his word.

Struere odium alicui, & in aliquem, to make one be hated.

Suadere pacem, & de pace, To be for making of Peace.

Subducerese pugnae vel è pugnâ, To retire himself from the fight.

Subire, vel succedere muris, muros, & ad muros, to go over, or scale the walls.

Subjicere oculis, & sub oculos, to lay before ones eyes.

Supersedere pugnae, pugnam, & pugnâ, to defer the battel to another occasion.

Suscitare somno, vel ésomno, to awake one from sleep.

Suspendere arbori, de arbore, & in arbore, to tye or hang up to a tree.

T.

Tacere aliquid, & de aliquâ re, to con­ceal any thing.

Temperare lachrymis, & á lachrymis, to abstain from crying, & dicimus, temperare se ab aliquo maleficio, to refrain from any wicked thing, or wicked deed.

Timere aliquem, & timere sibi ab aliquo, to fear that he will receave harme from any one.

Tradere custodiae, & in custodiam, to com­mit one to prison.

Transfigere aliquem gladio, per pectus, & pectus alicujus transfigere, to run a sword through ones body.

V.

Vacare morbo, metu, & á morbo á metu, to be free of sickness and fear.

Vacare operi, & poeticè in opus, To betake himself to the doing of some work.

Vagari orbe, in orbe & per orbem, To gad and wander up and down the world.

Valet auctoritate, aut valet ejus auctoritas, He is a man of power and credit.

Vehi equo, & in equo, curru, & in curru, To go on Horse, or in Coach.

Venire auxilio alicui, vel in alicujus auxi­lium, [Page 233] To come for ones assistance.

Vertere aliquid laudi, & in laudem, cri­mini, & in crimen, To praise, or dispraise one in any thing.

Vigilare ad multam noctem, vel de multâ nocte, To sit up late.

Vindicare se ab aliquo, & de aliquo, To re­venge himself upon one.

Vindicare scelera alicujus in alterum & in altero, To punish one for anothers crime, or misbehaviour.

Verbs, that in changing their Syntax, change their significa­tion.

AEMulari alicui, id est, invidere, to envy, Aemulari aliquem, id est, imitari, to imitate, or follow ones example.

Auscultare alicui, id est, obedire, to obey.

Auscultare aliquem, id est, audire, to hear.

Cupere alicui, id est, favere, to befriend one.

Cupere aliquem, id est, expetere, to desire any one.

Deficere al cui, id est, desse, to be wanting, or to fail to one.

Deficere aliquem, id est, destituere, to for­sake, or abandon any one.

Do tibi literas, id est, do tibi perferendas ad alium, I give you letters to deliver to ano­ther.

Do ad te literas, id est, per alium literas, ad te mitto, I send you letters by some one.

Vaenerare alicui pecuniam, id est, dare ad usuram, to lend out money upon use.

Faenerare ab aliquo pecuniam, id est, acci­pere ad usuram, to borrow money upon use.

Prospicio meae saluti, id est, salutem procuro, I take a care of my health.

Prospicio periculum, id est, praevideo, I fore­see the danger.

Recipio tibi, id est, promitto, I promise to you.

Recipio librum, id est, iterum accipio, I re­ceive a book which I had before.

Recipe te dominum, id est, i, go thou home.

Refero tibi, id est, narro, I relate or tell to you.

Refero ad Senatum id est, quod in consul­tationem venit, I refer it to the Senat's Or­dinance or Decree.

Vaco Philosophiae, id est, operam do, I study to Phylosophy.

Vaco ad Philosophiam, id est, otium habeo, I have time to study to Phylosophy.

Vaco culpâ, id est, careo, I am blameless.

Vacat locus, id est, vacuus est, The place is empty.

Most easie and useful Rules which ought to be Learned and Pra­ctised by all those who are In­expert in matter of Exercise or Composition.

I have oftentimes seen and had to do with Schollers, who knew the Specu­lative part, or precepts of Grammer suf­ficiently; but when they came to the practical part, or application of these precepts, they failed exceedingly; and being studious to know the cause of this so frequent defect, I found it to be the want of Method and Orderly proceeding in composing.

Some there is, who will impute this to the want of custome or use; but they are much mistaken herein, for a custome or habit hath for its chief end, to beget a [Page 236] facility, and not a certitude, which is the effect of Rules and Method; wherefore, it is necessary to learn exactly these me­thodical directions following, and I can assure all those who will take pains here­in, (by the experience, that I have had of others) that one or two months practise will improve them to admiration.

There is no word in the English, which cannot be reduced to one of the eight parts of Speech.

If then you meet with a Noun Sub­stantive or Pronoun in the English Ar­gument of your Exercise; the greatest difficulty, and first thing to be looked to, is, in what case they must be put, which is known by finding out the Verbs that follow in your Sentence; As, if you had, My Brother studies and thou playes; the Noun is (Brother) the Pronoun (Thou) the Verbs are, (studies and playes;) que­stion now your self who, or what, doth the action of these Verbs, to wit, who is it that studies? and you will find it to be the Noun (Brother?) who playes? and it will appear to be the Pronoun (Thou;) therefore the Noun and Pronoun are put by the Nominative case, because they do the actions of the two Verbs follow­ing.

But if the Noun or Pronoun do not do the actions of the Verbs following, they are not to be put by the Nomina­tive case; but in the cases that the Verbs following requires; As, I read Cicero, (Cicero) does not read, but (I;) where­fore it's put by the Accusative, because the Verb requires an Accusative, Lego Ciceronem; So, God sees him, (Him) is not the thing that seeth but (God) where­fore (Him) is put in the Accusative, be­cause the Verb (Seeth) requires it, Deus videt eum.

The Nominative of a Passive Verb is that which suffers or receives the action of another; As, I am loved (I) is the No­minative, because (I) receives the love of another.

After you have made a right Concor­dance with the Nominative and it's Verb; fail not in the next place to look what nature of Verb it is, whether an Active, Passive, Neuter, Deponent or Common.

If it be an Active, or a Deponent of the Active signification, then it will have the thing that the Action of it falls on in the Accusative; As, I worship God, and love my friends; After you have found the Nominative to (Worship and Love) which [Page 238] is (I) then enquire what or whom do I worship and love? and you will find that the action of the first Verb, falls upon (God) and the action of the second, upon (Friends;) therefore you say Veneror Deum, & amo Parentes.

If the Verb be a Passive, or a Deponent of the Passive signification, then it hath after it the Noun or Pronoun in the Ab­lative, to wit, that Noun or Pronoun, from whence proceedeth the suffering; As, I am loved by you, here the suffering proceeds from (You) because (I) doth receive the love that comes from (You;) Amor á te, if it be an inanimate thing that the suffering proceeds from, it is put in the Ablative without a preposition; As, Obruor miseriis, I am over-charged with miseries; and thus much of the Nominative and the Verb.

If you meet with an Adjective, do no­thing with it before you know its substan­tive, which is found out by taking your Adjectives (As, if you had a good Citi­zen and valiant Souldier,) (good and va­viant) and say who or what is good? and it will be found to be the (Citizen,) who or what is valiant? and you will see it to be (Souldier,) having found out your Substantives then make them agree; af­ter [Page 239] see of what degree of Comparison your Adjective is; If it be of the Com­parative, remember to give it the Ab­lative.

If it be of the Superlative, it will have the Genitive.

Secondly, consider if it signifieth Plenty or Scarcity, Pleasure or Displea­sure, and give it the cases after it, ac­cording to its nature.

To know in what case to put the Sub­stantive, you first look if it be the Nomi­native to a Verb or not; if it be, it is put by the Nominative, if not, look then if the action of any Active Verb falls upon it, as hath been already said; or if it be an Instrument, wherewith an action is done, or of Price, Time, Measure, Di­stance, the way how to do an action, the cause why any thing is done, and proceed according to the Rules of the Syntax concerning these Substantives, whereof here are Examples, Pugno ense, emi asse, latus tres ulnas, vel tribus ulnis, disto tria mi­li aria vel miliaribus, dormio duas horas, vel duabus horis; Surrexi horâ sextâ, lego magnâ difficultate, vel magnâ cum difficultate, taceo pudore, vel prae pudore.

When you meet with a Relative, which is most commonly (That, Whom, Which, [Page 240] He, She, They) The first thing you are to do, is to know the Antecedent, which is done by taking the Verb or Adjective fol­lowing the Relative, and questioning your self by who, or which; As, my Bro­ther whom I Love; (whom) is the Rela­tive; to know its Antecedent, then que­stion your self so, who is it, or which is it, that I love? It will appear to be (Bro­ther,) then having made it agree in three with the Antecedent, to wit, in Gender, Number and Person, (for in case it doth not agree, unlesse it go before the Ante­cedent: As, Quas scribo Literas, &c.) The next care is, to see in what case it is to be put; to know this, look to the Verb or Verbs following, and see if there be found a Nominative to them besides the Relative; If there is one, then your Re­lative must be put in the case that the Verb or Verbs will have after them, as in the former Example, my Brother whom I love; here (whom) is not the Nominative to (Love) but (I,) wherefore (whom) is put in the Accusative, it being the case that the Verb will have after it; if there is no Nominative besides the Re­lative, then the Relative is the Nomina­tive; You must proceed this same way with the Antecedent to know into [Page 241] what case it ought to be put.

But because young Apprentices are often mistaken in this Concordance, in putting the Relative with the Verb that goes to the Antecedent, and contrary­wise in joyning the Antecedent with the Verbs that have to do with the Relative; I will give him a sure mark to distinguish what belongs to the Relative, from that which belongs to the Antecedent.

Consider then so often as you have to do with a Relative and an Antecedent, if the Relative sentence be as a Paren­thesis, that is, a sentence having so little a dependence or Connection with what goes before it, or after it, that both these parts can make a perfect sentence without it; As, Caesar, when he came to Rubicon, doubted whether he should pass over the River; here (when he came to Rubicon) hath so little a connection with what goes before it, to wit, (Caesar) and the words that go after it, that they can make a perfect sentence without it, thus, Caesar doubted whether he should passe over the River.

The Relative sentence, is as a Paren­thesis, so often as the words going before it, cannot make a perfect sense; but leaves the minde in suspence, and expectation [Page 242] of something to come after; As, If I should begin to speak to one, and say, Caesar, and stop here, would not he expect somthing to follow, and lie in suspence till I should compleat the sentence?

Thus having made clear what Verbs goes to the Relative, and what Verbs to the Antecedent, it's easie according to what hath been said, to know into what Case to put them.

There remains now, I should speak of a Participle, seeing of a Noun, Pronoun and a Verb, I have spoken sufficiently, and because I have treated of it at large in some preceding Chapters, I shall on­ly hint at these two things now: first, that so often as it is to be put in the Future of the Passive, you put the Dative after it in stead of an Ablative; As, Amandus est mihi probus, and not á me.

Secondly, That you look if it hath any dependence upon any Verb Following, or Preceding, or not; if it hath, put the Participle of your English by the Subjun­ctive Mood, with (Cum) if it hath not a Dependence, put it by the Absolute Ab­lative.

This Dependence is known, if your English Participle, agreeth with the No­minative of any Verb of the sentence, as [Page 243] knowing that you was come, I came to see you; Here (I) the Nominative to (came) agreeth with (knowing,) and consequent­ly it depends upon the Nominative, for so you may say; I knowing that you was come, did come to see you, Cum noverim te venisse, veni huc te visum.

And if there is no agreement betwixt the Participle and the Verb, then you put it by the Absolute Ablative; As, The Souldiers being killed, the Captains did flie; Here you cannot say as in the for­mer example, The Captains being killed, they did flie, wherfore there is no Depen­dence and so you may put it by the Abla­tive, Occisis militibus aufugerunt duces.

If you finde an Adverb, set it plainly down, unlesse it be of Quantity, Time, or Place, and then you ought to give it a Genitive; of Place, there is four sorts.

The first is, Adverbs to a Place, which are Huc, to this Place, isthuc illuc, and them you use after Verbs of Motion to a Place.

The second is, Adverbs from a Place; As, Hinc, from hence, isthinc, illinc, &c. and they are put after Verbs signifying a motion from a Place; As, Abeo, Recedo, Venio.

The third sort is, Adverbs by a Place; [Page 244] As, Hàc, By this Place, isthàc, illàc, and they are put after Verbs signifying a Motion by a Place; As, Transeo, praetereo, &c.

The last is Adverbs of Rest; As, Hìc, here, isthìc, illìc, and they follow Verbs of Rest; As, Quiesco, Sedeo. As concerning a Pre­position, Interjection, and Conjunction, there can be said nothing more of them then is said in the Grammers.

ERRATA'S.

PAge 2. l. 3, 4. Polliccor. p. 3. l. 3. r. come. p. 20. l. 18. r. Intuitus. p. 22. l. 14. r. se. p. 31. l. 16. r. amicius. p. 35. l. 9. r. negligentiae. p. 36. l. 24. r. morem. p. 43. l. 25. r. alicujus. p. 46. l. 29. r. terrae. p. 48. l. 17. r quinquaginta. p. 49. l. 25. r. take. p. 53. l. 12. r. redintegrant. p. 59. l. 13. r. your. p. 62. l. 2. r. duram. p. 63. l. 19. r. nititur. p. 67. l. 1. r. vini, and l. 20. r. partitive. p. 82. l. 17. r. alienabis. p. 83. l. 18. r. nihil. p. 85. l. 24. r. then. p. 90. l. 1 [...]. r. si [...]t. p. 105. l. 3. r. singulos. p. 116. l. 28. r. th [...]se. l. 30. same p. a (.) p. 166. l. 21. r. send. p. 167. l. 23. r. ill. p. 186. l. 1. r. Sympathy. p. 202. l. 25. r. scelere.

The Index.

  • CHap. 1. Of the Particle, (That.) p. 1
  • Chap. 2. Of the Particle, (What.) p. 16
  • Chap. 3. Of the Particle (Then.) p. 18
  • Chap. 4. Of the Particle (To.) p. 21
  • Chap. 5. Of the Particle (After.) p. 30
  • Chap. 6. Of the Particle (Because.) p. 33
  • Chap. 7. Of the Adverb (Otherwise.) p. 34
  • Chap. 8 Of the Particle (Against.) p. 35
  • Chap. 9. Of (Not only) or (Onely) alone. p. 38
  • Chap. 10. Of the Particle (By and Through.) p. 40
  • Chap. 11. Of the Particle (For.) p. 44
  • Chap. 12. Of the double Particle (With­out. p. 50
  • Chap. 13. Of the Particle (According.) p 57
  • Chap. 14. Of the Particle (Upon.) p. 61
  • Chap. 15. Concerning the Particle (Of.) p. 66
  • Chap. 16. Of the Particle (In) p. 71
  • Chap. 17. Of the Particle (If.) p. 80
  • Chap. 18. Of the Particle (When.) p. 84
  • Chap. 19. Of the Particle (Since.) p. 87
  • [Page] Chap. 20. Of the Particle (Whether.) p. 89
  • Chap. 21. Of the Particle (But.) p. 91
  • Chap. 22. Of the Particle (Ar.) p. 92
  • Chap. 23. Of the Particle (Out.) p. 94
  • Chap 24. Of the Particles (Whiles) or (Till) p. 96
  • Chap. 25. Of the Particle (Above.) p. 97
  • Chap. 26. Of the Particle (As.) p 99
  • Chap. 27. Of the Particle (Would) p. 102
  • Chap. 28 Of the Particle (From) p. 103
  • Chap. 29. Of the Verb (To Make or Cause.) p. 106
  • CHap. 1. How the Finite Mood, and all their Tenses may be changed according to the Latine, when they are not to be reduced to the Infinitive Mood. p. 115
  • Chap. 2. How to put a Verb of the Finite Mood into the Infinitive Mood, in the Tenses suitable to your Speech. p. 110
  • Chap. 3. Of the Difficulties upon the Infi­nitive Mood. p. 125
  • Chap. 4. Of the Gerunds. p. 130
  • Chap 5. Of Participles of the Present, and Preterit Tense. p. 135
  • Chap. 6. Of the Participles of the Future Tense. p. 141
  • [Page] Chap. 7. How to reduce a Participle to the Finite Moods of its Verbs. p. 145
  • Chap. 8. How, and when the Impersonal Verb should be reduced to a Personal. p. 148
  • Chap. 9. When, and how you should reduce an Active to a Passive, or contrarily p. 154
  • Chap. 10. What must be done when you joyn two Verbs of a diverse construction with one word. p. 159
  • Chap. 11. Concerning the mark of an Active Verb, and the Regiment of Passive Verbs, and Verbs of Receiving. p. 161
  • CHapter, 1. Concerning the Relative Par­ticles (Qui, Quae, Quod.) p. 166
  • Chap. 2. Of the Particles, (Quis, Quan­tus, Qualis, Cùm, Postquàm, Tame [...]si, Etiamsi, Quamvis, Quando.) p. 174
  • Chap. 3. How to distinguish (Quidam) with (Aliquis or Quispiam) and concerning the proprieties of (Quispiam and Ullus.) p. 177.
  • Chap. 4. Of the Pronoun (Quisque.) p. 180
  • Chap. 5. Of the Pronouns (Alius, and Alter, and wherein they differ. p. 182
  • Chap. 6. Of the Pronouns (Sui, and Suus.) p. 188
  • Chap. 7. Of the Negative Particles, Non, [Page] Hand, Nemo, Nunquàm, Nullus, Ni­hil, Nèc, Neque, &c. p. 192
  • CHap 8. Of the words (Patria) and (Gens) p. 194
  • CHap. 9. Of (Persuadeo) and (Mo­neo.) p. 195
  • Chap. 10. Of the Verbs (Consentio, Dis­sentio,) and their Synonimies. p. 198
  • A Catalogue of Verbs which have diverse Regiments and Constructions, under one signification. p. 200
  • Verbs, that in changing their Syntax, change their signification. p. 233
  • Most easie and usefull Rules which ought to be Learned and Practised, by all those who are Inexpert in matter of Exer­cise or Composition. p. 235
FINIS.

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