The Proceedings, Of the Imperiall Generalissimo the Duke of Fridland. His discamping, deviding of his Army; owne Atchievements; and his ioy­ning with Holck, Gallas and Pappenheim. All Historically led along from his rising from before Norimberg, untill the day of the Battell of LVTZEN.

THose two great Antagonists of our times, his Majestie of Sweden, and his Excellency the Duke of Frid­land; were now becomne the pub­lickest persons, of our Christian World: scarcely was there any one man, of all the affectionates to the Protestant Party, (that dealt for but 50. pounds a yeere) but the King of Swedens proceedings, had some secret influence and activity, upon himselfe and fortunes. For the Duke of Fridland; we first see, how much straining among the Catholike Party there had beene, to set him out; how many feares and hopes, did still depend upon his conduct; and what a weakenesse and emptinesse, there was in the whole Empire besides; all the time that the strength [Page 77] of it was under him, employed against the King of Sweden. Whilest all men were in expectation, what the Norimberg Leaguers would come unto; that mighty and vaste bodie of the Empire, grew feebler still and feebler, in all the other parts of it: which, when Walenstein gat at large, was by the succours sent out of his Army, iollily cherisht and nurst up againe.

So feeble was the Empire at home, even in its owne Au­stria; that it was neither able to kill; nor so much as to shake off, its owne vermine: (for no better were they at Vienna esteemed) those These Boores rise not for Re­ligion (they were not Pro­testants, all) but by reason of the new taxations. And therefore when they sent to the King of Sweden for Lea­ders, he refused them: nobly scorning to conquer his enemy, by his Rebels. mutinous Boores, I meane, which became troublesome in the Over, Ens and upon the Danuby, in a po­pular Commotion. Every where abroad, had the Swedish Armies the better; and the Imperiall the worst of it. Horn was victorious in Triers and Alsatia, and had thence frighted out Ossa and Monte Cuculi. Arnheim and Dubalt, had ut­terly, almost, beaten downe all opposition in Silesia: and would have suddenly beene at very good leysure, either to have converted their Armes upon Bohemia; or to have sent home forces enow, to have throwne Holck out of Misnia. There was little to doe about Bavaria, till that Monte Cu­culi had iust now broken in againe. Cratz (falling into Wa­lensteins displeasure, as I heare,) was sent away prisoner to Vienna: and in his absence, Fugger did but shufflle up and downe, in those quarters. Duke Iulius Administrator of Wirtemberg, The State of the warres abroad, when the King and Walenstein parted. and Sir Patricke Ruthven about Vlm and Over­land; were still upon the getting hand in the Circle of Schwa­ben: there being no maine Army in the field, constantly, to oppose them thereabouts; but some few forces of the Arch-Duke Leopolds, and the Boores onely. The Army under Ge­nerall Wrangle (with whom Sir George Fleetwood is, with his English Regiment) had a quiet Quarter of it, in Prussia: the Pole, (whom he was set but to obserue) being busied now at home, about the election of their owne King; and in feare of the Muskovite from abroad. The Swedish garrisons about Pomern and Mecklenburg; wanted worke: and the Spaniards [Page 78] and the Lorrayners, were as good, at this time, as quite out­ted, all over Germany. Of all the Imperiall Generalls, was Pappenheim onely able to wagge: and he, indeed, made a scambling kind of warre of it in the Lower Saxony: whom yet the Court of Ʋienna had desired, to ioyne with his Generalissimo.

And this was the constitution of the Swedish Armies, when the King and the Duke of Fridland, rose from about Norimberg: the Kings men, had either no action at all, or every where (but in the lower Saxony) the better of it. The same power (now) that had given them these advantages; would every day also have increased them: and the Imperiall Armies were brought to that passe; that they were every day in danger to be beaten: after which it was likely to be a long day, ere they would be re-enforced. This was one of the reasons, by which the Duke of Fridland used to excuse him­selfe, from fighting it out with the King of Sweden: for (saith he) if my Army be overthrowne, Walensteines reason for not fighting. the Emperor my Master can hardly (at least not this yeere) bring another Army into the Field: whereas the Swedish will quickely recreute their losses, by the emptying of their garrisons. Iust the an­swer of a Turkish Captive, unto the Christians. The losse of an Army to the Grand Signior, my Master, is but like the shaving of his beard, the bush will grow againe: but tis like the lopping off a limme, to the Christians, never to be recovered.

All this could hardly have beene avoyded on the Imperi­all party, could but the King of Sweden have laine long e­nough by it, to have made Walenstein rise first: who might not then have devided his Army, to relieve other places (which thereupon must have suffered) but have kept all his power together, out of the expectation to be fough­ten withall. But this, the Kings necessities before spoken of, prevented.

The Duke of Fridlands late comming unto Norimberg, was to coope up the King of Sweden: by which first act of [Page 79] his power, he seem'd, at first hearing, What Walen­stein had done all this time upon the King, to have gained this re­putation unto his cause; That he had, at least, put the King of Sweden to a Demurrer, if not utterly Non-suited him. For this service, was the Generalissimo (as he deserved) much courted and thanked from Vienna: his discreet conduct in it, extraordinarily applauded by his Master: yea and his authori­ty (upon demaund) by anew Imperiall Commission, strangely now augmented. The Kings necessities having brought him to it, That he must needs rise first, or lye still and doe nothing; Walenstein contented himselfe with this honour, That he had put him to these necessities.

The King being first marcht off; and Walenstein by his es­pialls assured, that it was no plot in the King; no tricke to wheele about, and to assayle him in another quarter; He rises: but that he was already set downe at Neustat, for the refreshing of his Army: he, having no more to doe here, resolues also to be rising. This motion was much put forward by these and the like reasons.

First, Should he lye long, other places must suffer: and his reasons for it. so that there was a present and a pressing necessity for him to relieve other places, with some of his forces. The Generall-Adjutant Zinzindorff, is therefore sent with 2. Regiments into Austria; to represse the Commotion of the Boores, there. Gallas is with 4. Regiments, dispatched thorow the Vpper Palatinate into Voitland, to enable Holck to doe the more mischiefe there, and in Misnia: so to enforce the Duke of Saxony, to recall his Army out of Silesia.

Secondly, He perceived his mightie vaste Army, to waste away apace. Some thousands had beene slaine; many dead, and runne away; divers spoyl'd, and made unserviceable. The bloody Fluxe reigned mightily in his Leaguer: and the souldi­ers great complaint was, of an extraordinarie want, both of Physicke and of Surgerie.

Thirdly, His Horses, (the pride and strength of his Army, at his first comming) beganne now to die apace: of which he had at least 14. or 15000. starved, & yet I speake much within [Page 80] compasse, of what I have heard. Their Carrion was very noysome unto the Quarters: and yet had his men taken better order, then the Kings people had, to carry away and bury them.

Fourthly, The Kings labour, he knew, to be one of these two: either to cut off his victuals or provisions from him; or else to fall into some friends country. If the King, now, should doe the first, then could not he lye long: and if the second, then would the King have gotten the start of him. The greatnesse of his spirit being to be of the active, fore-hand; to make the King of Sweden follow him; and not he to fol­low the King of Sweden.

Fifthly, The Towne of Norimberg, though it had beene part of his errand for comming thither; yet besides that hee should be likely to loose his labour, in attacking a place so well-provided for resistance: he did not thinke it Souldier-like done of him, to sit taking of one towne, whilest his enemy should be conquering of whole Countryes. For No­rimberg, therefore, he tooke order to have it still blockt up; by Gallas taking of Lauff, and other townes and Passes about it: and for the rest, he would try Masteries with the King of Sweden, who should divert one another.

Sixthly and lastly, he might doubt, That when the King of Sweden should have well ayred, refreshed and recreuted his Army: and have provided himselfe of new Horses: that hee were then likely enough to returne a-fresh upon his Leaguer; and then either put him to fight, or starve by it.

Which of the two Armies, could then have found the sharper swords, or the fuller Bandeliers; must now have beene left unto the tryall: but the Walsteiners, by having the stronger place of encamping, and the fuller knap-sacks; pre­vented their being put unto that tryall.

Wednesday, September 12 ^th, was the day appointed for dis­camping. Repairing the Bridge, therefore, over the river Rednitz a little North of Furt: hee there wafts over his whole Army: not halfe so great now, as when he first came [Page 81] to Norimberg. Some writing tels mee, that Walensteins re­moovall was by night: but in that (me thinks) his haughty spirit is much injuryed: hee that upon a march, forbids to have the Ports shut where he Quarters: would never, I sup­pose, steale away by a dark lanterne. And that it was not in the darke, was visible enough at present: for the Souldiours not onely set fire upon their Huts and Quarters, at their rising; but upon the Countrey too. A hundred Dorps and houses, were now drest up in flame, in the Marquisate of Onspach, and the Iurisdiction of the Norimbergers: as if to sacrifice to Mars or Bellona, with this Hecatomb. Foule warres, or no warres, is a Maxime among some souldiours, otherwise not cruelly minded: but Walenstein is not so well made up in this; for that his haughtinesse wants an alloy or temperature of pittie, in it. The Crabats, sure, had done nothing extraordi­narily worthy of a triumph: and yet could they not find in their hearts to leave the Countrey, without kindling of 100 Bonfires in it. Nor is this the first time, that Walenstein hath done so: but as if he this way affected, to be called the Thun­derbolt of Warre; hee nor goes nor comes, scarcely, but in flames and flashing, and in this imitated lightning.

All the time that the Imperiall Army was marching by, the Swedish Forces in and before Norimberg; stood caute­lously upon their guards: and the Army being a little past them, some troopes of Horse (as usually in such cases they will doe) fell out of the towne and Trenches, and exchan­ged a few bullets with their Reere; though little or nothing to the purpose. I omit the Norimbergers rifling of the for­saken Leaguer: where for want of Horses, the Imperialists had left an incredible world of Military luggage behind them. This, as it showed how excellently well provided, Walenstein had comne into the Field: so it was a kind of Iustice, to leave the Norimbergers something of good value behind them: to pay themselves withall, for the courtesie and cost, they should bestow upon the many maimed and sicke souldi­ers; which were there found a starving and a stinking. This [Page 82] is the guise and fortune of the warres: nor can these who have beene bred full tenderly have their mothers with them in the Leaguer, to looke to them. By these was the want dis­covered, which since the Kings going, was increasing every day more then other: and the reasons given (which wee have before pointed at) for Walensteins discamping.

The deviding of the Imperi­all Army,A little beyond the Citie; is the Imperiall Army devided. Zinzindorff (as we told you) is sent to Austria: and Ge­nerall-Major Gallas with part of the Army, goes Eastward towards Lauff, of Gallas, we shall tell you altogether, by and by. two leagues from Norimberg; which having taken, with some other townes, to keepe the Norimbergers blockt up: he marches by the corner of Bohemia, into Mis­nia. The two Dukes of Fridland and Bavaria; turning fa­ces about to the left; come the first night unto Bruck, ten English miles to the North of Norimberg, and sixe from Furt. Walensteins way, The river of Rednitz, he still kept upon his left hand: which was a sure barricado on that side against the King of Sweden. Walenstein in deviding his Army, had this good con­sideration: that having sent away his two great Officers, Holck before, and Gallas now: yet it was but to the place where he meant to follow them; or could, if he were put to it, presently recall them. His meaning was, to undoe the Duke of Saxony: and thither had he sent these two. Him­selfe advanc't now towards Duringen: and thither was it agreed that Pappenheim, from the Weser, should come and joyne with him. This was Walensteins happinesse, that the place marckt out for his revenge, lay so conveniently for him.

Numbers,The numbers of his Army, were not above twelve thou­sand (besides nine or ten thousand of the Duke of Bavariaes) Foote, or fifteene thousand complete marching men, (at the most) and nine or ten thousand Horse: and so much had the King intelligence of. The rest of his sixtie thousand, had beene kill'd, dead, runne away, sent other where, with Holck, Gallas, Zinzindorff and into Bavaria: put into garrisons in the Ʋpper Palatinate: or left behind, sicke and maymed, in [Page 83] the Quarters: for certainly, both Walenstein and the King, lost more for either of their parts, at this lingring Leaguer; then the King and Tilly both, at the great Battell of Leipsich. Walenstein at his first rising, had given order for the sending before of some of his greater Ordnance, unto Forcheim: for guarding whereof, hee supposed a small Convoy would be sufficient. and order of marching. Some Swedish Horse-Partees (as it chanced) were at that time gone abroad into the Bishopricke of Bamberg: who being by the Boores discovered unto Walenstein; caused him to countermand his owne order, and to have his Ord­nance, from thence-forth, to march with the grosse of his Army. Where the breadth of the way would suffer him, there he advanced in Battaglia: the Dragooners with their Muskets, Shovels, and Mattocks, (with which they still ride) were euer sent before, to make good the Passes: and the Cra­bats, (being his nimblest Horse) were still left behind, to bring up the Reere of the Army. And in the souldierly wari­nesse of this equipage, he marches unto Forcheim: for in the neerenesse of an active enemy, it much concerned him to bee thus wary.

The Army being come to Forcheim; was there in a friends Countrey, and in good Quarter: and there I finde Walenstein to have stayed about ten dayes or a Fortnight. Here had hee notice first given him, of the King of Swedens going with halfe his Army towards Bavaria: and of Duke Bernards staying with the other halfe, about the Main-streame. Ac­cording to this intelligence, he now disposes of his Forces. The Duke of Bavaria, being most startled at it; desires to take leave of the Generalissimo, with his part of the Army: requesting that Altringer with his Regiment and Coloredoes, might goe along with him, for the direction of the Militia. The Duke of Fridland grants it; and himselfe waiting (as he call'd it) upon the Duke of Bavaria, as farre as Bamberg: Bavaria parts with Walenstein, to goe home­wards. after a few dayes he takes leave of him, with much seeming courtesie and solemnitie. Courtiers enough, they were both of them: and both of them though high-spirited Princes, [Page 84] yet so artfully commanding of their owne carriages; that though each of then were conscious, how much cause they had given one another to dissemble: yet with studied words and faces, did they full masterly controll all that stomacke and disrespect, by which they had thorowly, heretofore, enchafed one another. The Duke of Fridland seemed to have forgot­ten, that ever Bavaria had procured him to be cashiered from his Generallship, in the Diete of Ratisbone: and Bavaria gave the Generalissimo never a note in the Margent, how often (since this Leaguer) he had beene faine to waite, to get to speake with him. They are fellowes in Armes, from hence forward: they protested to serve one another, in all good offices; and to second one another, upon all occasions. One thing was noted betweene them, in this vieing of Comple­ments: That Walenstein was not so supple and active in his cringes, as old Bavaria. But this, (what ever his great Spi­rit meant by it) he excused by his Gowte, and other his un­weildynesses. Leaving therefore, Bavaria to his march, home­wards: we will wholly apply our selues to our Title, which is Walensteins Proceedings.

Early, September 24. went the two Dukes with the grea­test part of their Army, and 48. Peeces, from Forcheim to­wards Bamberg: which is 16. miles to the North of For­cheim; where the Mayne drinkes up the Rednitz. September 27. He is still in and about Bamberg, and those Quarters: so that his lingring thereabouts gave a shrewd suspition, of a meaning he might have to the Imperiall City of Schweinfurt, Walenstein sus­pected to have a mind at Schweinfurt; which is seated upon the Northerne banke of the Maine, some 25. English miles to the West of Bamberg. Of this Schwein­furt, was the Swedish Colonell Carl-Hart, Governour: who sending to Claus Hastfer, Governour of Konigshoven; 24. English miles to the North, and towards Duringen: did from him, about the 24. of September, receive some forces, for a strengthning. Much about the same time, had Colonell Du­badell (who still hath the command of a Regiment of Dragooners) also marcht in thither, with 13. of his Com­panies. [Page 85] Duke Bernard, likewise, upon Duke Bernards ma­king that way, being by the King entrusted with this Schweinfurt; did presently upon this, advance thi­therward.

All this appearance of resistance, caused the Imperiall Ge­neralissimo (tis beleeved) to alter his determination for Schweinfurt: and now wholly to convert his Armes, alters his resolution: against the Princes and Countries, of the 2. Electorate Families of Saxony and Brandenburg.

Of this latter Family, was the neighbour Marquesse of Bayreit; vnckle to young Onspach: whose Countrey for distinction from his Nephewes, is called the Vpper Marqui­sate. This Prince, is also Marquesse of Culmbach: and both these townes with their Iurisdictions, Walenstein now pur­poses to have about with. From about Bamberg, therefore, in the end of the moneth; sends he some forces unto Bayreit, falling upon the Marquisates of Bayreit, 43. English miles Eastward. The towne, they tooke with­out much opposition: the Burgers, for their peaces sake, consenting to giue him 10000. dollars downe upon the naile, and hostages for as many more. Kreutzetz, a pretty towne of the Marquesses, some 6. English miles to the South of Bay­reit (for what offence, I reade not) is given for pillage unto the souldiers: who have leave given them, to make up what pay the Generalissimo was behind hand with them, upon an enemies Countrey.

Thence, goes the Army towards Culmbach towne; and Culmbach. the ordinarie residence of the Marquesse; 12. English miles to the North-West: neere which, the 2. originall streames of the river Mayne (the Red and the White) doe in one bed make an alliance betwixt their Issues. This towne being farre stron­ger then Bayreit, had put it selfe into a Posture of resistance. When as September 21. it had by Walensteins letters beene summoned in the Emperors name, to be yeelded to him. In this if they obeyed not, he threatned fire and sword; to kill and burne all. Being put from Culmbach. The City suspecting his friendship to be as pernicious to them, as his enmity; sends him the deniall. Here­upon his men now breaking into the country; to the full, per­forme [Page 86] as much, as their Generalissimo had threatned. They sometimes also are bold to come neere the towne, and to giue it summons: but these being answered by the Cannon, they finding themselues likely to get nothing here, but leaden and iron dollars; hote sent them out of the mint: content themselues to have burnt the Mills about the towne, and to have plundered the villages, and then to draw off their Army.

And now have at the House of Saxony: whose lands lye all the way from hence, to the very Elb. From Culmbach, therefore, goe they unto Coburg: 22. English miles to the North-West of Culmbach: and so farre due North of Bam­berg. The towne and faire Castle here, belongeth unto the Duke of Saxon-Coburg, unckle unto the Dukes of Saxon-Weymar: and that was one of Walensteins quarrels to it. A second was, for that the Duke of Saxon-Coburg, with the Marquesse of Culmbach, had the 7. of May before; con­ioyned their forces with the Swedish Colonell Claus Hastfer: to make an Aenslaught upon the towne of Cronach, belong­ing unto the Bishop of Bamberg. This enterprise, though through the cowardise of the Boores employed upon it, it had miscarried; yet had it given a iust occasion to an enemie, to be revenged of the affront-offerers. Walenstein, hereupon, presenting his grosse before the Towne; found not the same opposition here, which those of Culmbach had before made him. The towne being thereupon entred: thorowly e­nough paid downe, for the ransome of its owne cowardise: and affoorded pay enough unto the souldiers; considering their small paines in taking of it. Here, were many a rich Packe and Bale of merchandise, made prize of: which ha­ving beene sent towards Leipsich Mart, by the Merchants of Ausburg, He takes the townes of Coburg. Norimberg, and other places; were iust comne in­to this towne, to be sent onwards, a night or 2. before that Walenstein came afore it. The Dukes Palace within the Towne, fell also to the souldiers ransacking: which the Duke, in the feare of an old man, having with too much haste for­saken: [Page 87] had there also left his houshold-stuffe, with a great part of his treasure. And this was done, in the very beginning of our October.

The towne being thus mastered, and laying siege to the Castle, the Castle is next summo­ned: into which, a little before Walensteins comming; Duba­dell having gotten, from out of Schweinfurt: he now had the command of it. This strong Castle, stands upon a Rocke, without the towne; but yet so neere, that it lookes downe into it. The noise of the Summons, is answered, by the thun­der of the Cannon: which being lowder then the sound of the Trumpet; would not let the offered conditions, to be hearkned unto. Walensteins Ordnance, therefore, are set to reply upon Dubatells Cannon: the Generalissimo having a great desire, to take Dubatell the second time; and Dubatell being as desirous to let the Generalissimo understand, that it was a disadvantage which he had before taken him upon. Walenstein (with much adoe) having shot a breach (two some say) in the lower part of the Castle wall; he about the 3. of October, prepares all things to give a generall assault upon it. Five hundred souldiers, thereupon, being comman­ded into the dry Graff or Moate of the Castle; clap to their scaling ladders, to storme it. A great Ravelin there was, which defended the Sally-port of the Castle: and that, whilest they attacked; their fellowes, from the townes side, with continu­ed vollyes of small and great shot, entertained the besieged. Dubatell perceiving the intended Scaladoe; issues with his Dragooners immediately out of the Castle; going downe the hill towards the skalers. Having with good diligence also, brought downe some new peeces of Ordnance unto a side-Worke which flanckered the Ravelin: he so skowers both it, and the Moate at the same time: that a many of the assailants, now already halfe way mounted; came fluttering downe headlong into the Moate, and their skaling ladders after them. is repulsed by Dubatell. The Imperiall Colonell that had the point in the assault, and ledd them on; was there shot thorow the head; and dyed in a ditch among his fellowes. A young Lord or Cavalier, of [Page 88] Walensteins name and kinne; I find to have beene here slaine also. Some make him to be knockt downe by the Boores of Voitland, a little after this: but I rather consent to this wri­ting, which giues him to be kild here; for that I reade his bo­dy to be with much solemnity, carried from the Campe tho­row Zroicka in Voitland, to be enterred in his owne Lordship in Bohemia; something before that Walenstein was gotten into Voitland. But this is no great controversie.

Our Generalissimo perceiving the Castle to be strong, high situated, and raiseth his owne siege. well provided, and the besieged resolved for de­fence; he gave no more on upon it after this one repulse, had beene given him. But this was not all the reason, for the rai­sing of his siege: Duke Bernard Weymar was by this time come from Schweinfurt to Konigshoven, 17. miles due West of Coburg; and was thence marcht to Hilperhausen, upon the edge of the Duringer-Waldt, within 13. English miles to the North-West of this Coburg. And he, (as Walenstein might suspect) though not strong enough to encounter him in the open field, yet was hee able enough to disturbe him at a siege. And this siege, above all the rest; for that Duke Bernard is to be heire unto this Towne and Dukedome of Coburg, after the decease of One of these, is dead since: he namely that was then in pos­session, when his towne was besieged. two of his old childlesse Vnckles.

Now had our Generalissimo a purpose, to have advanced further to the Northward, and to have pierced thorow, by the way of the Duringer-Waldt into Duringen: where Pap­penheim was to haue ioyned with him. But this designe was now defeated, by Duke Bernards putting himselfe iust before him: By Duke Ber­nards good service. which was a very great piece of service. By this meanes, was the Castle of Coburg reskeued; and the whole little Country of Henneberg, in which it is seated. Had Walenstein gone forward with his proiect: then had Hilperhausen, Schleusing, Aischfelt, Ilmenaw, and Arnstat, beene taken by him. Then had all the Passes thorow the Duringer-Waldt, beene blockt up by his people, which the King of Sweden must by mayne force haue againe opened, before euer he [Page 89] could have comne up to Walenstein. Then, in the meane time, would he and Pappenheim, have recovered Erfurt: with the townes about it: made himselfe master, of the whole Land­graviate of Duringen; have over-runne the lands of the Du­call, (and sometimes Electorall) Family of Saxon-Weymar. Then had he, thorow that rich Country, beaten out his way into the Elector of Saxonyes Misnia: have wintered and enriched his Army in those Countries: and beene ready with the first of the next Spring, is Walensteins great proiect defeated. to have fallen into Lusatia and Silesia. Then would he have made himselfe master, of the river Elb: and so have cut off the King of Swedens retreate, home againe. Then would Walenstein haue cleered his (titu­lary) Dukedome of Mecklenburg: and hewen out himselfe a free passage, to his old Quarters in Brandenburg and Po­merania; and againe possessed himselfe, of the banks of the Baltick Ocean. And thus handsomely had our Generalissimo contrived it: the effecting of which project was worth the abandoning all the lower Saxony, by the calling away of Pap­penheim out of it: and in the highest degree concerned the King of Sweden, to make such hast out of Bavaria, to pre­vent it.

All the former part of this project, was now defeated by Duke Bernard: the taking, namely, of the Landtgra­viate of Duringen, with the Dukedome of Weymar: as likewise the conioyning of Pappenheim, with his Ge­neralissimo: which hee durst not after attempt to doe, till he knew that Walenstein was falne by another way, into Misnia.

And thus was the Imperiall Generall enforced, not to raise his siege onely from before the Castle of Coburg: but to quit likewise his intended march thorow the rich, and (of late) un-plundered Countrey of Thuringia. Turning faces about therefore, to the right; (his souldiers burning downe Helberck, Neustat, and other Dorps about Coburg) he marches directly by the towne of Cronach, into Voitland; He falls into Voitland. which his owne Holck and Gallas with their Armies, had of late so foully [Page 90] harryed. It was a deepe prepensed resolution in the Genera­lissimo, to pay the Elector of Saxony, to the purpose: he was once in a quandary, when as he had newly taken Prague; whe­ther he should first fall into Saxony, or come against the King Sweden. And had not the King beene so neere him, at that very time; in such danger to have overthrowne the Duke of Bavaria, first; and then, in his absence, to have falne into Bo­hemia: he would, (no doubt) have first gone against the Ele­ctor of Saxony.

And now, at him he goes. The Elector of Saxonyes sub­iects, (the poore Boores of Voitland) perceiuing this second tempest now comming upon them; resolue with themselues, that the best whood to beare off such foule weather, would be an head-piece. In great and confused numbers, therfore, gathe­ring themselues together to be revenged: they with the best weapons, that a rusticall fury, could put into their hands; first turne feare into despaire, and that into desperatenesse: which in stead of skill, order, and true valour; they made to serue their turnes against the invaders. Besetting the woods, there­fore, and the bye-waies; which the seeking for their lost Cowes, now and then, had heretofore made them perfect at: they with as good a will as ever Boores gate children; knockt downe such rambling and plundering boote-halers, of the Im­periall Army; as they could singly light upon, and master. This is he that rid away with my horse, cries one; downe with him: that fellow stole my 2. kyne, saies a second; cut the throat of him: and he, carried away all my wiues ducks tother day, cryes a third Boore; knocke him downe too. All the Quarter they would give the souldiers, was to quar­ter those whom they had killed; and to mangle those bodies, whom they had mawled: as if every blowe they gave a dy­ing souldier, had killed them another enemy; because it (in part) satisfied their revenge, by the acting of another cruelty. And here (saies some Relations) was the young Walenstein killed: of whom we before spake, in the action of Coburg. But the Walsteiners were even with the poor Boores for it; [Page 91] if burnings, and rapes, and ravages, could cry quittance: for, Making foule worke there: sure, the warres seemed not here to be made by enemies, but by furies.

The place of this Country of Voitland, is betwixt Durin­gen, Franconia, Misnia and Bohemia: and the reason that Walenstein did now enter into it, was partly, to beare all the country along before him; and partly, to lay the seate of the warres in an enemies Countrey. And who can denie this, to have beene souldierly done of him? But that he had first commanded in Holck and Gallas into it; and did now follow himselfe with fire and sword, in it: was not so much upon the barbarisme, or tyrannicall delight in blood and cruelty; but out of the terror of a military policy: that with the feare and horror to see his subiects so used, and his reasons for it. he might constraine the Duke of Saxony unto a sudden and disadvantageous com­position; with whom the courtships of repeated Ambassages from the Emperor, had not heretofore prevailed. And who need suspect the constancy of the Duke of Saxony, that chose rather to endure all this; then to breake his League with the Protestant Princes, and the King of Sweden?

Our Generalissimoes first Rendezvous in this Voitland, was at Plaun upon the river Elster: downe whose streame, at the distance of 60. English miles to the Northward, Leipsich standeth. To this Plaun did the Imperiall Vantguard arrive, upon Wednesday the 10 ^th. of October: the rest of the Ar­my going towards Weida, on the same side of the Elster, 12. miles neerer unto Leipsich. To this Weida, (after the Avant­guard at Plaun had the second time plundered the poore peo­ple thereabouts, as far as Zwicka) did the whole Army draw together; where he also formed a new Leaguer: He formes a standing camp. that so these severall Partees and divisions, which were sent abroad to spoile the countrey, and to bring in contributions; might have a standing Campe to retreate unto.

Leaving, after this, the Duke of Fridland still encamped about Weida; let us surveigh the other destroyed parts of the Duke of Saxonies Dominions: and see what worke Holck [Page 92] and Gallas had there, (singly and ioyntly,) since their severall sendings out from before Norimberg. And their Stories let us now fetch up; that wee may the more methodically bring them to their Generalissimo, and to the siege of Leipsich.

The Story of Holcks actions, in the Duke of Saxonyes coun­trey.And beginne we with Holck, first; who (as we have in the beginning told you) was about the 20 ^th. of Iuly, sent out with 6000. Horse and 4000. Muskettiers, into Misnia: the reasons whereof, we have there likewise given you. He ad­vancing to the edge of Voitland, within some few leagues of Egra and Bohemia; seases the smaller handsome townes first of all: as Dobruberg, Hirsberg, Lichtenberg, Sparnberg, and Hoff: all in this hilly and wooddy frontier. Next makes he towards these upon the Elster; which rises hereabouts, a lit­tle to the Southward. Olsnitz a faire towne, a little more Easterly; is forced: and burnt downe to ashes for resisting. Plaun, a good towne, about a league more Northerly up the same river, is blocked up at the same instant with some Horse troopes: and divers of the villages that belonged to it put on fire, because it surrendred not at the first summons. The rest, I omit: not so much for brevities sake, as for horror: not listing to relate the Barbarismes committed by his Cra­bats: as if they had falne in, not to make warres, but desolati­ons; or, as if they had beleeved, that a country was never tho­rowly conquered, till it were utterly destroyed.

Holck, being farre, as yet, from the Electors Court at Dresden; He besieges Zwicka: and for that reason, finding the lesse opposition to controll him: advances boldly, and attacks Zwicka, the stron­gest piece in all that country, standing about 14. or 16. miles to the North-East of Plaun aforesaid. About August 13 ^th. he first presents himselfe before the towne: and demands it to be rendred. The summons being denyed, the place is sur­rounded by his Army. It being scituated in a hilly wooddy countrey; Holck found a naturall Battery, or rising hill hard by the Castle, upon which he caused 8. peeces of Cannon to be mounted. With these, plaies he hard upon the Castle, and [Page 93] the Castle as hard upon him againe. His carriage had beene so good towards other places, since he came into the land; that the men of Zwicka, as they despaired of his mercy; so were they by that despaire armed with a resolution, to sur­mount his cruelty.

The place was defended by Colonell Kalkstein; who had beene sent in hither with 6. troopes of Horse, and some Foote-Companies: so soone as ever Holck was heard of in Ʋoitland. Holck seeing it likely to prove a long siege, sends in his Trumpet to offer them a faire parlee. This being by Kalckstein refused: he fearing to lye here so long, till the E­lector should have raised the country upon him: sends in his Trumpet the second time, with enlarged conditions. These (I reade) they were.

• 1. To alter nothing in their Religion.
• 2. To leave them in the allegeance of their Elector,
  which is ren­dred upon con­ditions.
  not tendering them an oath, to any other Prince.
• 3. To infringe none of the priviledges of their City: but to leave the keyes and Government, still with the Magistrates.
• 4. Not to spoyle the lesser neighbour townes in their Iurisdiction.
• 5. To give their garrison, souldierly and honourable conditions.
• 6. And not charge them with above 200. of his men, for a garrison.

Holck made most solemne protestations, faithfully to keep these Articles; sending them in, good hostages for it: nor doe I find, but that he afterwards kept his promise, well enough with them.

The Elector of Saxony being startled with these tydings; sets out his Ban and Arrier-ban, to call all his Tenants, and and those that held upon him in any Service: to arme for the defence of the Country. The Felt-Marshall Arnheim, like­wise, is with all diligence sent unto, to dispeede downe such troopes as he could well spare, out of Silesia: Hereupon, is [Page 94] the Colonell Ʋitzdum sent downe with his Regiment, unto Dresden. This was about the 20 ^th. of our August.

He plunders Aw, Zwicka now at Holcks devotion; he next assaults Aw (or Augusta) where the Elector had a house of pleasure. Here the souldiers found very rich Hangings, and other furnitures of Court; which were never meant for the entertainment, of such course people. Schopa, a towne upon a river of that name, which runnes into the Mulda, is next falne upon: 6. leagues to the East of Zwicka. Some oppositions being here made, did something colour over that steine of blood; liberally here shed by the Conquerors.

and besieges Chemnitz: Chemnitz, some 7. miles to the North of Schopa, held them more tacke: the hilly and the wooddy scituation, ma­king the place something the stronger; and the Townsmen the more confident. Desperate, I should have said: seeing to that degree had Holcks usage driven all those townes, that had but any hopes of resistance. Some tolerable conditions, Holck, offered unto them: which they durst not so well trust unto, as unto their owne strengths and resolutions. They are besieged: and Holcks men tooke the paines (which here onely, and at Zwicka they had beene put unto) to make use of the Spade, and to bring forward their Approaches. Some countrey Boores being gotten in hither, for their safe­ties, (enow to make up 10. Companies) armed with desire of reuenge, (especially for their Barnes, which the Imperialists had set fire upon) now sallye out upon the Approaches. Shovells they had with them, which weapon, none could use better: and with these, they laboured to fling the earth againe into the lines and rowling Trenches, which the Im­periall Pyoners were now a running. But this being but the Boores Schollers-prize, and they having to doe with Masters of Defence, they were quickly beaten in againe, under the fa­vour of their owne Ordnance. which he is for­ced to give over. The Townsmen kept their owne, for all this: and would not (like Zwicka) hearken unto termes of Treaty: so that the Imperialists were faine to levy their owne siege, and leave them to their liberty.

I can report nothing worthy of a History, in these actions. Plainely, there was not extraordinary much good service done, worthy of a souldier: unlesse this be of honourable report to him; that he made very foule warres of it. For next, burnes he Curbitz, Pesteritz, and Wilsdorp: this last, being within 4. English miles of Dresden. Early in the mor­ning (which proved misty) August 28. did the Crabats make a Cavalcado to affront Dresden: where the Elector was then resident. The City taking the Alarme at it, let flye some peeces of Ordnance amongst them, whereupon they retyred. At broad day light the Ports being opened, some troopes of Iagers and Stalburgs, were sent out after them. The Horsemen of Colonell Stienau, having within a league of Dresden taken some of the Crabats: they confessed the intention they had for firing of the Suburbs. The night after, some of them burnt Oderen, upon the river Floe, 8. miles South-West of Freiberg. Others at the same time did as much at Doblen, 16. miles West of Dresden. By this it appeares that their forces were devided, for the doing of the more mischiefe: yea their prisoners avowed freely, that they had order from their Generall to set fire upon Dresden, and the whole Countrey.

By this beginning of September is Colonell Vitzdumb ar­rived at Dresden from out of Silesia: to whom divers hun­dreds of the Countrey Gentlemen, By the Saxon forces, and some thousands of the Electors Tenants, and the undone Boores resorted: to make up an Army. These being so soone as might be sent out to represse these Boutefeu's: Holck was thereupon en­forced to retire his people towards Zwicka againe; there to expect a re-enforcement by the comming downe of Gallas to him. In this expedition, did the Saxons light upon one of Holcks Quarter-masters; with whom they found some writings, is Holck enfor­ced to retire, towards the Frontiers. which made the Imperialists to be more hated in those parts: and more and more averted the Elector, from listning to any Treaty. These Papers discovered no good in­tententions in the Imperialists towards him: whatsoever [Page 96] name of peace were pretended. He had also a list of Holcks and Gallasses whole forces, about him: which I wish the Saxons had sent hither.

Vitzdumb and his men, having for the time, indifferently well cleered the Country of these Scarre-fire Crabats and Imperialists, (now retired towards Leutmaritz and Bohemia) the Elector, for easing of his purse licensed divers of these new forces. Divers Swedes also, that came out of the garri­sons of Pomeren, Brandenburg, and Mecklenburg, were re­fused entertainment: the Elector supposing the Foxe had bin dead, because he lay and stirr'd not. But Holck, did but stay for Gallas his comming in the end of September: whom (in this quietnesse) goe we a little backe, to fetch from Norimberg into Misnia.

Gallas his StoryThis Gallas was by his Generalissimo sent into the Vpper Palatinate, September 13. the designe being, first to doe a service to the Duke of Bavaria, by recovering and taking townes in that Country for him. Secondly, to keepe No­rimberg still blockt up, by taking of the neerest of their townes: Thirdly, when all was done, to conjoyne with Holck in Misnia. Gallas first of all, sets him downe before Lauff: a towne of the Norimbergers upon the Pegnitz, 8. miles East of them. Here had he not many above 2000. men and some 4. peeces of Cannon. He tooke the towne Sep­tember 14 ^th. in the night; after a dayes opposition, or else had the King of Sweden the next day relieved it. Here not­withstanding that he tooke it by agreement, yet caused he the Lieftenant that was Governor, to be hanged. Hence goes Gallas stil Eastward unto Herspruck, 4. miles further: and took that also. Some of his, are about this time sent 9. or 10. English miles more Northerly: where they take Felden, upon the same Pegnitz. From Hershbruck, his Army advances due East, unto Sultzbach; 15. miles further. The chiefe of the Citi­zens here, did he send prisoners into Amberg, 5. miles to the S. E. for that they had not paid in those 20000. dollars, which at Walsteins comming that way, had bin imposed upon them.

The good towne of Grefenberg, 11 miles North of Lauff, Having taken divers townes, in the Ʋpper Palatinate. making him some opposition; was taken, plundered, and burnt to ashes. Having served other townes so; his whole Army crosses over to the North-East, and comes to Weiden upon the river Nab; 10 or 12 miles from Sultzbach: going the same way out of the Ʋpper Palatinate, that Holck had done before him: saving onely that he goes neerer to Bohe­mia. His march now lyes up the Nab to Dirschenreyt; and so towards Wonsledel, Ruckenitz and Egra. Vpon Friday Septemb. 21. he burnes downe Wonsledel: and the Sunday af­ter, he did as much for Ruckenitz: both being the Elector of Saxonyes townes, in the edge of Ʋoitland. The good towne of Egra, on the edge of Bohemia; hauing by the Saxons beene recovered, He falles into Ʋoitland. since Walensteins sitting downe at Norim­berg: was also destinated to the same destruction. But this, was by the Saxon Colonel Haxtel prevented: both by sen­ding in provisions, for the defence of the towne; and by presenting Gallas with some moneyes, in the name of a con­tribution, for the diverting of his fury.

Thence advances Gallas, unto Hoff upon the river Sala, some 24 English miles to the North-West of Egra. His way, he directed thorow the hils and woods, upon those Frontiers: where the souldiers hoped, to light upon some of the Countrey Gentlemen and Yeomen; who with their wiues and families, were for feare fled in thither.

To this Hoff, comes he, Munday September 24: and hee had an Army of some 7 or 8000 fighting men; though he demanded bread and provisions of the Countrey, for 14000. Eight peeces of Ordnance with their furniture, drew hee a­long: and now takes he his way to Plaun, He goes to Plaun. 15 miles to the North-East of him. He had sent his Suttlers before him un­to Zwicka, 12 miles from Plaun, that they should by Wed­nesday night, provide and send him in, Provant bread enough for 14000 people: and indeed the Drablers and hangbyes of the Army, with the souldiers women and children that followed it; might make up 14000. Those of Zwicka sen­ding [Page 96] [...] [Page 97] [...] [Page 98] out some to treat with him; pacifie him with a Copy of the Articles, upon which his Forerunner Holck, had com­pounded with them. Gallas answered honourably, That he would by no meanes violate that agreement: but gave them to understand withall, that they had done very well in so compounding, and that it were best for other townes to imi­tate them: otherwise, there was nothing but fire and sword, to be expected from him. However, he must have victuals for his souldiers.

Hereupon September 26 ^th. He goes from Plaun, towards this Zwicka, as if he had meant to have seene their Store­houses: but changing his mind (it seemes) he sent some 2 or 3000, Northward towards Altemburg: himselfe, with the greatest part of the Army, going to the Northeastward, 32 or 33 English miles from Plaun aforesaid, unto Chemnitz.

Those that marcht towards Altemburg, tooke the little County of Werden along with them in their way, a little North of Zwicka: which, together with the other little Flecks or Market Townes, by the banke of the river Pleiss: they use their pleasure with. Thence goe they to Altem­burg: the Citie and Residence of the Duke of Saxon-Al­temburg: with whom, they compound for 5000 Dollars. But this would not proove a sufficient discharge against the Townes-mens being plundered: seeing that two dayes after, when Gallas sent away for them: they pillaged divers houses both in the Towne and Suburbs, at their parting. For now had Gallas need of them, he had engaged himselfe to finish what Holck before had given over in the plaine field: He takes in Chemnitz; and that was to take in Chemnitz. The Townes-men here, ha­ving enough of the sufferings that Holck had before put them to: and fearing that if he came to ioyne with Gallas, they should never be able to withstand their owne ruines: they so soone as Gallas his men were comne up to him, upon the first of October yeeld up their Towne: and upon the same conditions, joynes with Holck. that Holck had before given to Zwicka. Thence goes Gallas towards Fridberg: and there Holck [Page 99] peeces in with him.

Holck since his retyring to the Frontiers from the Saxons, having by this time wel recreuted his Army: upon confidence of that, and of Gallas comming; returned into Misnia againe, Holck fals again into Misnia. still burning the country before him, wheresoever he found any discontent or resistance. In the end of September, Holck having some 8000. men in his Army, Holck & Gallas. goes to give a second affront unto Dresden.

It was a very misty morning: under favour of which the Crabats and others were gotten into the Suburbs. Being dis­covered more by the noise then sight; the Ordnance are from the walls turned upon them: some withall sallying out a­mongst them. Holck knowing of that, comes in withall di­ligence, hoping in the mist, to beate the sallyers, and to enter the Ports pell mell together with them. But Vitzdumbs Regi­ment, sallying out upon the 2 ^d. Alarme; maintaines the fight in the pother, till the mist about noone cleered. Then could the Canoniers better discerne, where to direct their vollyes: Conioyning with Gallas, so that Holck perceiving the Action not faiseable, drawes off his men, and gives it over. This being too tough a piece for him; his next project is, to conioyne with Gallas: for which purpose, he now goes immediately towards Frieberg.

This coniunction being affected, They take Frawenstein: they October 3 ^d. fall up­on Frawenstein; a pretty towne upon a hill, some 16. English miles to the South of Dresden. Here finding some oppositi­on, they carry the town by Scaladoe; and put all (both souldi­ers and inhabitants) to the sword for it. Here they now pur­posed to reside, with their Army: for that the towne was pretty and strongly scituated. October 4 ^th. they assault Fri­berg; a handsome towne upon the river Mulda, some 10. English miles to the West of Frawenstein. Here is a beauti­full Church and a Cloyster: and in that, the Tombes of di­vers of the Elector of Saxonyes [...]ncestors. The towne was hard laid at by the Imperialists; and Friberg. and the Saxons showd them some little sport for it. But it was but for their exercise; they being no way able to hold out a generall assault, which was [Page 100] next day threatned them: and a generall destruction withall, if they yeelded not. Hereupon, October 5 ^th. is the towne given up: the defendants being able to obtaine no other con­ditions, then the saving of their lives; marching out with no other weapons, but their swords onely. Some writing tells me, that they had souldiers conditions. Divers of the richer Country people, having fled in hither (as to a place of some indifferent security) the souldiers exacted from them, and from the Townsmen, 40000. dollars contribution. The Ele­ctor of Saxonye was faine, likewise, to come off with 80000. dollars more, to save the Monuments of his Predecessors, from being ransackt and defaced. See what we have written of Tillyes souldiers ryfling of the Marquesse of Onspachs Toombs, pag: 115. of our Second Part. Tis the fashion of divers Germane Princes, to be buried in their Robes, and with their Ensignes of Honour, and perchance, Iewels, all which would have beene booty, good enough, to these Rake-shames, that make no conscience of this horrider kind of Sacriledge.

Neere this Friberg, Holcks men taking, I know not what, high displeasure at a certaine Minister of the countrey, (a man of rare learning, as Gallobelgicus calls him:) miserably, first of all, hew'd him in pieces with their swords; and then flung him to their dogs to be eaten. But they, out of a cer­taine horror, which overawed their Currishnesse and Canine appetite; The inhumane Barbarismes of the Crabats. would not so much as touch, or licke a drop of the blood of him: whereupon his Freinds, the next day, gathe­red up his pieces, and interred them. And lest this should seeme incredible, to the Readers; the Author of Le Soldat Suedois avowes, That the Crabats showd themselues ingeni­ous to invent new torments, for the poore Inhabitants: and that it was frequent with them, for want of Dogs-meate, to feede their curres with humane carneage. This if it may be true; though the dogs were the Man-eaters, yet the Crabats, surely, were the Canniballs.

Having done with Friberg, the 2. Imperiall Majors, (af­ter the taking of some smaller townes) advance towards Meissen: which is the towne that gives name to the whole [Page 101] Countrey. The place of it, is upon the westerne banke of the river Elb, some 18. English miles to the North of Friberg, and within 10. of Dresden. They take Meissen. Hither came they October 10 ^th. where finding small resistance, they the same day tooke pos­session of it.

Whilest this was a doing, the Saxon forces which were upon the Easterne side of the Elb; make towards the new bridge, that the Imperialists had over the river: which fal­ling a-board with, they tooke in sunder, and carried with them, or let the pieces drive downe the streame from them. The Saxons cut off their bridge from them. The Imperialists flew in to the reskue of their bridge, but all with the latest: for that the Saxons having begunne with that end, which was next unto the Imperialists; tooke away all meanes of their getting over to disturbe them. They let flye Cannons and Musket shot, freely enough among them: but for all that, the Saxons went thorow with their bu­sinesse. By this exploit, were the Imperialists staved off, from returning over the Elb any more, to the Eastward.

This caused them to turne all along upon the Westerne banke of it: deviding their forces thereupon, Whereupon Holck turnes to­wards Leipsich. to doe the more mischiefe. Some of Holcks men, upon Thursday Octo­ber 11 ^th. (as if to be revenged for their bridge) plunder and burne Lumnitsch: 6. English miles to the North-West of Meissen. Others of them, the same day, were flowne out as farre as Oschitz; as much further to the Northward: which, with other villages in the way, they did but pillage.

October 21, they came to Wurtzen, upon the East side of the river Mulda: 10. miles to the West of Oschitz, and halfe way betwixt it and Leipsich. Here they encountred not with much trouble. The towne pretended poverty, and that they could not pay so many dollars, as the souldiers demanded for contribution. But souldiers not using to be paid with excuses: carry away their richest Burgers to their Army: as if the Cap­tiving of their richest men, would have made the rest the abler, or, that they could have coynd the Burgers, into Dutch dollars.

October 13. doe 1800. Crabats flye out as far as Nieustat, and spoyle that countrey. Five hundred other Horse, offer as much at Salfeld: but the garrison there, perswaded them to goe home againe: which yet they did not, till they set fire upon the Suburbs. As much is by others done, to the lesser townes upon the Elb: so that the Elector of Saxony was by this time made sensible what it was to have angred Walenstein.

By this time had the Elector of Saxonyes forces, under Ʋitzdumb and Kalkstein; pressed upon the Imperiall Leaguer at Frawenburg, and made them to forsake it: for Gallas was by order from his Generalissimo, now a going towards Bohe­mia; upon the entreaty of Don Balthasar di Marradas, who commanded all in Bohemia: Arnheim and Dubalt, had sorely, by this time, over-laid the Imperialists in the lower Silesia; Gallas sent to­wards Silesia: gotten Breslaw: and made their way open, either into Moravia, or Bohemia. But of this, in its owne division.

Againe of Walenstein.By this time was our great Duke of Fridland, comne into Voitland; whom we left encamped at his Weida Leaguer. He (the more to anger the Elector of Saxony, whom he hated) sent againe some Partees towards Friberg: commanding ei­ther the rifling, or the redeeming of the Electorall Monu­ments. Holcks agreement and Safe-guards, being pleaded; Walensteins answer was, That he did not hold himselfe con­cluded, by any bargaine with his Lieftenants: so that the Ele­ctor was compeld to satisfie him.

He goes to­wards Leipsich. Holck being comne thus neere Leipsich; now beganne the Duke of Fridland to moue from his Weida Leaguer, towards Leipsich also. His march was to Altemberg, on the river Pleiss, about 24. English miles to the North of Weida where he sate downe; and cast up a royall Leaguer. Thence sends he some forces to Born, along the same river: mid-way betwixt Altemburg and Leipsich; and about 12. or 13. English miles from either. Holck mooues towards him. Thence goe they unto Schonfeld; Holck at the same time, moved also towards Leipsich.

The Leipsichers (to their terror) perceiving, which way these Cast of Falcons, (the 2. Imperiall Armies) made a Point: they, with all speede, Munday October 15. conveigh away the richest and lightest of their Merchandise, unto Wit­temberg; and so downe the Elb, unto Magdenburg and Hamborow.

The next day, a Partee of Imperiall Horse (some 60. in number) pillage the very neerest villages unto Leipsich: as Gonnewitz, Heida, Steteritz, with others. The chiefe of their expedition, was but a boote-haling voyage: for that they robbe even the market-women. Wednesday the 17 ^th. betwixt 7. and 8. in the morning, were there divers troopes of Imperiall Horse, discovered at Vblessen, neere unto Dam­berg: which continued there in Battaglia, most part of the day following. The City discharged some Ordnance at them: but they never offered to come neerer.

The 18 ^th. about noone; Walenstein sum­mons Leipsich. came there an Imperiall Trumpet into Leipsich, with 2. letters in his hand: one whereof was di­rected from the Duke of Fridland, to the Burgomaster: and the other, unto the Governor, and the military Commanders. That to the Magistrates, was to this purpose; That the Duke of Fridland his Excellency, did in faire termes desire, and in the name of his Imperiall Maiesty advise them, to commit themselues unto his mercy, as other Cities had done. That, moreover, they would receiue 200. of Colonel Hatzfelds Horse-men, into their Castle; and resigne up themselues wholly, unto the service and devotion of his Imperiall Ma­iesty. This if they refused, then had his Excellency iust cause, with his whole power to come from Altemburg upon them; and to make their ruine an example, unto all the Cities of the Empire.

The letter to the Military men, was, an invitation to them, to yeeld upon faire termes: an offer of good Quarter, to as many as would march out quietly: and of honourable condi­tions, both to Officers and Souldiers, (either on horsebacke or on foote) as many as would take entertainement. The Mi­litary [Page 104] men answered plainely, Their answer. That they would not yeeld; and the Magistrates, shufflled off the businesse to the souldiery: answering by the same Trumpet, that the Castle was a Fort, which they had no command of: nor could they tell, how to get the souldiers out of the City: and that having tendered his Excellencies letters to the Governour of the Castle, hee would not open them, because not by name directed to him. And with these answers, the Trumpet returned towards the Leaguer.

That which made the Leipsichers so valorous, in their an­swers; was a hope they had upon their Duke, partly: who was now going from Dresden unto Torgau upon the Elb: there (as they hoped) to stay for Arnheims comming out of Silesia with the Army. They had a confidence also, upon Duke Bernards comming to relieve them, by the way of Du­ringen. But that hope, was quickly dasht by Pappenheims falling into the said Duringen: who gat before hand with Duke Bernard: which Duke had neither strength nor com­mand to relieue them.

Friday October 19 ^th. about noone; some Imperiall horse­men, together with 80. Muskettiers; drew neere unto the wals of the City; and about the burying place (commonly cal­led Gods-Aker) they made an orderly Court of guard: which they held unto the evening. About 2. a clocke, the former Trumpet came againe into the City. Being presently brought before the Magistrates: and delivering his summons by word of mouth; he by word of mouth had his deniall given him. His message was. That his Excellency the Duke of Fridland, had not been used to be put off with words; nor to send twice to one purpose: and therefore did now advise them to give him a speedy satisfaction, by putting themselues under his obedience: otherwise, they must not hereafter expect any mercy, but to be made an example to all that continued in their obstinacy. The Cities answer was, That they had no power to dispose of their Princes City, without their Princes leave for it: and therefore desired his Excellency to rest satis­fied [Page 105] with it. By this time, a greater strength of Imperiall Horse, presented themselues before the City, to answer whom, did some Muskettiers make a sally: the Ordnance from the walls likewise playing very hard upon them. About 4. a clock, divers Imperiall Cornets more, charging hard upon the Leipsich Muskettiers, beate them into the City.

Sunday October 21. by breake of day, did the Imperiall Armies begin to draw round about the towne: and to bring on their Ammunition, and all other preparations for a siege. Then beganne the Walsteiners to breake the ground, and to bring forward their Approaches. Some Muskettiers, were immediately also lodged in one of the Suburbs. The Ordnance went off roundly from all parts of the wall: whose peales continued untill the evening. This day, were two other Trum­pets sent from the Leaguer into the surrownded City; who were brought into the Statehouse before the Magistrates: to whom they in the afternoone delivered their message. About this time, was there a short pawse or cessation from shooting. These Trumpets being returned into the Leaguer; another was presently dispatched towards the City: so willing was our Generalissimo to winne a towne by parlyes, rather then by fighting. This Trumpet was not dispatched till within euen­ing. The report went, of his message, That the Duke of Fridland vowed he would have the City, either by faire meanes, or by foule: and if they would yeeld it willingly, they should haue good Quarter: but in case they stood it out; he protested deeply, that neither man, woman nor child, no nor so much as a dog; should ever goe alive out of the City. Wa­lenstein was as likely to be a man of his word, as any man (that I know) in the world, in Turky or in Christendome.

The Imperiall Foote that were lodged in the Suburbs, let flye their vollyes into the City: with which, though divers were hurt, yet was there but one boye slaine out-right, neere unto the great Colledge. About night, they began on both sides to draw towards an agreement: and yet (as those of Leipsich write of themselues) very doubtfull it was whither [Page 106] or no they should ever come to an accord; for that the townesmen were very resolute, and averse from yeelding. It being once darke, the Imperialists out of the Suburbs; heaved hand-Granadoes, and other Wild-fires, into the City: which not onely gave light, but fire also in 2. places unto it. This was with much diligence, and little losse, quenched: nor did Fire-balls doe much more hurt, then take off one souldiers right legge, whereof next morning he died. The fight on both sides continuing, another Imperiall Trumpet presented himselfe before the Ports of the City: but the small and great shot going off so incessantly, both from the walls and Castle; it was hote staying for him there: that he againe re­turned, without delivering of his message. Presently was he sent backe againe: and this was the summe of his errand. That his Excellency the Duke of Fridland, was contented to allow them 6. houres more, to consider upon it: in which time if they resolved to entertaine parly, they should send him out their Deputies unto Schonfeld, where they should be treated with.

By 6. a clocke the next Munday morning October 21. Some of the Ʋniversity, ioyned with others of the City Counsell and Magistrates; repaire unto Schonfeld: where af­ter an houres deliberation, they on both sides came to agree­ment for the rendring of the Citie. About noone, the Impe­riall forces, with sound of Drumme, and all gallantry, entred the City, presently possessing themselues of the Petriner Col­ledge. About 4. a clocke the same day, did the Felt-Marshall Holck, and many other Imperiall Officers; ride also into the same Colledge: taking a diligent view all about it; how they might most conveniently plant some peeces of Ordnance in it, to play thence upon the Castle. Hereupon were 4. halfe Cannons brought into the City; and 3. Batteries were with Horse-dung and boards upon them made up immediately, a­gainst the Castle. One, was neere the Peters Tower, and the other 2. in the Petriner Colledge aforesaid. Vpon each of these Batteries, they mounted one peece of Ordnance: and [Page 107] with every one of them, they plaid all that whole night, up­on the Castle. Divers Ensignes of Foote, kept their guards upon the Market place, in the meane time: amongst whom, was there a goodly troope of Curiassiers (Horsemen in com­pleate harnesse) consisting of some 180.

The Commander of the Castle the same man (as I heare) that before delivered it up to the Generall Tilly, the day be­fore the last Battell of Leipsich, and called Iohannes Vopelius, hung out the defensive Banner from the top of the Castle; and (as if he scorned to be twice taxed, with the shame of giving over one Castle) he plaid very hard with his great Ordnance upon the Imperialists: even from their first entring into the Colledge; untill broad day light upon Tuesday mor­ning. That day, being the 23 ^d. the Imperialists having dis­charged their Ordnance but 17. times in all; the bloody Flag was taken downe from the Castle; and a white Flag of truice put up in the roome of it: to signifie their desire of a com­position. Shooting is then given over: and hostages and Deputies are sent one to another, to conclude upon the con­ditions: That evening were they accorded: and to this purpose.

First, Leipsich Castle rendred. That all those Citizens that were fled into the Ca­stle, together with the souldiers, should march out with bagge and baggage; the Citizens taking passes of the Gene­ralissimo, to goe whither they pleased: or otherwise to abide in the City.

Secondly, That the garrison should march out with co­lours flying, matches lighted, full armes, &c.

These marching forth of the Castle; 2. Companies of Imperialists, immediately take possession of it. That very e­vening were the Burgers called together, and commanded to bring their Armes to be laid up into the State-house. That night, was the neighbour village of Eiteritch, by the Impe­rialists burnt downe to the ground: divers houses also with­in Leipsich; those especially next unto the Castle and river, were plundered. The next morning, were such like insolen­cies [Page 108] by sound of Drumme, and upon paine of death forbid­den: so that the souldiers the next night committed no more such pillages.

The 24 ^th. day, nothing of moment passed more within the City: excepting onely that the Magistrates and Burgers were called together to pay downe 50000. Rixe-dollars, for a pre­sent contribution, and were charged to discover what goods they had of the Ausburgers or Norimbergers. The 3. or 4. next dayes, were all the buildings and watch-houses about the Castle, puld downe or slighted.

Other things done by Walen­stein, in the time of the siege of Leipsich.In the meane time that the most of the Army, are at the siege of Leipsich: some other Partees are sent out from the Imperiall Leaguer at Altemburg, to reduce or plunder the countrey. Some advance out, as farre as Torgau upon the Elb, to intercept that Passe, if they had beene strong e­nough. But into that, had the Elector of Saxony, put 6. Companies of Colonel Loesers Foote, 11. troopes of Colonel Taubens Horse, being also enquartered in the neigh­bour villages.

October 19 ^th. other Imperiall Partees made themselues Masters of Weissenfels upon the river Sala, Hee takes Weissenfels, due West of Leipsich: and of Mersburg, a little more to the Northward downe the same river, and upon the other side of it. This is an Appropriate Bishopricke, held by the Elector of Saxony: and here is a bridge over the Sala. Now also did Holck make his demands for Tillyes arrier of money, due from Naum­burg; Mersburg and Naumburg. and sent 36. Muskettiers into the Towne to be the safe-guards of it. From Mersburg, goe they with a strong Partee, unto Hall: still more Northerly downe the Sala. To this good towne, the Imperialists made this proposition; That it should furnish them with bread for 2000. men, but for 2. daies onely: and for so long a time, admit their Gene­ralissimo with his Retinue into their City, and accommodate him. The Burgers obtaining respite till 6. a clocke the next morning; returned this answer: That whereas they had re­ceived letters from Holck, that some of their Magi­strates [Page 109] should appeare before his Generalissimo at the Lea­guer of Altemburg: they could not, till they knew his pleasure, furnish the demaundants with the bread desired of them.

Some few daies after, is the Colonell Hatsfeld, (brother to the expulsed Bishop of Wurtsburg) sent with 6. troopes of Horse unto this Hall, to propose these, (not propositions, now, but) commands, unto the Burgers.

First, That they should be well advised of the oath, which they had sometimes taken unto the Emperor.

Secondly, That presently they should send, the bread be­fore demanded.

Thirdly, That they should take in, and for 2. daies main­taine, the Generalissimo, with those that he should bring with him.

Fourthly, That they should precisely send him word, how strong the garrison in their Castle was, and how well provided.

The Burgers perceiving Walenstein to be in good earnest; Is admitted into Hall towne. open their ports, immediately, unto the Imperialists: who presently fall to besieging of the Castle. But the Swedes (whom the King had left in it, presently after the Battell of Leipsich,) so well put them off; that they were forced to re­tire from it. but is repulsed from the Castle

By this time, are the Towne and Castle of Leipsich taken; and the Army drawne together to Altemburg. Then had the Generalissimo a designe upon Torgau: from whence the Par­tee he had lately sent thither, had beene turned backe againe. His designe upon Torgau diverted. By the taking of this Torgau; should he be master of a bridge over the Elb-streame: his way would be opened into the lower Lusatia, and the Marck, of Brandenburg: yea and the whole conquest of Saxony, made more faiseable to him. For this purpose, did the Imperiall Army about the 26. or 27 ^th. of October, remove it selfe unto Eilenburg; a towne upon the river Mulda, halfe way betwixt Leipsich and Tor­gau. To this place, came there an Expresse from the Count [Page 110] of Pappenheim, of his being hard at hand with his forces: whereupon the Imperiall Army returned backe againe to the Westward, (besides and beyond Leipsich:) and went and ioyned with the Pappenheimers about Mersburg. by the cōming of Pappenheim: Pappen­heim being comne, perswaded his Generalissimo, by and by; to passe over the Sala into Duringen, with the maine of his Army; and to goe and take in Erfurt, Weymar, and all the chiefe Passes and Posts, of that countrey. He wrought so upon him, chiefly with the faiseablenesse of the Action; that there was no likelihood of opposition in those parts: Duke William of Saxon-Weymar having but 4. And his designe upon Erfurt defeated; or 5000. men for the guard of all these townes; and himselfe lying now sicke at Erfurt. A shrewd counsell! seeing by the taking of this countrey, (and of the Passes thorow the Duringer-Waldt, after this) the backe doore had both beene barr'd and bolted; by which the King of Sweden should have broken in to disturbe them. This was once Walen­steins owne plot, to have comne, namely, this way into Misnia.

Whilest he therefore prepares to put this designe in exe­cution, he hath word brought him, not onely of the King of Swedens being comne to Erfurt; by the com­ming of the King of Sweden. but of the advancing of the Van of his Army, towards the Sala. This was Duke Bernard, indeed, who was comne a day or 2. before, to pur­sue the Reere of Pappenheim: as in the end of the Kings Sto­ry we have told you. Hereupon, is the case altered: so that Tuesday the 30 ^th. of October, went there out a Proclama­tion from the Generalissimo, Walenstein cal­ling his Army together: That all Imperiall Officers and souldiers, should upon paine of death, repaire unto their Regiments and Colours in the Army: all Officers, the same evening, being by an Expresse commanded out of Leipsich. Wednesday October 31. did the whole Imperiall Army ad­vance from Mersburg unto Ranstadt, and Lutzen; betwixt Mersburg and Leipsich: whereabouts they quartered.

November the first, being Thursday; were there 3. Cornets of Horse sent backe into Leipsich, to be enquartered within [Page 111] the Citie: more Horsemen with their Baggage, the next day comming in after them. The Soldat Suedois affirmes, that Walenstein and Pappenheim both, came into Leipsich to take a view of it, and to have it fortified for the place of their Retreat: but the Iournall or Diarye of these Actions, printed in the selfe same Leipsich Novemb. 13. mentions no such matter. The same first of November, went there two Posts thorow Leipsich, unto Gallas; to cause him to hasten backe with his Forces: which I heare to bee about nine or ten thousand: though fifteene thousand say some Relations. And now were the Leipsichers enforced to pay in their fifty thousand Dollars: which October 24 they had agreed upon.

Vpon this first of November, likewise; did the Imperiall Army remoove towards Weissenfels upon the river Sala; encamps at Weissenfels. eight English miles West of Lutzen. He sent also the Colonel Suvis, with his Regiment of Foot; and the Colonell Bre­daro (so my Spanish Relation writes both their names) to take in Naumburg. The Horsemen leading the way, found the King of Swedens Vantgard there before them: so that Bre­daro's Horse having some slight skirmish in the Suburbs, with the Swedish; returned againe to Weissenfels. These were those, which we called the 600 Imperiall Horse; who (as in the end of the Kings Story we told you,) were com­ming to take in Naumburg.

And now for that we can by no better meanes come by the motions on the Imperiall side, then by the discovery made by one of their owne: I will here, therefore, make use of my Spanish Relation written by a Walsteiner, and twice printed in Lisbone.

The King (sayes my Author) being passed the river, and lodged with his Army before Naumburg: the Imperiall Ar­my marched up likewise in Battell array, before Weissenfels. The Kings men about this time, putting out some few troopes of Horse, there fell out some encounters betwixt them and the Crabats, but nothing to the purpose. The Kings men retiring suddenly, the Imperiall Army disposed [Page 112] of it selfe, in the small villages about Weissenfels: newes be­ing brought after a while, that the King did fortifie his Campe about Naumburg. Walenstein was once in the mind, to have marcht presently, and to have encountred with the King of Sweden: but by reason that the ordinary way be­twixt Weissenfels and twelve English miles distant. Naumburg, was but narrow and troublesome to march; because of the continued moun­taines: he onely sent out Iulio Deodati Quarter-Master-Ge­nerall, to goe with a good guard of Crabats about by the way of Zeitz; to take a view of a more commodious pas­sage; and of the place and posture that the King was lod­ged at.

Zeitz, is up the Elster, the river of Leipsich: 14 miles South-East of Naum­burg: and 12 from Weissen­fels.But his excellency the Generalissimo in an action of that importance, was first desirous to heare the advice of all his Colonels: for the getting whereof he employed the Count of Pappenheim. The Colonels disswaded the encounter, up­on these considerations.

First, of the Kings being already lodg'd and fortified, in a Post of so advantageous a situation.

Secondly, for that the time of yeere was so farre spent, and winter so neere comming on, that keeping the Field would be most incommodious for the Army.

The Reasons why Walenstein assaulted not the King.Thirdly, and above all, for that tydings were now comne apace, of Count Henry Ʋanden Berghs going towards Cul­len: which would put a necessitie upon the Generalissimo, to hasten towards But this of Henry Ʋanden Berg, was but a false Alarm. the diversion of the danger of that place; the losse whereof would bee of so perilous a consequence. Vpon these reasons, (in which the Colonels with one Con­sent agreed) it was concluded to be unfit; and at that time un-usefull, that the King should be assaulted.

All these reasons served for the foundation of that reso­lution, and why hee sent away Pap­penheim. which his Excellency tooke presently; for the sen­ding away of the Count of Pappenheim towards the river of Weser, with two Regiments of Crabats onely: to the end, that with those, being joyned to those Forces which he had before left with the Count of Groensfeld, hee might [Page 113] succour Cullen: and take order, withall, for the levying of some new troopes, in Westphalia and Paderborn.

In the meane time, was his Excellency resolved, to put his owne Army into Winter Quarters, about the river of Sala; He resolues to put his men in­to their winter Quarters. as also in Leipsich and other places neere unto Dresden. All these divisions was he minded, so proportionably to have parted into Bodies of Horse and Foot; that each of them might be able to make resistance, till the next Quarters could well come in to their succours; should the King, perchance, at­tempt upon any one of them.

For the putting this designe in execution; his Excellency remooued his Army from about Weissenfels: sending the Count of Pappenheim with two Regiments of Foote, and some of Horse, from Mersburg, for to goe and take in Hall Castle: which was very strong, and guarded by 200. Swe­dish. Pappenheim had order likewise, for the lodging of some troopes thereabouts; according as he should find things disposed.

His Excellency, after his dispatch intending to march to­wards Wesler, came to lodge with the rest of his forces about Lutzen. But apprehending, no improbable suspition, that the King would never suffer him, to take in that place; under the nose, as it were of his whole Army: and that by turning backe and passing over the river Sala, Walenstein opens a gap, for the King to have march [...] away. he might easily succour the Castle of Hall: he resolved upon another purpose. Sen­ding Colonell Contreras to take up Altemburg: his Excellen­cy himselfe was resolued with the rest of his Army, to have gone (Northward) and lodge at Mersburg. By this dispo­sing of himselfe, should he (at Mersburg) be neere to backe Pappenheim: and by sending the other Colonels to Luca and Altemburg, should there have beene a space left in the middle, for the King to have marcht away, even from Naumburg unto Dresden. By this cautelous forecast, might his Excellen­cy have after followed the King with his mayne strength, and either utterly have overthrowne him, or at least cut off his passage, and have shut him and all his forces, utterly [Page 114] out of the Empire.

But the Kings conveniences, were measured by other de­signes, farre different from our suppositions. F [...]r He having understood of the sending away of Pappenheim, and the o­ther 2. Regiments; resolued presently to come and set upon us. Insomuch, that the Count Ridolfo Coloredo, being marched with the Crabats towards Weissenfels, to fetch off a Cap­taine, who was left in the Castle with 100. souldiers: he found the King This was the 5 ^th. of Novemb. with his Army, already advanced farre up­on his march, in sight of the City, towards Lutzen. Yet Coloredo came so fit, and in so good a time; that he had lea­sure enough (notwithstanding the King had alreadie sent some Muskettiers, But the King comes upon him. to take in the Castle) to bring off the men with him. This having performed, Coloredo still valiantly skirmishing, with his few Foote and Crabats; made his re­treate unto Ripach, in sight of the Kings Army.

At this very time, had his Excellency, thorow the reitera­ted messages of Coloredo, given the Alarme unto his Army, by the accustomed signe of shooting off 3. peeces of Ord­nance: notwithstanding all which, it was even now night, ere the Regiments could have recovered to their place of Ren­dezvous, about Lutzen. The King by this time, was comne from Ripach; and had taken up his lodging, about a league from thence. Walenstein puts his men into array, and sends backe for Pappenheim. But Colonel Holck for all the darkenesse of the night, went about to put his forces into battaglia: and indea­voured by perpetuall skowtes, to discover the proceedings of the enemy. Neither wanted his Excellency any diligence, to dispatch messengers to the Count of Pappenheim: giving him notice of the Kings resolution; and a command therewithall, to returne backe with all his forces: and to advance, in the meane time, his Cavallery and Dragooners, with all speede possible. This message overtooke him, iust at that instant when he had entred Hall, and had clapt a Petard to the Castle gate: in which there was a Swedish Commander, with a gar­rison of 200. souldiers. And thus farre are the very words of my Spanish Relation: wherein, though the defeate given [Page 115] by the King the night before the Battell, be united: yet, cer­tainely, there be many other particulars on the Imperiall side; which but from one of their owne, we could not have comne at. And so farre, in my Readers names, I thanke my Spanish Relater: whom I have done no wrong unto, in Translating. And now have we brought Walenstein to the stake; for the morrow morning begins the Battell. This I adde, that Gallas, though he were sent for, yet could he not come time enough to the encounter. What may seeme defective here, of Walen­steins Proceedings iust before the Battell: shall be supplyed by and by, in the description of the Battell.

The famous Battell of Lutzen; fought the sixt of November 1632. Old Style. Wherein you have the manner of the King of Swedens death, WITH The overthrow and flight of the Imperiall Army and their Generalissimo; the Lord ALBERT Walenstein Duke of Fridland, &c.

HOw we have heretofore waited upon that incomparable Prince the King of Sweden, from Erfurt unto Naumburg; you may remember to have read, pag: 73. of this Booke. In which 3. daies march of his; there was no such thing as the defeate of the Count of Merode with 2. Regi­ments; which the confident Pag. 823. The true name of Merode, I am told to be Werningeroda: of a towne by Halberstat, which he is Earle of. Le Soldat Suedois avoucheth. Nor was Merode at all in the Bat­tell: whom he maketh to be slaine there. The onely suspi­tion of any opposition, to be made by an enemy in all this march, was; a newes brought his Majestie by the Boores, of [Page 118] some 22. Cornets of Crabats under the command of Isola­ni and his Lieftenant-Colonel Ʋorgage (commonly to the Germans knowne by the name of Vorgast:) who had beene seene a day or two before, about the countrey. But these Crabats were onely heard of, not encountred with. Pappen­heim was also marcht thorow: without ever so much as of­fring to take in Erfurt, much lesse of fetching any compo­sition or contribution of 2000. dollars, as the same Soldat Suedois also affirmeth. pag: 812. Duke William Weymar was in the towne with 3000. men (voyced to be 5000) with Pap­penheims small Armie of 5000. Foote and 2500. Horse; was much to weake to have meddled withall: though, by the counsell he gave to Walenstein it appeareth; how good a mind he had towards it.

The King (as we told you) being arrived at Naumburg upon Thursday November the first, (old Stile) which is not Saint Martins day, as the former Pag: 824. Saint Martins day is Novem­ber 11 ^th. Old Stile: in all Martyrologies and Romane Kalenders. French Author mistak­eth: tooke order to have his Army lodged in the field, towne, and Suburbs; even as we before told you. The same day the King went out upon a Partee, for discovering of the enemie. After him, that afternoone, went these 3. Gentle­men of our Nation: Three English Gentlemen taken prisoners by the Crabats. Lieftenant-Colonel Francis Terret, Sergeant-Major Iohn Pawlet, and Captaine Edward Fielding, These 3. going alone by themselues, to a forsaken village where there were 2. waies thorow it: (the King having gone the left hand way, and they now taking the right) fell into an ambush of the Crabats: the first and the last named of these three, were taken prisoners by 2. Rit-masters of the Crabats: one of them named Potnick, a Greeke Captaine. This adventure would I not overpasse: for that these two Gentlemen being carried prisoners into the Imperiall Leaguer; kept under a guard in the Reere of the Armie, all the day of the great Battell; and after hal'd unto Prague among the fleeing Imperialists: have had the meanes to enforme me, of what otherwise I could not have comne by. And thus much they having with much courtesie affoorded me; I could not [Page 119] but quote them, for my better authority. They were that night carried unto Weissenfels, where Walenstein, then lay in the Castle of it. He sent the Count of Pappenheim to them, the same evening; to enquire of the King of Swedens strength, lodging and intentions. The most of the Imperiall Foote, lay now in, and neere about this Weissenfels: 700. or 800. of them keeping guard upon the market-place. The Imperialists then gave out themselues to bee 50000. but it appeared to be spoken by a Figure, and to terrifie the King: for that they were not any thing neere that number.

To returne to the King: His Majestie the next day (being Friday) in person visited all the Avenues and Passes about the towne: and went out againe with great Partees of Horse, to take some prisoners, by whom to learne something of the enemies. Finding that the Imperialists lay still; and that the Passes by which he should have gotten to them, were both dangerous and difficult: he returned at night againe, and gave order to entrench the Armie before Naumburg towards Weissenfels. Till the Trenches could be made, The King en­trenches before Naumburg. the Armie lay in the field: after which, the Foote were enquar­tered in the Towne and Suburbs, and the Horse in the next villages: some 2. or 3000. being onely left abroad all night, to watch the Trenches.

Vpon Sunday September 4 ^th. came there a Saxon Boore to Naumburg unto the King; with a letter in his hand, to shew him. The letter was written by the Count Coloredo Sergeant-Major Generall of the Imperiall Army; unto an Officer of his, that lay with his Regiment at Querfurdt; on the We­sterne side of the river Sala right against Hall, and 10. A letter of Colo­redoes brought unto the King. English miles from it. Coloredo had enforced this Boore, to carry this letter: and the Contents of it were to this purpose. That the Generalissimo had sent the Count of Pappenheim to take in Hall Castle: That his men of Querfurdt, should march up to ioyne with Pappenheim: and that the next morning, the Imperiall Armie was to part from Weissenfels. This letter [Page 120] seemes to have beene written upon the Satterday night: accor­ding to which date, it agrees rightly with Walensteins dis­camping from about Weissenfels; which was, indeed, done up­on the Sunday; after that Pappenheim was dispatched towards Hall Castle.

A debate being had, whither it were best to fight, or not?Vpon this Intelligence, His Majestie the same day cals Duke Bernard and Sergeant-Major Kniphausen, to a counsell: propounding the great question unto them two; whither, that in Pappenheims absence, the Duke of Fridland alone were to be set upon? Duke Bernard (I am enformed) was for the valiant Affirmative: That the advantage was good; and that seeing they knew not how long they should enioy the oportunity of this Division; Walenstein was present­ly to be attacked. But Major Kniphausen, was for the so­ber Negative, and that the enemie was not to be fough­ten withall. His Reasons were two.

First, No man is to fight, but when he is apparently stronger then his enemy: which the King at this time was not.

Kinphausen diswades it.Secondly, No man is to attacke a stronger enemy, un­lesse compeld by a pressing and unavoydeable necessity. That is, either to force his passage when he is hembd in; or when hunger and want of victualls constraine him to it. Neither of which being the Kings case, there was no reason for pre­sent fighting.

Good reasons: which so farre preuailed with the King, that giving over all thoughts of present fighting, Whereupon, the King resol­ving to goe joyne with Saxony. he was re­solved to have left a garison in Naumburg, and to have marcht with his whole Army to conjoyne with the Dukes of Sax­ony and of Lunenburg.

And these reasons are different (I must confesse) from those flourishes of From Page 815. to Page 820. Le Soldat Suedois; which take up five whole Pages in him. I dare pawne my morall and historicall Faith upon it, that his muster of reasons there, are but his owne mistakings or Inventions, and never by the King nor Walenstein, so much as dreamp't of. You here for the Kings [Page 121] part, have Kniphausens two arguments: and for Walensteins, you may please to take notice of Coloredoes Letter, and of the Generalissimoes intentions, agreeable to this Letter; which wee have before given you out of our In Walensteins Proceedings, Spanish Relator. I will but confute my Soldat once more; and that for his con­founding a noble Story, which very next followes in him: and may seeme to crosse my Relation. His mistake, (I meane) of Walensteins taking of Leipsich: which having beene done ten dayes before (full three weekes before S ^t. Martins day) he now affirmes to be but first attempted upon our second of November. These few Failes have I fairely noted in him; to dis-abuse my Countreymen: to whom I heare him re­commended, for the French Tacitus.

Pardon my digression. The King being thus resolved; sends Post unto the Elector of Saxony, to enforme him of his purposes, and to lay the plot for their uniting. The King de­sired him, to come to Eilenburg, upon the West of the ri­ver Mulda, 14 miles West of Torgau, where the Duke then lay: the King himselfe resolving that he would advance to meet him unto Pegau first; goes from Naumburg to­wards Pegau: which is upon the Elster 14 miles to the South of Leipsich: and to Grim, afterwards; upon the river Mulda; 18 miles East of Pegau, and 14 to the South of Eilenburg. True it is, that the Elector of Saxony lay at Torgau at the same time, with an Army of 4000 Foot, to joyne with the Duke of Saxony. and as many Horse: whereof 2000 Foot, and 1500 Horse, were the Duke of Lunenburgs.

Walenstein the same Sunday, drew out from Weissenfels: leaving a Captaine onely with his hundred men, for the kee­ping of the Castle. Thence marcht Walenstein unto Lutzen, Walenstein goes to Lutzen. two Dutch Leagues to the East of it: where, and in the Dorps round about it; his whole Army enquartered.

The next day being Munday, November 5 ^th: the King ac­cording to his former resolution, parted out of Naumburg, to goe towards the Duke of Saxony: leaving the towne & garrison, under the Command of the Saxon Colonel Vitz­dum. For the more lightnesse and expedition in his march; [Page 122] he commanded his Baggage to stay with the garrison still in Naumburg; for a day or two; being, he thought but onely to have gone and joyned with the Elector of Saxony, and then to have returned againe to Naumburg. Hee supposing, withall, that Pappenheim being now absent, and Walensteins men not together, that he should not be disturbed in his march: about foure before day-light (the Drums having beaten ever since one a clocke,) on the Munday morning, he advances towards Pegau. The King having notice, of Wa­lensteins forsaking Weissenfels: sends by the way, to take in that Castle. The hundred men that Walenstein had left in it, did Coloredo come so timely to fetch off; that he had done it, a very little, before the Swedes comming.

In the middle of his march, about ten a clocke, the same forenoone, came there some Gentlemen ryding, and some Boores running to the King; with advice that the Imperia­lists were lying still in severall Dorps and Villages hard by, The King ha­ving notice by the way, of Wa­lensteins scatte­red lodging. about Lutzen; without any intelligence at all, of the Kings being in motion. This the King being enformed of: con­vokes presently his high Officers to a Councell of Warre; to advise what were best to be determined. His Majesty, even then, (and then first) put on the resolution for fighting: openly speaking it out, That He now verily supposed, that God had given his enemies into his hand. Hô! brave occasion, sayes the Duke of Saxon-Lawenburg. Now God blesse us (say divers great Officers) tis a happy oportunitie. And truely so it was: for divers prisoners (even then brought in, by the Kings Partees, and by the Boores) being by the King exami­ned whither they had any Alarm in their Quarters, of his marching: freely confessed that they had none, And so much was evident enough, for that they were now surprized in their Quarters. Thus thought all the Officers: all being re­solved to fall on presently. And, indeed, there was great rea­son for it: resolves to fall upon his Quarters. for could the Kings Army have falne in amongst those villages; he had given a Camisado to severall of their Quarters at once; have cut them off singly: for that they [Page 123] could never have comne together, to unite their Forces, or have succoured one another. This was evident.

And thus neere were 100000 good mens hopes and wi­shes, of having arrived to the very highest of their expecta­tions: nothing in the whole world being betwixt the King of Swedens desires and his absolute victory; but the length of the way onely. The Gentlemen and Boores that brought him the Intelligence, told him Lutzen was but hard by: which the King was in good hope of, for that He was even then in sight of it. The Army advanc't stoutly, and doubled their march upon it: but their legges found it a longer way then their eyes; it being a sad Campagnia; full eight English miles of ground to Lutzen. Besides all this, was there a fil­thy Passe in the way, at a Bridge over a River; (where but one or two men could goe over a-breast) which hindred the Army full two houres going. By this hinderance, was it even night, before the Army could get within two English miles of Lutzen: so that had the King (as he said) but two houres more of day-light; of which victo­ry; the length of the way, and shortnesse of the day; de­feated him. Walenstein (doubtlesse) had beene taken Sleeper: had beene ex-Imperator'd, and un-Generalissimo'd. But God that is both Ancient of Dayes, and Lord of Hosts, had otherwise disposed of it: Hee had made the way so long, and the time so short; (no doubt) for a better purpose.

This ill-fauoured Passe, was within two English miles of Lutzen: and in the Village that belonged to it, were there two Imperiall Regiments of Horse (one of them Crabats) enquartered. These having a little notice of the Kings com­ming had gotten upon their Horses, and taken up a high hill on the other side of the Passe, next to Lutzen. They made as though they would have disturbed the Kings Passage; but they did not; the Kings Foot marching fairely over, with some Horse amongst them. Some of the Kings Foot, were still marching over, till it was darke night, or within it. Those that got over first, entertained a slight skirmish with the Imperiall Horsemen: without any losse to the King, He rowtes two Regiments of the enemies. kil­ling some 50. or 100. of them, and taking one Crabats [Page 124] Ensigne. And now the King taking another hill, (right against that, which the Imperialists possessed) he from thence let flye some peeces of Ordnance amongst them: which caused them to take the benefit of the night, with some confusion to march off in.

This is that Ensigne, so much spoken of: which had For­tune and the Imperiall Eagle, depainted upon it. But it is no such raritie; for that most (or all) of the Crabats En­signes, have the displayed Eagle for their bearing. This was presented to the King for a faire Omen; as if He had already now conquered, both Fortune and the Eagle. But the King (tis reported) tooke no great content at it: being sorry (I beleeve) for that the night had prevented him, for taking more of them.

and is faine to sit downe till the morning.And here the King being surprized with the darkenesse; was forced to sit downe in the open fields, with his Army: himselfe lying in his Coach, as other Officers did that had them. Here lay he all night in Battaglia: every Regiment lying downe, in the same order that they had marched, with their Armes by them. The Pikemen, they stucke up their Pikes an-end by them: and every Rott, (that is every sixe) of Muskettiers bringing their Muskets to their Rottmaster: he set them right up with their mouthes upward, and bound them together with a peece of Match: where they stood ready at hand, for all occasions.

The Imperiall Army was in a terrible Hubub, at the Kings comming over the Passe: for now was the Alarm sent in hot, to all the severall Dorps and Quarters, even from Lut­zen unto Hall and Leipsich. Order upon paine of death was given, for every man with all speed possible; to repaire to­wards Lutzen, to their Generalissimo. Presently upon this, began all the Regiments to draw together; some of which, were all night upon their marches: and some Horse that were Quartered very farre off, being not able to reach up, till ten a clocke next morning. And thus (even then) dist the mist so long keepe off the King next morning, till his [Page 125] enemies could be made strong enough for him.

As every Regiment came in, so were they put into order: which continued all night long; as the two English Gentle­men (then prisoners there) observed. About ten at night, did Walenstein begin to thinke of the places most advantageous, for the planting of his Ordnance: some of which, having mounted upon the Wind-mill hills; he then began to cast up a trench of earth about them. All night and next morning, his Dragooners and Pioners, wrought with their Spades about the High-way; and to make the Ditches, or Draine by it, serve them for a Brest-worke, to lodge their Muskettiers in. And this was their worke too, all the next misty morning; which fatall weather gave them also the more respite, to re­cover their feares and wearinesses; and to fortifie them­selves against their unconquered enemy. And thus was the night (the last night to some thousands) overpassed.

The King now over the Passe, had put himselfe into a ne­cessity of fighting: and being thus engaged, the sooner he fought, the better: for that his enemy should be the lesse pro­vided for him. The Bride, therefore; more longd not for her wedding morning, nor slept lesse, then the King that night did. Tuesday, (that fatall 6 ^th. of November) at last began to draw neere: and alas! it came all to early. A gentle mist, as if fore-dooming how blacke a day it would be; did his good will to have kept it night still: and the Sunne, as if his great eye had before-hand over-read the fatality of the fol­lowing day, seemed very loath to have begunne it. So sweet a correspondencie (though secret) and so sensible a compassi­on, betwixt Gods more noble instruments, there is; that the day had rather have beene no day, then become Gustavus his last day: and the Sunne had rather have conceal'd his owne glory, then his fellow Gustavus beames, should be extin­guished. But the martiall King, even forcing himselfe to a­waken Time, and hasten on mortality; would needs make those clocks and larums of the warres, his fatall Drummes, to beate two houres before day-light. Arme, Arme, Repaire [Page 126] to your Colours, keepe your Orders, stand to your Armes: these were the morning summons, to awaken the heartie souldi­ers; from a cold, a hard, and an earthly lodging. The Armie was easie to be put in order, for that the most part of it, had laine, and slept in Battaglia. One while, was the King pur­posed to have advanc't, and falne on presently: but the warre being Gods cause; he would, like David and Himselfe, first aske counsell of the God of Battells: and at least recommend His owne cause unto Him. The Drummes having beaten the first March, Hee caused prayers to be read to himselfe, by his owne Chaplaine Doctor Fabritius: and where there were Ministers at hand, the same was done thorow every Regi­ment of the Army.

The morning proved so mistie, that it was not possible to see which way to march; nor where to find an enemie to strike at. And this (vnluckily) staid the Kings thoughts, from advancing presently. This was a fogge of advantage, unto Walenstein: who purposing but to stand his ground; (which by working all night about the ditch and high-way, his Pio­ners had made more troublesome to be assaulted) was now resolued; that if he must fight, he would there abide the first shocke: and no way to seeke the Battell, or to mooue to­wards his Adversarie.

About 8. a clocke, the mist brake up: and (but for one mischance in it) promised as faire a day, as ever was 6 ^th. of November. As it beganne to cleere, the King tooke occasi­on to encourage up his souldiers: and going to his owne Sub­iects first, The Kings Orations, he to this purpose bespake them. My deare bre­thren; carry your selues bravely this day: fight valiantly, a Gods name, to the Swedes; for your Religion, and for your King. This if you doe, Gods blessing, and the peoples praises, shall be your guerdon: and you for ever shall even be laden, with an honourable and a glorious memoriall: nor will I forget to re­ward you nobly. If you play the Pultrons, I here call God to witnesse, that not a bone of you shall ever returne againe into Sweden.

To the Germane Troopes, this was the Oration, To the Ger­manes. ô you my Brethren, Officers and fellow-souldiers of the Germane nati­on! I here most earnestly intreate and beseech you, to make full tryall of your valours this one day, against your enemies. Fight manfully against them this day, both with me, and for me. Be not faint-hearted in the Battell, nor for any thing dis­couraged. Set me before your eies, and let me be your great example: even me, who dreadlessely for your cause, am here readie to adventure my life and blood, to the uttermost of any danger. This if you doe, there is no doubt but that God him­selfe, will from Heaven reward you with a most glorious vi­ctorie: of which both your selues and long posteritie, shall plentifully enioy the benefits. This if you doe not, farewell for ever to your Religion: and your liberties must for ever remaine enslaved.

These Orations of the Kings, being from both nations, with a horride clashing of their Armour, and with cheere­full vowes and acclamations, answered; the King as cheereful­ly then replied. And now, my hearts, let us on bravely against our enemies: and God prosper our endeavours. Sprightfully withall casting up his eies to Heaven, he with a loud voyce thither sent up this forcible ejaculation. Iesu, Iesu, Iesu, The Kings Prayers. vouchsafe thou this day, to be my strong helper; and give me courage this day to fight for thy glorie, and the honour of thy great Names sake. This Praier (according to other Relati­ons) I find that he sometimes thus varied (for he led on, pray­ing:) ô my Lord Iesu, Sonne of God! blesse these our Armes, and this dayes Battell, for thine owne glory, and holy names sake. This said, he drew out his sword, which waving over his head, hee advanced forward, the formost of all his Army.

His royall person was that day waited upon, His atten­dance. by Duke Francis Charles of Saxon-Lawenburg; and by some of his Maiesties owne neerest servants. The Lord Crailsham also, Great Master or Marshall of his Majesties Houshold; had the leading of a bodie of Reformadoes; which were especially [Page 128] commanded, to waite upon the Kings owne person. And a­mongst these, were our English and Scottish Gentlemen and Officers; whom (as I have before told you) the King had at Schleusing heretofore Reformed. Of this Bodie, (which con­sisted of severall nations) were there still 3. or 4. close about the King, readie to be sent with orders, up and downe the Armie: who were still supplied by Crailsham. The King was that day attired, as usually he was accustomed, in a plaine Buff-coate, and un-armed. Some report, that a tendernesse he had in his shoulder, where a Musket bullet had a long time stucke: would not suffer him to endure armour. And there­fore when he was this morning desired to put on his Corslet, he said The Lord God was his Armour; and refu­sed it.

The Kings Watch-word, was the same which had beene of so good an Omen, His Watch-word. before at Leipsich, GOTT MIT VNS: God with Vs. The Generall Walensteins being now the same, which Tillyes then was; IESVS MARIA. This was the Kings order of Embattailing. His whole Army, (which now, after he had left some at Naumburg, and at Weissenfels, was betweene 17 and 18000 men) hee devided into two Fronts; and each of these, into the Wings and Battell; with their Reserves. Each of the Wings, were composed of sixe severall Regiments or Squadrons of Horse; lined with five severall Bodies, His Order. of Commanded Muskettiers: every one of which Bodies, had two small Drakes or Feilding Peeces, which advanced playing still before them. The Battell in each Front, consisted of foure Brigades of Foot: a Reserve of Foot, being betwixt the two middle Brigades of the first Front; and a Reserve of Horse hindmost of all, betwixt the two middle Brigades of the Reere or Second Front. Before each Brigade, marcht sixe Peeces of greater Ordnance: and thus much the first sight of the Figure showes you.

The Right Wing, markt with the Letter I, was led by the King himselfe: whose place is to be seene just over the said letter, and number 6. neere to the first Brigade. The five [Page 129] Bodies of Commanded Muskettiers, all marked with the number 7. were commanded by the Count of Eberstein. The Horse Squadrons of the left Wing, were committed unto the glory of the Day, Duke Bernard of Saxon Weymar: whose place is at the letter K, over the number 12. by the fourth Brigade of Foot-men. The five Bodies of Foot in this left Wing, marked with 13: were the charge of the Colonell Gersdorff: The Battell made up of the foure Brigades of Foot, was commended to the Swedish Count of Neeles, Colonel of the Kings Life-guards. The foure Foot Brigades of the Second Front or Reere, were Commanded by Dodo Kniphausen, Sergeant-Major Generall of the whole Army: to whose faire Conduct, the Victory is also much beholden. The Horse of the Right Wing were entru­sted to Colonel Claus Conrade Zorn, of Bulach: by which name of Bulach hee is commonly knowne. The Horse of the Left Wing, were committed to Prince Ernest of Anhalt. The Reserve of Foote marked with 37, was commanded by Colonel Iohn Hinderson, a Scottish Gentleman: and the Re­serve of Horse, marked with 38, by Colonel Oeme, of the Palatinate.

The Imperiall Army, had his Excellencie the Generalissimo, Walensteins order. thus ordered. He first drew it all up into one mighty Front: which he then devided into three Bodies. His Right wing of Horse, marked with the letter A, (whose end was neere the Towne of Lutzen,) was committed to the Count Ridolfo Co­loredo, that day Sergeant-Major Generall of the Armie. This Wing, had also its commanded Muskettiers: besides some o­thers that were lodged in the gardens, by the towne afore­said. This Wing having also the advantage of the Windmills and their hills, by the towne-side: made use of those naturall Batteries, for the planting of 9. peeces of Ordnance: the Mills and Millers house, serving them also for a good shelter. The Battell or Middle-Ward, markt with the letter B, was commanded by the Duke of Fridland himselfe, whose place was said to be in the head of that great Regiment of Piccolo­mini'es [Page 130] Horse, which is in the very middle of the Foote-Regi­ments, marked with 49. The Left Wing, opposite to the Right Wing, and markt with the letter C: was led by Colonel Hendrick Holck; newly made Lieftenant-Felt-Marshall un­to Pappenheim: who but commanded till Felt-Marshall Pap­penheim should be comne into the Field.

All this Imperiall Order of embatteling, I have presented in one mighty Front: so, namely, as it appeared to the Kings people, and to him that tooke the Figure of it: since (very largely) cut and imprinted in Copper, The Figure described. by Iohn Iaacob Gabler of Leipsich: who also by the Kings owne directions, and the description of Oluff Hans his Majesties Enginiers; last yeere set forth the Figures of the Battell of Leipsich. And the manner of the same Figures of the Battell of Leipsich; we have in this also followed. We know, that betwixt every Brigade of Foote, there should be so much roome left, as that another Brigade might advance vp betweene: the distance betweene them, being the breadth of one of them. But our Cutter (plainely) to make his Figures fairer, hath straight­ned the distances. And this (I hope) is mended, by telling of. The 2. Reserves also, were to be drawne up betweene the 2. Brigades that stand next before them: but these we have left behind, as Oluff Hans in the Battell of Leipsich also did: which, I suppose, was there done; for distinctions sake to the vulgar beholder; every souldier knowing the true place of them. The explication of the severall letters and numbers, shall follow by it selfe, immediately after the Figure of the Battell.

Having thus described the Order; the Field of the Battell would next be considered of. The King had a North-Easter­ly march of it, from Naumburg towards Lutzen: so that the rising Sunne was something within a while, favourable. The wind, also, (that little that was) blew fairely for him: so that the King very ioyfully spake it, I thanke God I have both wind and Sunne to favour me.

The Countrey was a goodly vast levell and Campagnia, as [Page 131] Corne-lands could be; even, The field de­scribed. as farre almost as the eye could roave over. And yet was the place of Battell subiect to as many accidents (and Walenstein was Master of them all) as a plaine countrey almost could be. The King, right in his way of advancing, had a wet ditch (made by hand) called the Flossgraben, cut traverse to him: so that he was faine to edge about to the Right, with his whole Army; to passe by it: and then to edge as much to the left againe, to put him­selfe right before the enemy. The Imperiall Army was em­batteled all along beyond a broad high-way, which led from Lutzen unto Leipsich. On this side of this, was there a kind of broade draine or ditch, which served for bounding and sa­ving the ploughed lands, and to keepe withall, the High-way the dryer. Advantageous for Walenstein. This had Walensteins Pioners bestowed some cost upon: so that putting some commanded Muskettiers downe into it, it served them as well as a Trench or Brest-worke. This was so troublesome for the Kings Horsemen, that many of them were overturned and left behind, in the getting over to charge Walenstein: for indeed there were divers gaps tho­row it, which the Horse iustling for, overturned one ano­ther. The ground also, behind the ditch, had 2. little risings: and those did Walenstein make choise of, for the planting of those Peeces, marked with the letter F, in the Figure. That Part of the High-way also towards Lutzen; had an old Trench or dry ditch, drawne to it; which being nothing of it selfe, but a Boundary for lands; that also did Walenstein put Musket­tiers into: which served them like the High-way ditch, for a Parapet or Brest-worke. This is markt with the Gallobelgicus Figure of the Battell, hath omitted this Trench. He hath also turned the Highway wrong letter H. A pretty distance beyond the High-way, neere unto the Towne of Lutzen, (markt with D,) were there 3. or 4 Wind-mills: amongst which, the letter E standeth. Behind these, had Walenstein lodged some Muskettiers: and the Mill-hills served as naturall Batteries for him to plant 9. peeces of Ordnance upon. Betweene the Mills and the towne, were there divers gardens with mudd-walls round about them: and in these also, (in one of them 300. being after found [Page 132] dead) had he caused Muskettiers to be placed. Leipsich High-way, as it went sloaping along: so had he caused his men to bend and hang towards it.

And now to the Action. The Sunne having by 9. a clockc cleerely dispeld the Fogge; it prov'd as promising a morning, as ever was 6 ^th. of November: and that commendation should our Almanacks have hereafter given it, but for one mis­chance in it. And now the King shot his losing or warning-peece; and so advanced.

The King advances.Being passed the Floss-graben: He left also the Dorp of Chursitz behind him: betwixt which and his Army, he left his Coach and Ammunition-wagons: of which there were not aboue 100 at most: the King having left the rest at Naum­burg, with no purpose of fighting. The King advanced, till he came with the end of his Right Wing, within Musket shot of a little wood: having all the way a full view of the Im­periall Army.

That Walenstein much over-powred the King in numbers; may appeare by the mighty long Front that he put out; full 2. English miles, from one Wings end to another. This is also to be considered: Walensteins numbers much more then the Kings. that Walensteins (and all the old) Dis­cipline; is to march 10. deepe in File: whereas the King, was no more but 6. deepe: of Foote (I meane:) and of Horse, but 3. or 4. deepe: according as the Brigades were either stronger or weaker. Besides this, that Walensteins Files were all the way almost as deepe againe; his Ranks also were in Front so much longer: The King en­forced to lengthen out his Right Wing that the King was faine to send for Bulach, and all the Squadrons of Horse, from the Right Wing of the Reere or second Front to imp out his Feathers at the end of his Right Wing: for feare that Walenstein should sur­round him. These Squadrons when Generall-Major Knip­hausen missed out of their places; he sent a Gentleman to his Maiesty: to know whither he had otherwise employed them? The King was at the same time, likewise; sending the the Duke of Saxon-Lawenburg unto Kniphausen; to tell him, that he would but use them in that first charge; and then re­turne [Page 133] them backe againe to their Order. The Duke meeting with the Gentleman, and telling him thus much: both then returned to their places.

The King wondred not a little at it, when he saw how faire a Clew Walenstein spread: affirming to these about him; That if he had any Seconds behind his first Front; he could not iudge him to be lesse then 30000. True it is indeed, that Walenstein had given out Proviant Comissions for 40000. and sometimes for 50000. people: but yet had he not so many fighting men: for that there were at least 10000. women, servants, children, and such Hang-byes, belonging to the Ar­my; which are to be discounted. Besides this, it is to be con­sidered, that Walenstein had but one Front, and the King 2. so that we may well allow Walenstein to be 20000. in the First Front: at the very first ordering of the Battell. After which, accounting those that were still comming in, even till 10. a clocke; and Pappenheims Horse and Dragooners, which came in about one or two a clocke: and his Foot, thought to make the second fierce charge towards night: and then (doubtlesse) these could not be fewer then 10. on 12000. which made up in all, full 30000. fighting men.

The Armies being comne within Cannon shot, the great Ordnance, began to play one upon another, terribly. The Aire roar'd, and the earth trembled: and those manly hearts that feared not dying, were yet very loath to have no more play for their lives, then to be beaten to pieces, with the bullet of a Cannon. And here had Walenstein, surely, a great advan­tage over the Kings Army: The Battell be­gun with great Ordnance. for his Ordnance being all ready planted upon steaddy and fixt Batteries: the Canoniers tra­versed their Peeces, and delivered their bullets with more aime, then the Kings men could possibly: who gave fire in motion still, and advancing. His Maiesties Cannon, ever as a peece was discharged, was there left to be brought after: the Army still advancing, and marching away from it. Plaine­ly, the King liked not this sport: for that the Imperiall Can­non did his men farre more spoile and execution; then he pos­sibly [Page 134] could againe returne them. Seeing therefore no good to be done this way, he causes his Army to advance upon the very mouth of the Cannon, and to charge towards the High-way, and to beate out those Muskettiers, that were lodged in it.

The Imperiall Army stood their ground all this time; ex­pecting that the fiercenesse of their enemies charge, would indifferently well be abated, by that time they had beaten out those Muskettiers, and had put themselues out of order and breath, with scambling over the ditches. And indeed the place being almost mans height, a many of the Kings Horse­men, were there left tumbling up and downe; but of the rest that gat over, this was the order of their Charge. The com­manded Muskettiers, and the Foote of the Swedes Brigade having cleered the High-way: the whole Front advanced to charge together.

The order of the first charge.This whilest they were doing; the little Drakes or Field-Peeces, (2. of which marcht before every Body of Musket­tiers, that lined the Horse of the Wings) were first fired: and the Muskettiers at the same time giving their first Saluee: the Horse then charged home upon the Imperiall Horse: by the Drakes and Muskettiers, something before disordered. This order was held in the first charge, by the whole Front of the Army: but I must now leave the Battell and Left Wing enga­ged, to speake of the Right Wing first; where the King in per­son commaunded.

The King at his first advancing, having observed wherea­bouts in the Imperiall Left Wing; (now opposite to him) the Crabats were marshalled; and where the Curiassiers; (who were compleatly armed in blacke harnesse Cap á pied) he cals the Finnish Colonel Stolhanshe to him, (as tis likely he did o­ther Colonels, as he rode along:) and pointing to the ene­mie. As for those fellowes (meaning the Crabats) I care not for them; The Kings speech of the Imperiall Curiassiers. saies the King: but charge me those blacke fellowes soundly: for they are the men that will undoe vs. Thus much did Stolhanshe himselfe oftentimes, (and at table) relate unto [Page 135] divers Gentlemen of our Nation: Some of which tell the Kings words from Stolhanshes mouth, this way. Charge me those blacke fellowes soundly: for tis prophecyed that they shall be the ruine of me. But this word prophesie, others confesse that they heard not.

The King fought at the head of the Smolanders Squadron. The couragi­ousnesse of the King. Himselfe was still the formost: with his pistoll in one hand, and his sword in the other; and when his pistolls were dis­charged, laying on, and slashing with his sword: and the enemy giving fire in his face, and laying at him againe, freely. Some have complained, that onely with the Smolanders Squadron, which you shall find at the number 6. and the Ostro Gothes, at the number 5. or at most the Vplanders, at the number 4. did now onely advance and charge the enemy. Perchance these 3. now gat the start, and were something forward, then the 3. Squadrons of the Ingermanlanders, the West-Goths, and the Finlanders: whom you see in their orders and numbers; 3. 2. 1. towards the end of the Wing. These 3. Squadrons, indeed, fell not on at the same place with the King; but advanced directly upon the faces of those 3. Impe­riall Regiments of Curiassiers, which you see right before them, at the numbers 56. 57. 58. Nor were they blamed af­ter the Battell, for any slacknesse or not charging: for that the King (as we told you) had ordered Stolhanshe to charge these Curiassiers soundly. And as for Bulach and those Squa­drons of his, now placed to the right hand of Stolhanshe and his Fins, beyond number 1; they were in the very beginning of the encounter so diverted; that they could not charge right forward as the King expected. And for that, this is the true reason. That Regiment of Crabats in the very end of the Im­periall Left Wing, which you see in the Mapp, at the number 59. did in the very beginning of the charge, wheele about be­twixt the Wood, and the end of the Kings Right Wing; The Crabats wheeling about upon the Kings Waggons: and there endeavour to fall upon the Swedish Ammunition-Wa­gons, in the Reere of the Army. These Crabats would haue made a foule pudder among the ammunition, and haue blowne [Page 136] up most of the powder, doubtlesse; had not Bulach had an eye to them. He giving a home charge upon them; beat them off from the wagons, for the present: but the Swedish Colo­nell facing it about, are beaten off by Bulach. to returne to his owne place againe; was by the Crabats charged upon the croopes, and put to some disorder. And this dis-array is easie enough to be beleeued: for that the manner of the Crabats fighting, being but for a spirt, and in no good order: whosoever will answer their charge, must necessarily doe it in disorder too: or else they cannot follow the Crabats; to doe any good upon them. And iust now, fell the mist againe: which did this good in that part of the Battell, that this disorder among the Swe­dish Horse, was not discerned; and so no advantage taken of it.

In this Interim, yea iust at this instant; was the King slaine: You see so loath I have been to come to it; that I have wheeld about in my Relation, after the Crabats: rather then too suddenly to strike the Readers hearts dead; with the same bul­lets and wounds, that the King now died withall. But I must come to it.

The King (as was said) out of the greatnesse and heate of his courage; having made a home charge upon those iron-men, the Curiassiers, according as himselfe had spoken to Stolhansh; he was there overlaid with numbers: for his men being in danger to be hembd in, both by them and Piccolomi­ni, whose Regiment now also charged: were faine to give ground, and to retire towards their owne Bodies againe. There did the King receive a shot in the left Arme: which he not feeling enough at first, thought it had beene nothing; and would needs have led on still. The King be­ing wounded in the fight: But perceiving by and by his royall blood to gush out abundantly; and that part of the bone was withall broken: hee thus calls to Duke Francis Albert of Saxon-Lawenburg: Cousin (saies the King) I am sorely wounded, helpe me to make my retreate. This whilest the Duke, and those that were with the King and him, were about to doe, and were already turned, (the Squadrons that [Page 173] the King charg'd withall, being now also put unto the re­treate) there came up to them an Officer or Cavalier of the Curiassiers; who too well knew the King and observed him, when his face had beene towards him. This Curiassier, com­ming behind the King, as he was now retreating; in his retreate shot thorow the Body. This is the right Bird, (saies he) with his pistoll at the same time, shoot­ing him thorow the Body. But the Curiassier (though this were no sufficient satisfaction for such a Kings life) did not carry it away so: for that Luchau who was Stall-master, (Master of the Horse) unto the Duke of Lawen­burg; shot him dead presently: He slaine, that shot the King. that no man might e­ver live to glory, how hee had slaine the King of Sweden.

The King was held up in his saddle a very little while: but the Curiassiers charged so fiercely in upon the Swedish; that they were not able to bring off the dying King, who fell pre­sently. And plyed he was with bullets, even in that interim: his Horse being also shot in the shoulder about the necke; The King falls. who ranne homewards to the Swedish Bodyes, without his royall Master: even very lately, the soule of all those Swe­dish Bodyes.

And iust now, fell the mist: the Sunne, who before shi­ned so brightly, (even almost from the height of his Meridi­an, it being now past a 11. a clocke) on the sudden muffling up his face in a mourning Cloud: as if not able to looke up­on, the falling King of Sweden. The Duke of Saxon-Lawen­burg seeing the King fall, and his men beaten backe, gaue all for lost presently: shifting himselfe withall out of the Battell, unto Weissenfells. This made him to be so ill spoken of, Saxon Lawen­burg gets him out of the Bat­tell. tho­row the whole Armie; and to be censured for worse then cowardise: the souldiers not sparing to charge treacherie upon him. But this scandall, those that better knew him haue thus excused. The troth is, that he had beene at Vienna till the end of Iune before: had since that time serued the Impe­rialists; and was but a fortnight or three weekes since, comne into the Kings Armie. So that he fearing all lost, gatt him [Page 138] out of the Battell unto Weissenfels; that he might have this to answer to the Imperialists, should they become victorious; that he was not at all in the Battell. But hearing, that night, how the Swedish had the victory; he was by 4. a clocke next morning in the field, as forward as the formost. However, he was the man that first gave abroad the rumour, that the King was kild: and by him was it sooner knowne in Weissen­fels, then in the Kings owne Army. This Duke finding no employment, after the Battell, nor great good will among the Army towards him: went after 2. or 3. dayes, to his Cousin the Elector of Saxony; who sent him to the Army in Silesia, and there he is now Felt-Marshall, unto Lieftenant-Generall Arnheim.

All this while, are the Imperialists masters of the Kings body; and of the ground they had beaten the Swedish from. They had the King, I say, in their possession; and there they stript him first of all: The King stript every man being greedy to get some part of his spoyles, that they might hereafter glory to have taken it, from the King of Sweden. Some got his Spurres: one of which, had the buckle broken of it: a common soul­dier got his Sword, another his Ring, which was presented to Holck: his Buff-coate, his Hat, and other parts of his cloaths; all were now pillaged from him.

Why not carri­ed off, by the Imperialists.And this greedinesse of the souldiers, (every man to get something) was one of the causes that his body was not car­ried off, and kept for ransome. Another reason for which might be, that every man beleeved him not to be the King of Sweden; for notwithstanding that himselfe told them he was the King: yet divers (for all that) suspected him rather to be some great man, that said so to save his owne life: as desi­rous rather to be taken prisoner.

Severall reports there went abroad the Army, of the cir­cumstances of his manner of dying. Some relate it thus, that one Truckses who waited upon the King in his chamber, be­ing himselfe falne downe wounded besides the King (and af­ter brought off alive) was demanded by an Officer of the [Page 139] enemies, Who the King was? and that asking the same que­stion of the King, he should answere That he was the King of Sweden; whereupon he thrust him thorow the body with a broad sword, and then ranne away: for that the Swedes now charged. Not much varying from this, is the Letter of Nice­phorus Kesel, Preacher vnto Duke Bernard: who names one Loebelfinger (a young Gentleman) in stead of Truckses. This Loebelfin­ger, is sonne to Colonell Loe­belfinger of No­rimberg: who was now ser­vant, indeed, unto the Lord Marshall Crail­sham: and so very likely to be neere the Kings Person. Adding that some Horsemen of the enemies a-lighting to strip the dead bodies, askt the King who he was; who answe­red, I am the King of Sweden; who doe seale the Religion and Libertie of the Germane Nation, with my blood. After which subjoyning, Alas my poore Queene! and commending his soule to God; they then kill'd this dying Conquerour. For one of the Imperialists at this time shot him thorow the head, into the right temple, the bullet passing againe out at the left: an­other, thrust his sword into his body and right side: and he, or a third; gave him a chop withall in the legge; and so left him naked, with fiue wounds upon him: The dying King wounded and mangled. the Swedes by that time comming on to charge againe. This was reported by the young Gentleman (saith the Preacher) who hauing there receiued three wounds, was laid among the dead as one of them, but being afterwards brought off aliue, hee then re­ported thus of it. But were it Truckses, or were it Loebel­finger: hee is said to have dyed of his wounds, so soone as ever he was fetcht off: so that he had no time nor strength, to tell more of it. That there is a difference in the names, is an easie mistake: especially so suddenly after that huddle. Truckses might report it from Loebelfinger; Different re­ports, reconci­led. or Loebelfinger from Truckses: However, I have divers Writings that runne upon the same thing: and therefore, surely, there was at that time such a beliefe amongst a many in the Army. This pro­babilitie is very much strengthened, by the Imperiall souldi­ers owne report of it, made at Prague to those Gentlemen of our nation, then prisoners there. How, namely, that the King being first wounded and in his retreat pursued by them, would as they offered to shoot and strike at him, call out and say, That hee was the King of Sweden. My Spanish Relation [Page 140] addes this to it. In the beginning of the encounter, one Inno­centius Bucela, Comrade to Colonel Piccolomini, knew the King, as he lay wounded and dying upon the ground: where­of giving Piccolomini notice, The Imperia­lists goe to see the dying King. he with ten more went to see the Body, which was yet quivering: and whilest they were about to bring it away; a troope of the enemies charging, forced them to retire and leave it. The noise of his death, was presently dispersed abroad: but yet beleefe was not ful­ly given to it, for that some prisoners affirmed that he was but hurt, and carryed in a close Coach, following his white Ensigne. Thus farre my Spaniard. All this might be true. The Swedish prisoners that reported him to be but wounded: were those that were taken so soone as ever he offered to retreat: and before he was shot the second time. But that they said he was carryed off in his Coach, &c. was their Iudgement: that being wounded, it was likely he would goe off in his Coach, which at first stood behind the White Regiment.

What, now, if putting all these together, we should sup­pose Piccolomini himselfe and his Company, A conjecture: to be the men, that thus questioned and wounded, the dying King of Swe­den? Was it for meerely charging with his Regiment, when the King of Sweden was first shot, that Walenstein after­wards bestowed as much Lands in Bohemia upon him, as he was offered 400000 Dollars for, which amounts to 100000 pound Sterling? But this I make but a suspition, no accusati­on: nor have I heard it from Prague, that Piccolomini should thus use him.

Past conjecture it is, that he who could not be conquered, was there slaine, and for the principall manner, in this very fashion: in the possibility and circumstances whereof, I for mine owne part doe rest satisfied. His death was knowne but to some few, of the great ones, (no not to those of his owne Army or Wing, The Kings death concea­led from his owne Army.) for 24 houres after: all beleeving, what was either by Art or Error, given out; how that hee was but carryed off wounded. Hence it is, that the Letters written the very same night, speake so doubtfully of his [Page 141] death; or so hopefully of his life: and that those few words, which He is reported to have spoken, when he lay on the ground a dying; were after mistaken to be uttered at Weissenfels, in that 6 houres, or 36 houres, which hee was said to have lived. The Royall Corps; was after a quarter of an houre, recovered by Colonell Stolhanshe: and in an Am­munition wagon (out of which the powder was purposely shifted) was it privately carryed out of the Field unto Weis­senfels: for that his Coach was runne away among others, The Body re­covered. in the fright which the Crabats lately put the wagons to. And this long insertion concerning the manner of the Kings death, I confesse to be rather seasonable, then methodicall: The Authors excuse. an Histo­rian (I know) would rather have referred all this, unto the latter end of the Combate. But for that I have still obser­ved, how curiously inquisitive men have beene, after the manner of the Kings death: I supposed that an indeavour to give content, in that kinde, would be no unseasonable di­distraction; (though the very heate and fiercest of the en­counter in other parts, be a while deferred) to those that so much longed for it: yea more, then for any other part of the Story.

Returne we now into the Battell, and to the Right Wing againe. The mist that we before told you of; was not (by their owne side) judged to be any way prejudiciall, but ad­vantageous rather unto the Swedish: seeing that the Imperia­lists who had now the better of it, were by the falling of this Mist so arrested, as that they pursued not the Retreat, which they had put the Swedish unto. The rumour likewise of the Kings death, made them so to clutter about the Body; that that also stayed them.

All this while were the foure Foot Brigades of the Swe­dish Battell, pell mell at it: The Second charge. and they (even by my Spaniards confession) gat ground a-pace of those Imperialists whom they had attacked. And now also did Stolhanshe (who cer­tainly had an Item given him of the Kings death, or great danger, by Crailsham, Saxon-Lawenburg, or some other) [Page 142] charge so fiercely toward that very place, The Kings body recovered that he beate off the Imperialists, recovered the Kings Body: which he brought off naked; after it had beene a full quarter of an houre in the enemies possession. And now was Piccolominies Regiment soundly peppered: the Swedish both Foote and Horse after an houres fight, beating all the Imperialists along before them; till they had driven them to the very gallowes, which you see behind them. And now did the Swedish get possession of these 7. and the Impe­rialists beaten to the gallowes peeces of Ordnance which you see together at the letter F, under the number 50. which was Piccolominies Horse Regiment. These Ordnance were the easier to be ta­ken, for that they played not, Walensteins Powder-Wagons were by mischance blowne up so that his Cannon were scarce heard of, all the day after.

And thus ended the second Charge: for by this time was the mist becomne so extraordinary, and by the smoake so thick­ned, as the Swedes could not see how to pursue their advātage. And here was the mist, becomne as beneficiall to the Imp. as it had been favourable before, unto the Swedish. In this time fell there so terrible an affrightment in the Imperiall Army; that 1000. or 1500. Dutch Horse, ranne all away together. One of them was by a Gentleman of our nation (then prisoner in their Reere) over-heard to say: Oh, I know the King of Sweden well enough, I have served him; he's best at the latter end of a day. But the chiefest fright was among the Ladyes, the Captaines wives, and other women, then behind the Army. Many Gentlewomen gat out of their Coaches, cut asunder the harnesse, and mounted stradlings upon the bare horse backs, and away they spudded among the soul­diers. Now went the Wagon-horses and the Ordnance-hor­ses to it; all were ridden away with. Divers women and children, were there trodden to death: nor would the Horse­men turne head, notwithstanding they heard the charge pre­sently againe renewed, and those about the Mills, all this time at it: till they were gotten over a Passe, 4. or 5. English from the place of Battell. The fright so pursued them, though no body else did: that comming to this Passe, the Officers [Page 143] drew out their swords, and slasht and beate off the souldiers, to give them way to get over it. There were at least 4. or 5000. people of them, and they quartered themselves confusedly up and downe in the villages which the Boores had forsaken: nor durst they ever returne into the Battell. Amongst these was my Author carried away: from whom I learned it. Pappenheim renewing the charge;

After a little pause, the Count of Pappenheim with his Horse and Dragooners, arrived; whom some will needs have, to have beene in person at the beginning of the battell. By his comming, was the charge thereabouts renewed. He put himselfe into the Imperiall Left Wing, (which was most distressed, and which had beene reserved for him:) to be op­posite to the Swedish Right Wing; where he supposed the King in person had commanded. is slaine. Iust as he was ordering his Horse, he was strucke with a bullet of a Falconet, or small Sling-peece about the shoulder; of which he died presently: even so soone as he was taken downe from his horse, to have beene carried unto Leipsich. This was a brave fighting Gen­tleman: whose body was by Walenstein carried unto Prague; where it was to be seene publickely. The Emperour (as a little French Relation that I have, affirmeth) had newly sent the Collar of the Golden Fleece unto him and Walenstein: which honour, before ever he received; he was in the place where he should have worne his Order, thus dubbed with a Sling-peece. He had make his Will, a little before: had shryven himselfe and communicated at a dry-Masse: and made this short Testa­ment upon it. His Soule, he commended to God; his Body (if he were slaine) to the Emperour: and his wife and children, unto Walenstein.

He being shot, his Officers flocking about him, His men run­ning quite away upon it. were heard to cry, ô our Generall is slaine, our Generall is slaine: imme­diately whereupon his Horse turned head, and ran out of the Battell without stroke-striking; backe againe towards the Weser and the Lower Saxony.

But the Walsteiners, whom Pappenheims comming had set on; fell to it closely: Piccolomini advanced, and Tersica, [Page 144] with their Cavallery; The 3 ^d. charge. and the Foote-Regiments seconded them with extremitie of resolution. And now began the so­rest, the longest, and the obstinatest conflict; that had beene, since the King was killed. The charge was sustained by the Swedish, with much gallantry: and never was Battell better foughten: nor seldome have Battalions ever stood, amongst whom so much spoyle hath beene committed. Full 2. houres, were they in hote Battell. A terrible onset On ths Imperiall side was Picco­lomini, twice or thrice, shot; Sergeant Major Bruner, slaine; and so was a young Count of Walenstein; and if the old one were there, I wonder how he scap't pelting. The Abbot of Fulda, was at this charge also slaine: and thinke, then, how many Officers and common souldiers, was it likely that these great Commanders did take along, to waite upon them into the next world.

On the Swedes side, the chiefe of the spoyle light upon the 2. middlemost Brigades of Foote belonging unto Grave Neeles and Colonell Winckle: which you see at the numbers 9. and 10. The Imperialists charged with so much fury, and with Battalions of 2. or 3000. in a Regiment: that they by fine force drove the Swedish to the retreate, in the plaine field; and (as the most say) even then recovered their 7. peeces of Ordnance. Grave Neeles, Colonell of the Life-guards (which is the yellow Regiment) was there shot a little above the knee: of which being carried off spoyled, he after dyed. Out of this Brigade, did the Imperialists carry away 7. Co­lours: and to tell the troth, the Kings owne company which served here among the Guards, lost their owne Ensigne or Standard Royall too. He that had carryed the Colours, was after seene with his sword in his hand: but his clowte was missing.

Colonell Winckles Blew Regiment, likewise; found as hard treatment. Himselfe (brave man) was shot in the arme a little above the elbow, and in the hand; and carried out of the Battell. His Lieftenant Caspar Wolff, was slaine upon the place, and most of his Colours taken. These 2. Brigades, were [Page 145] of the flower of the Army: old souldiers of 7. or 8. yeeres service, (the most of them) and whom the King had there placed, for that he most relied on them. These old Blades, stood to their Armes, stoutly; and the adverse writers con­fesse, That their dead bodies now covered the same ground, which living they had defended. These were old beaten soul­diers, indeed, but it was so long since they had beene last bea­ten; that they had by this time forgotten how to runne away. This is the reason that they were so shattered: that when to­wards night, they were to have falne on againe: both these Brigades put together, could not make one Squadron strong: which is but the 3 ^d. part of one of them. By this you see, that 5. of 6. were there killed.

The Swedes Brigade, marked with the number 8. fared something better; because neere unto the Horse: and yet there came not aboue 400. off, alive or unwounded. Duke Bernards Brigade, marked with 11; was something more out of Gun-shot: for that next the Horse of the Left Wing. Yet here was Colonel Wildestein shot in the breast, of which he after died: Duke Bernards Lieftenant-Colonel Winckler, being slaine upon the place. In this sore bickering, the spoyle on the Imperiall side, fell mostly upon old Bruners and young Walensteins Regiments, both which were here killed; with full halfe, if not 2 thirds of the souldiers. These Regiments performed their duties so valiantly, and Walenstein himselfe tooke such speciall notice of them; that he along time after (if not still) maintained them in his owne house at Prague for it. Hindersons Reserve of Foote, in the meane time, which you see at number 37. had also their share in the knocking: one of the Offices and uses of the Reserve being, still to sup­ply and second where most need is; with fresh men to derne up the holes, and stop up the gaps of the slaughtered. And whereas those 4. Brigades of the Van had so terribly beene shattered; Generall-Major Kniphausen, had out of his care sent up these 2. Brigades of the Count of Thurn, and the Colonell Mitzlaff, which you see at numbers 28. and 29. [Page 146] to relieve them. After a while, he sent them up those 4. Squadrons of Horse, which you see at the numbers 33, 34, 35, The Imperia­lists beaten off: and 11. pieces takē. 36. who so well (altogether) restored the encounter; that the Imperialists began to give ground: which the Swedes so farre pursued, till they had recovered the 7. peeces againe, and those 4. others which you see at the letters F F, to the left hand of them.

Looke we now aside, to see what was done in the Reere and Left Wing, by Kniphausen and Duke Bernard. Generall-Major Kniphausen having sent 2. Brigades of his 4. and 4. Squadrons of Horse, What Kniphau­sen did, to the reliefe of the Vantguard: sent also his other 2. Horse Squadrons, at the numbers 30, 3 [...]. commanded by the Prince of Anhalt, and the Lieftenant of Baron Hoffkirch, unto Duke Bernard. As for the other 2. Brigades of Foote, (his owne and Bosens) which you see at 27. and 28 together with Oems his Reserve of Horse, to be found at number 38. these did Kniphausen still keepe by him, in the Reere of the Battell.

Duke Bernard had as hard a Chapter of it, as any man, against the Imperialists Right Wing, and what Duke Bernard. at the Wind-Mills, and (surely) had the most renowned Don Quixote beene there, there had beene exercise enough for his valour, at these Wind-Mills. Soberly, this was the hardest Post, for advantage of situation, all the field over: and Count Coloredo, as well main­tained it against him. Never man did more gallantly behave himselfe, then Duke Bernard did that day: sure it is, (and himselfe avoucht it) that first and last, in this and other places, he charged 12. severall times, one after another: any of which was a more desperate piece of service, then all Hercu­les 12. labours; ba [...]e me but his going to hell to fetch out Cerberus. And Coloredo gave Duke Bernard leave to charge, all: he had so good an advantage, of the 2. ditches and the Wind-Mills; that hee would not scarce offer upon Duke Bernard.

His great valour.The brave young Duke, pressing on in the beginning of the fight, had set the towne of Lutzen on fire: his reason [Page 147] being, that seeing if he would get the Wind-Mills, he must with the end of his Wing, even touch (as it were) the very walls of the town. Should Coloredo, then, have first filled those wals with Muskettiers; they must needs have so sorely galled his Horsemen, that there had beene no comming neere: nor could Horse and Pistols, have done any service against wals and Muskettiers. In one of these Charges, did Coloredo so thunder upon Duke Bernard, that the valiant Prince thought it not un-souldier-like done, to shelter himselfe behind the Millars House, which you see at the let­ter N.

All this time (as we told you) did Major Kniphausen keep his 2 Brigades and Oems his Reserve, together un-engaged: do­ing no more with them, then faire and softly advance them towards the enemy; at such time as he saw the Brigades of the Ʋan, to get any ground of them. The distance of his Reere from the Front, was about 600. paces: and at that scantling he still kept himselfe, behind the other. This was no small occasion of the winning of the Battell: see­ing that so often as any of the Ʋan were disordered and put to the retreate; they with him, still, found a whole great Body together, unbroken, by the sight, of which they resumed new courage, and were set in order againe.

And very glad was Duke Bernard when in the next break­ing up of the Mist, he came and found Kniphausen in so good order; whom (as he openly professed) he feared to have found all to pieces. For now, betwixt 3. and 4. a clocke, (which was a little before Sun-set) did the Mist breake up; and there was a faire halfe-houre after it. At which time Duke Bernard going abroad, to over-view the posture and countenance of the Army: (which since his hearing of the Kings death, the mist and smoake had not suffered him to discover any thing of:) he came now along by the Battell unto the Right Wing; speaking to the Officers and souldiers, and encouraging them to a new on-set. Plainely he found the [Page 148] whole Army (except Kniphausens part) in no very good order: which he and Kniphausen (who tooke much good paines likewise about it) did their best to reduce them to. When the Word was given for a new Charge: alas Cam­rade (said the poore souldiers one to another) must we fall on againe! Come saies the tother (embracing him,) Courage; if we must, lets doe it bravely, and make a day out. As Duke Bernard was leading on: the Imperiall Generalissi­mo sent his 2. Colonells Tersica and Piccolomini, to discover in that cleere weather, what the Swedes were a doing: who brought his Excellency word againe, that they were r'allied together about the Wood, and in very good order advancing towards him.

The 4 ^th. charge.This (no doubt) made the Imperialists hearts quake; to thinke upon the terror of a fourth Charge. And now could the Swedes discover the Imperiall Horse, retreating in indiffe­rent good order towards the Wind-Mills: whereupon they bringing forward 10. pieces of Cannon, and turning those 11. likewise upon them, which were before taken: they gave the Imperiall Horse such a rowsing Salvee of great Ordnance, and charged so upon it, that they put them into disorder. The Imperia­lists beaten to the Wind-mills. And here (as my Spanish Relator saies) did the Ge­neralissimo light upon a slight fillipp: by a favourable Musket bullet, namely, which made no wound; but left a blue re­membrance onely upon him. That hee was indeed shot thorow the Coate, was at Prague reported: though some would even there say privately, that he was in no such danger.

And now were the Imperialists beaten round about, even to the very Wind-Mills: the Swedes being Masters of the ground, that they shouldred the others out of. But iust now a little before Sun-set, fell the fatall mist againe: which so hastned on the night, that the Swedes could not well see, which way to pursue their enemies. Duke Bernard in his comming backe was thus heard to say, Mercifull God! but for this mist, we had even now gotten the victory. Hence [Page 149] went he backe againe over all the Battalians, his owne Post againe: towards which, he now perceived the Imperialists to be making.

And now by Sunne-setting, was all the Field cleere of the Imperialists, excepting onely about the Wind-Mills: and there, plainely, were both Coloredoes and Duke Bernards men, falne off one from another: like 2. Duellers leaning on their swords, to take breath againe. Certainely, they had so bangd one ano­ther, that neither of both were in order: but either party shot at adventure right forward, and let the bullet find his owne way, as it could, thorow that night of smoake and mistinesse. Those Muskettiers which (we told you) were lodged in the mudd-wal'd gardens, were seene to give fire, give fire, conti­nually: but no men to be discerned. And the Swedes at adven­ture shot at them againe: and as at night they got ground, they stormed into the gardens; as if they had beene so many Castles, Here the next day, were a many found dead: 300. in one of them.

And iust in the edge of the evening, when the Swedish well hoped all had beene finished: had Duke Bernard fresh word brought him, that Pappenheims Foote were even now arrived, from Hall; and were beginning a fresh Charge, The 5 ^th. charge. a­bout the Wind-Mills. Thus ranne the Word over the Army, Pappenheims Foote are comne, Pappenheims Foot are comne. This the Swedish beleeved: though Captaine Feilding assures me, that the Imperialists at Prague, would never acknow­ledge it, that the Pappenheimers came at all into the Battell.

Now was all the service, (after halfe an houres silence on both sides;) turned unto the Wind-Mills. The Imperialists courages, like the throwes of a dying body; struggled hard, at the last cast, for life; and made, for the time, as fierce a Charge of it, as any had the day before passed. To withstand this, now does Kniphausen bring on his 2. fresh Brigades: with whom are the other 2. of Thurns and Mitzlaffs conioyned, that he had before sent to the reliefe of the Vantguard: which, [Page 150] indeed, had not so cruelly beene shattered. Now also Duke Bernard r'allying all the Horse together, advanced to the Charge. The Imperialists had, anew, put downe some more Muskettiers into the crosse ditch or Boundary of Lands, mar­ked with H: which not a little troubled the Swedish. Once or twice, did they offer to force that Trench, and to Storme over it: but it was so troublesome and dangerous in the darke, that they did but over-tumble one another, and were faine to keepe on the other side of it, to bring on some Muskettiers, and from thence to give their vollyes. The best of it was, that it was not above 100. paces distant from the High-way; close behind which, the Imperialists were ranged. That which most galled the Imperialists, was the Swedish Ord­nance: which on the Right hand Flancke of them, and on the neerer side of the High-way; were now turnd upon them. This most cruell and hote fight, continued till about 5. a clock in the euening: The Imperia­lists give it over much about which time, the Walsteiners or Pappenheimers or both together; fell off in the darke, and gave it quite over.

And thus ended this long, cruell, bloody, and bravely fought Battell: which in continuall exercise, in one place or other, and so the bat­tell ended. (or at least with small intermissions) had lasted from 9. in the morning untill this time. Eight or 9. long houres, was every man in danger of a sudden death: when at other times, he would have thought himselfe ill handled; by so long a Fit of an Ague. I have cast the whole Battell, into 5. grea­ter and more remarkeable Charges: not because there were no more, but for that these were most eminent. And yet, perchance, were not these so distinct Acts of this Tragedy, that they might be said to have begun iust now (because the whole Battell was but one continuall Charge, some where or other) but for that the greater Heates and Executions; were much about these times, and in those manners, that I have spe­cified. These Charges mostly concerne the Battell and Right Wing: for of the Left, I have not such particular Intelligence. If the valour of particular and deserving Gentlemen, cannot [Page] [Page] [Page 151] here be described: it is for that the malignity of that envious Mist, would not suffer it to be discerned. Assuredly, there hath beene no such cruell Fight, that hath yeelded so few ob­servations. The Imperialists being marcht off; the Swedish (gladder of victory, then of enemies) had neither eyes nor wills good enough, to pursue the Retreate upon them: espe­cially over such troublesome passages, as the Ditch, the High-way, and its Ditch: the Wind-Mills, and their Ordnance: and the Gardens with their Muskettiers in them. Nor had the Im­perialists, after such an afternoones drinking; any hearty good stomacks to such a supper, as were likely to cost them such a Reckoning. Beating their Drummes, therefore, after a while; they sent away their Baggage and Ammunition, and made their retreate towards Leipsich.

The Swedish at first hearing of the Imperiall Drummes, knew not what to make of it: but doubted that their ene­mies meant to retire into the next Dorps; and what they would doe to morrow, they knew not. Now were Duke Bernard, Kniphausen and some others, in consultation what to doe? Whither to lye all night in the Field, to expect ano­ther Charge in the morning; or to carry off their sicke and wounded men, and to retire the Army towards Weissenfels. Colonel Hinderson had order in the meane time, to burne the carriages of those 11. peeces of Ordnance, which were taken from the Imperialists: because in the night time, the Swedes despaired of drawing them along with them.

But Walensteins selfe had already yeelded up the Field (and the Victory consequently) unto the Swedish: and by this acci­dent, put an end to their doubtfull consultation. The Genera­lissimo, already upon his retreate to Leipsich,) had given order for all the Regiments to follow after him. Hereupon, a Rui­ter or Horseman of the Baron of Brother to that Hoffkirch, that served on the Kings side. Hoffkirchs Regiment, was sent to find his Colonell; and to give him order to goe after the Generalissimo. This Horseman (it so chanced) had in the darke stumbled upon the Swedish Colonel Oems Reserve of Horse: which having not beene brought to fight all the day, [Page 152] was now ordered to make the Retreate, and to keepe the Watch for the whole Army. Qui va là, who goes there? Whom seeke you? saies Oems Sentinell: Hoffkirchs Regi­ment, saies the Ruiter: Here tis, saies the Sentinell; and with that brings him to his Colonel. To him he told, that his Ge­neralissimo was gone to Leipsich, and had commanded all to follow him. This being discovered to Duke Bernard and Kniphausen; they concluded the Victory to be their owne, resolved to keepe the Field; and sent to countermand Colo­nell Hinderson; who had already burnt one or two of the Ene­mies Carriages.

The Victory was then published thorow out the Army: and Word given, to stay all night upon the Field of Battell. All this night was there a pittifull crying heard, of the dy­ing and wounded on both sides: none being able to find, know, or relieve his friend or Camrade in the darkenesse. Twas a frosty cold night: in which many a brave man dyed of the anguish of his wounds miserably; who might other­wise have beene cured: they being frozen to death, by the morrow morning. The anguish and dolour of a wound, is the complaint that Nature makes, for a remedie: but here alas! the confused complainings of the wounded, hindred many a man from his friends hearing of him; who might else have given him remedie.

The enemies Cannon taken.The next morning did the Swedish finde the rest of the enemies Cannon, upon their Batteries by the Windmills; which together with those already taken, made up some 20 or 21 Peeces: whereof 9 were Demi-cannon, and the rest Feild-peeces. By which fewnesse you may collect, that even Wa­lenstein was halfe surprized: who (doubtlesse) otherwise, would more sufficiently have beene provided. No Wagons, either of Baggage or Ammunition; were left behind: seeing Walenstein had time enough all night, to carry off them with him. Nor were there any prisoners of either side taken, (ei­ther for numbers, or persons of qualitie) worth speaking of. The numbers of the slaine upon the place of Battell; is [Page 153] best collected by the burials. The Swedish for their parts, Numbers of the slaine. af­firme to have buryed next day, betwixt 2 and 3000 men: of which the common souldiers were buryed in the bed of ho­nour, the Field they dyed in; being put together by heapes into the ditches by the High-wayes-side, and earth cast over them. The Officers, were buried in Lutzen Church-yard, with some more military solemnity. The Imperiall car­kasses were buried by the Boores of Saxony: which kept tale of 3530. bodies by them enterred: besides which, there were some to be seene unburied a moneth after.

But besides these of the Imperialists slaine upon the place, the Boores had knockt downe God knowes how many hun­dred souldiers (2. or 3000. say some) as they fled away stragling about the Countrey. And the souldiers were even with the Boores for it: for that in their flight towards Bo­hemia; some would goe out purposely upon Partees, to kill Boores: one Captaine being heard to professe, That he had that day kill'd fiftie. And thus, both of Boores and souldi­ers; there might perchance be 2. or 3000. slaine after the Battell. The Wounded, were as many more as the slaine: but how many of them dyed after of their hurts, comes not within our numbers. The High Dutch Relation annexed to the Figure of the Battell (which Gallobelgicus hath transla­ted into his Booke) mentions 9000. but Fame (I beleeve) kills more then the Sword, ever. Halfe of the Swedish slaugh­ter, light upon the Lifeguards and Winckles Regiments: of which more were carried off spoyled, then were slaine upon the place.

True it is, that when 2. dayes the Swedes overviewed their Army, they wanted about 4000. of their former numbers: but into those are the wounded to be reckoned, which were not then able to muster. The reason now, the slaughter was no greater, in such a long and hard fought battell: was for that there was no chase after the Victory: for there vses to be the terriblest of the execution.

Of great Commanders slaine on both sides; these onely [Page 154] doe I find mention of. On the Kings side. First, the Kings Majestie himselfe: whose death is never enough to be la­mented: and to whom the more ingenuous Imperialists at Prague were heard to give this honourable Testimony, That he was the bravest Enemy, and the best Captaine, that ever was in Christendome. Men of quality slaine on both sides. Next to the King, was Grave Neeles, Ni­cholas Count of Wesenburg, Sergeant-Major-Generall Isler, and Colonel Gersdorff: with divers Lieftenant-Colonells, Majors, Rit-masters and Captaines; whom I have not heard named. On the Imperiall side slaine, The Abbot of Fulda by his place a Prince of the Empire. 2. the Count of Pappen­heim, 3. Count Berthold Walenstein, 4. Sergeant-Major-Generall Breuner. 5. Lo, Westrumb, Lan, Comarga, Witzleb, and Foves: all (as I heare) Colonels. Together with Borda, Taxheim, Lampert, and Cammerhoff. Lieftenane-Colonels: besides Sergeant-Majors Captaines of Horse and Foote, and other Officers. Whereas therefore you have heard of Merode and Gallas, to be wounded to death; Ile assure you they were not in the Battell, nor was Holck wounded to death; nor at all: nor Pappenheim cut off by the middle; nor Isolani slaine: which man is still Colonell Generall of the Crabats; of which nation himselfe is. Our 2. Countrimen, were his prisoners; and they saw him at Prague: and describe him to be, an old beardlesse man, full of the palsie; a Gentleman of much va­lour, courtesie, and extraordinary hardinesse of body. As this is true, so beleeue the rest of that Writer, that told you of the death of those great Imperialists.

The Imperiall Ordnance, whose carriages had beene bur­ned; were at the Swedes going towards Weissenfels Novem. 7 ^th. slipt under the Castle walls of Lutzen: into which they put a garrison of 200. Muskettiers. For the drawing away of the rest; every Regiment was charged to take care of one: and to lend horses for the doing of it. That night went the Kings body to Weissenfels: where they found themselues to have gotten but a dolefull and a wofull victory: losing that incomparable Conqueror, who was alone worth 2. Armies. [Page 155] The Rovall Body, was carried to Naumburg to be embalmed: The Kings Bo­dy being em­balmed: after which when the Armies went againe into the field, the dead King was carried along in his Chariot, marching be­twixt the Horse and the Foot, in the middle of the Army. This so long continued, untill upon the comming of the Chancellor Oxenstiern, the Corps was sent with a mourning Convoye towards Spandaw, is convoyed into Spandaw. in his Brother of Brandenburgs country. And thus dyed this great Deliverer: which is a higher and a more holy Title, then that of Caesar, or of Con­queror. Thus dyed he with a victory: which, had he expe­cted but 3. dayes longer, he had obtained without a Battell. So confident was the enemy that he never durst have attemp­ted them; that the Generalissimo had even already given out Orders, for the dispersing of his Army to their winter Quar­ters. This is sure: for besides that it is intimated in my Spa­nish Relation; the Imperialists themselues freely at Prague confessed it. Then had he falne in among them, as he thought to have done, the 5 ^th. of November. But he is dead: and that as heartily bemoaned of the Germanes, (to say of no more) as of his owne Subiects: who yet professe their losse to be unspeakeable. And in both their Chronicles shall his sa­cred memory be made immortall: and his Name shall ever live in their mouths, glorified.

Speake we now a little, of the distemper in the Imperiall Army. When Walenstein first beate his Drummes, to retreate to Leipsich: he had purposed to have made no more then a faire retreate indeed of it. But no sooner did his men heare that signall: but they fell to running presently, without ex­pecting further order for their Rendez-vous. The flight, and wonderfull confusion among the Imperialists. This fright was so great, that the most of them never came in order againe, till they recovered into Bohemia: yea even there, full three weekes after the Battell; were there divers multitudes of souldiers, and some almost whole Ensignes seene; then first enquiring after their fled Colonels: who had not yet seen their owne Regiments. And this was not onely so, with a great many straglers; but even amongst those that were neerest [Page 156] about the Generalissimo: there was not a Regiment (scarce­ly, if at all) that marcht or Quartered in any order; but strag­lingly up and downe in Dorps, as every man shifted. Once did our Countrimen (that were carried away among them) see 25. Colours of them together: but this was in Bohe­mia; and the greatest show that they had till that time seene of them.

Divers Officers confessed, that they had lost 6000. men: which others made more nice of, and professed to have lost but 4000. Their owne confessions of the Battell. And as freely withall did they confesse, that had the Swedes but sent off 1000. fresh Horse after them, they might have cut all the whole Army to peeces. When in their Flight, (Retreate is now too faire a word for them) they came at night to any Quarter; their custome was to stay still there, till some Swedish Horse were heard of, or discove­red to pursue them: of which though there appeared but a troope of 40. they had order to hasten away after the Generalissimo. This was the Crabats worke commonly: who being of the nimblest Horse; were still left last in the Quarters, and to bring word of the comming of the Enemy.

And yet durst these, afterwards at Prague, contend for it; That they had as good of the Day, as the Swedish: for which their Arguments were, that they kill'd the King; much about as many men; and brought away almost 60 Ensignes. Had they onely mentioned the King, their argument had beene better, then their other reasons can make it. Tis true indeed that when our 2. Countrimen told Duke Bernard afterwards, that they boasted to have taken so many Ensignes: They tooke more Colours, then the Swe­dish. nay (saies he) thats too lowd: but they have indeed taken 45. and we have 17. or 18. of their Colours. But, now, the losse of their Cannon, their leaving the field unto their enemies; and their right downe running away, when none pursued after them: the Court of Ʋienna it selfe can never speake with honour of it. How the newes of the Battell, was resented at Ʋienna. And therefore, there was but a faint Thanksgiving made for it: a few peeces shot off, but not a Bonfire that I heare [Page 157] of: and that expression rather for the death of the King, and to make the people; then for the Ʋictory. The Victory, (absolutely,) must all forraine and Neutrall Historians, give unto the Swedish: which was such a one, as would have made Austria quak't, had the King surviu'd it.

The Generalissimo having taken Sanctuary in Leipsich; there came the next day, some 1000. or 1500. Footemen to him: whereof some had Colours, and other some had lost them. These were the remainders of 40. Ensignes. A little after, The way of Wa­lensteins flight. came the Lieftenant-Felt-Marshall Holck, with the Sergeant-Major-Generall, Count Ridolfo Coloredo, the Marquesse of Grande, and some others of great quality. And now also came their Baggage-Wagons: waited upon with a Horse-Convoye. In the night about 6. a clocke, were all these com­manded to Born, 14. miles onwards of the way, towards Bo­hemia: the Generall himselfe within three houres and a halfe (the same night) following them. Holck staid still in Leip­sich: who going away next day, delivered up the Keyes un­to the Magistrates againe; with such a like Complement. That he was now as good as his word, as it became every honest man to be. He hoped therefore, they would speake nothing but honour of him: and show themselues merci­full (as became good Christians) unto such sicke and woun­ded, as he left in their towne behind him. That day, some 16. or 17. troopes of Horse passed by, in sight of the City, with abundance of the Boores Cattle, going towards their Generalissimo.

His Excellency, went not into Born, but Quartered that night hard by it. Thence went he to Altemburg; thence to Ca­mitz: thence to Frawenstein: thence thorow the Passe of the Behemer-Waldt unto Diewitz in Bohemia: 30. miles short of Prague City. And now were the shattered troopes, dis­persed into their winter Quarters: Walenstein himselfe with the remnants of the 2. Favourite-Regiments, of young Wa­lenstein, and old Brenner, going directly towards Prague City. These 2. Regiments, for their good service at the [Page 158] Battell, & their diligent attendance upon him in the flight: he ordered to waite upon him in his owne Palace; and by Squa­drons to keepe guard about him. They were as his meniall servants; they had their allowance for a standing table in his Court; his owne people served them: and he himselfe sometimes would see they had their allowance. These were relieved, (that is changed) every 8. dayes: and then had every man 6. or 8. Bohemian dollars given him (each worth 3s. English) and their Wives or Wenches halfe as much.

Examples of his vast bounty,Those Officers that did well in the Battell; he at New-yeeres-tide rewarded with Gold chaynes; with his owne Me­dall or Picture at them: some of them (to the great Lords) being set with Diamonds; and worth 1000. ducats. Thus were all the Gold-smiths in Prague set a worke, upon his New-yeeres-gifts. And whereas there was a dispute betwixt Holck and Piccolomini, whose Regiment was that which charged, when the King was slaine; he adiudged it to Pic­colomini; rewarding him with as much confiscated lands for it, as was better then 100000. pound Sterling. Holck he made Felt-Marshall, in place of Pappenheim; who is now the man that can doe all in all with him. And hereas the King of Denmarke (whose subiect Holck is) sent to command him home, under penalty of confiscating his goods: let him (saies Walenstein) Ile bestow tenne times so much up­on him: giving him his choice thereupon, of any of these 4. Cities, Teplitz, Brix, Saiss, and Diewitz: the meanest of which had 16 or 18 pretty villages, belonging to the Lordship of it. And thus much, of the doings of the Im­perialists, both in their flight and in Bohemia have I learned from Captaine Edward Feilding.

Those that had done cowardly in the Battell, he said no­thing of: but as they came to Prague, he seases and im­prisons them. Of these by Christmas time, there were alrea­dy 18. apprehended. Of whom, some were Counts and Ba­rons: notwithstanding, w ^ch, he February 4 ^th. following, strucke [Page 159] off eleuen of their heads upon a publike Scaffold. and severity. Some in­feriour people, he hanged and headed in a baser fashion: o­thers of their names, he caused to be hang'd upon the Gal­lowes, and to be poasted up for cowards. One piece of mirth fell now out, as it were to vary this scene of Martiall severity. A young Colonell being brought upon the Scaffold, (which was iust before Walensteins window) began alowd; I come here to dye, for running away after my Generalissimo: but the Drummes strucke up, and the Trumpets sounded upon it; so that the short breath'd Orator could bee no further list­ned to.

And thus leave I our great Imperiall Generalissimo: The State he keepes. who keepes a State in Prague: no Maiestie in Christendome, com­parable to him. About Christmas, was there a feare of Duke Bernards falling into Bohemia: whereupon such a puzzle there was amongst them, that Potents or Commands were presently given out, for the drawing of 6000. men towards the Frontiers. So easie was it to have conquered Walenstein and Bohemia.

And now for that the contrarily affected may not say, that my Intelligence is particular, or all from one side: I will here affoord them the Relation made by the Spanish Gentleman before quoted; fairely, barely, without additions or altera­tions translated: the originall whereof I am ready to com­municate unto any ingenuous Gentleman. Two or 3. other Relations (I confesse) I have in French, printed at Brussels: which are so ignorantly and insolently done; that even that side may be ashamed to give credit to them. I have taken no­thing out of le Soldat Suedois; for that ther's litle but words in him. Two or three High-Dutch pieces, and some Latine also I have by me, as foolish as the former: but this onely of the Spaniard, I have thought worthy your perusall.

THE morning began to peepe, when newes came that the King now altogether in Battell-ray did march up to­wards us: whereupon His Excellency presently cast his Ar­my into that forme, which appeareth in the Figure, leaving a little way on the right hand some Wind-mills, according to the disposition and necessitie of the situation. The King had in the meane while, put his Army right opposite to ours, not full distant the reach of a Cannon: approaching with his left Wing neere upon Lutzen; and with the right, touching upon a little Wood: which also was very neere united with his Front. In this order did his Excellency stay, till the King should begin to moove: wee having a small ditch along the Front of our Army. The King mooved soone after, with all his forces, making a show that he was resolv'd to invest vs, some-while upon one side, some-while upon the other. At length, hee set upon us in the Front, and sent his Cavallery of the right Wing, to overturne ours. By reason hereof, we were forced to retire our Baggage which was upon our left Wing, quite behind all our Army, to the end it should not be cut off from us. Thus began the Encounter with equall order, and continuall shot of Cannon: which did on each side mutuall hurt: every one striving to get forward, thorow the midst of mortalitie and slaughter of men, for to drive the enemy out of his place. The Earle of Pappenheim came in at the very beginning of the fight, with some Regiments of Horse and Dragooners: whom hee instantly carryed into the left Wing where it appear'd the King did charge with most ob­stinacy. And here the Earle giving the onsett with his ac­custom'd valour, was in the very beginning mortally woun­ded by a Fauconett: so that being taken off his Horse to be brought to Leipsich, He ended his life before his Iourney: This valerous Cavalier having sacrificed himselfe to Gods service and the Emperours, in the most important occasion which ever hath offerd it selfe to benefit the Catholike Reli­gion, and the whole House of Austria.

In the meane time the Front of the enemies Army, got [Page 161] ground apace, [...] Resolution: our Artillery being neuer able to disorder it though many a shot was made upon it: and being now comne neere the ditch which was made on our side, a great number of Muskettiers was let downe into it, from whence they gave us many good Salu­ees. But especially did they powre lead, into the Regiment of the Colonell Piccolomini: Who after he had beene expo­sed a-while to the discretion of those Muskettiers, determi­ned to set upon them, and to drive them out of the Ditch. And this he did accordingly, with so fortunate a successe, that if he had beene seconded by other Regiments, no doubt but that part of the Enemies Army would have beene utter­ly rowted. But there being none to backe him, and he fearing to be cut off from the Army, (if hee went too farre for­wards) resolv'd to set with might and maine upon a Regi­ment Winckles. of the Enemies, which He also utterly defeated, lea­ving it stretched out upon the ground, in the same manner as it had stood before ordred in Squadrons. After Pappenheim was wounded, the Cavalry which he had led, never so much as turn'd their faces against the Enemy: whereby advantage was given him to get the better of our Foot also on the left side. For all this, on the right side was the fight maintained, with equall and all possible obstinacie: at which time, a newes being spread of the Kings death, it seemed that the Enemies Army began to give backe by little and little under the favour of a very thicke mist which was risen: insomuch that at first, it was not possible to finde where it stood: Here­upon, for the present, the victory was held to be ours. We being desirous to goe forward to seeke out the Enemy, intel­ligence was had, that he went to rejoyne his Squadrons a­bout the Wood side: for which reason his Excellence sent his Colonels Tercica and Picolomini to take more exact notice of what was rumor'd. They being past on a little forward towards the Wood, saw the Enemy in full Battell-ray, marching up towards us: in as good an order as at the first. It was now very neere night; and our Army not well joyned [Page 162] together: necessitie constrain'd vs to make a stay in our owne place, neere the Wind-mills, which the Earle Coloredo defended valerously. He being charg'd by forces, incompa­rably much greater, should have beene forc'd to quit the Mills, had not his Excellency sent to his succour the Colonels Tercica and Picolomini with their Cavalry, to sustaine the shocke of those Foot; as in effect they did. It was now upon shutting in of the Euening, when the Enemy begin­ning afresh a round Salvee of his Cannon, did notably annoy our troopes and was like to have done more harme, had not the Night come on. His Excellency, when he least fear'd such an accident, Then was hee not in his Lit­ter, as Le Soldat Suedois geeres him. (being now in the Front of the Regiment of Picolomini, speaking with him) was hurt in the left arme with a Muskett Bullet: but (as we may say) almost miracu­lously: since it did him no other harme, then to leave a blacke and blew mark behind it. His Excellency showed that day no ordinary valour, riding up and downe in the Front of all the Regiments: where from time to time necessitie call'd him: encouraging with his presence, every body to the accom­plishment of their duty, being accompanied by the two Princes, brothers of the great Duke of Tuscany, of whom the one call'd Don Francisco lost his Horse he sate on by a Cannon Bullett. The Colonels Lò and Camargo dyed on the place Picolomini came off with ten Muskettado's, five wher­of, wounded him in divers parts of the body; th'other five went no further then his armour. He lost foure Horses under him, In these foure numbers, lyes the chiefest of my Authors mis-intelli­gence, or par­tialitie. and three hundred of his best souldiers: His Sergeant-Major, two Captaines, and most of his officers were hurt. It is thought, that of our side, there dyed neere upon three thousand; but a great many more wounded. Of the enemies side, were lost neere sixe thousand, and as many more woun­ded: it having beene the most bloody and obstinate Battell, which ever hath beene fought in Germany; especially in so small a number of the Imperialists which came not to twelve thousand, where on the other side, the Enemies Forces a­mounted to above twentie thousand.

At length, the fight being ended by reason of the night; his Excellency, was not resolued whether he should keepe his army in that place, or else to retire to Leipsich. But having heard the opinion of all his greatest Officers, he determined, with their good liking, to retire to Leipsich, notwithstanding the arrivall of five Regiments This sets the report right for both sides. The Swedish say that the Pappenheimers came vp in the night: and the Imperialists affirme that they came not to the Battell. of Pappenheims now newly comne from Hall. Because it was probable feared that thorow the wearinesse of the souldiers, the number of the wounded, the excessive cold: and which was most materiall, lest tho­row want of provisions in that place, the souldiers might scatter about the neighbour townes to provide themselues against their wants; and in the morning if need should be, none would be found ready for service. Hereupon our Army after three houres in the night, began to march towards Leipsich: who not being able for want of Horses and Boyes (who in the beginning of the Battell, were either kild or hurt) to cary off their Ordnance, left it there in the field; As the Enemy did likewise his owne, In these 2. re­lations of the Swedes leaving their Cannon, and Gallas his ioyning, he had false Intelli­gence. But this showes that Gallas was not in the Bat­tell. marching on towards Naumburg.

His Highnesse sent immediately for the Baron Gallas, who ioyned with him in Bennis with the forces he had: He sent likewise to fetch Monsier Altringer to come to him with his men, with an intent to make another grosse, wherewith to goe and defeate the troopes of the Enemy, which were left a-foote. His Excellency now being in Frawenstein, upon the Confines of Saxony and Bohemia, intends from thence to goe to Prague.

In the beginning of the Encounter of both Armies, Inno­centius Bucela Camrade of Piccolomini, knew the King; who lay hurt and dying upon the ground. Whereof having given notice to the Colonell; he w [...]nt with him and ten more, to see the body which was yet quivering: and while they were about fetching of it away, a troope of the Enemyes charging, forced them to retire. The noise of his death, was presently scattered abroad; yet beliefe was not fully given to it by rea­son of the relation which some prisoners made, as that the [Page 164] King was hurt, but carrried off in a close Coach, following his white Standard. But an Astrologer entertained by his Ex­cellency, being taken prisoner accidentally in the Battell, and ransomed eight dayes after; brought undoubted newes, that the King was wounded with a Musket in his arme and two Pistoll bullets, and falne downe dead in the field.

The death of the King halfe verified the Prognostication of an Astrologer named David Herlicius of Stargard in Po­merania; who said some moneths before, that the King should never passe over the Kiver of Elve againe: which he inter­preting to his benefit; beleeved he should become Master of the Empire, (as among his Collegiates he was already repu­ted, You have no word here, of the Imperialists arrogating of the Victory to their partie.) and cease to returne into Swedland, where is nothing else but craggy mountaines. But God who disposeth all things, hath made vaine the issue of that hope, and given us to understand, that to him alone is reserved the disposing of Empires.

THE EXPLICATION OF THE SEVERALL LETTERS and Numbers, in the Figure of the Battell of LVTZEN.

• A VVAlensteins Right Wing of Horse.
• B His Battell or Body of the Foot: in the middle whereof is one Horse Regi­ment.
• C His Right Wing of Horse.
• D The Towne of Lutzen.
• E The Wind-mills: upon the higher ground and hills whereof, he had planted some Ordnance.
• F Three other places, where he had planted Ordnance.
• G The Gallowes.
• H A dry Ditch or Boundary for lands, which Walenstein made to serve him for a Brest-worke, to lodge Muskettiers in.

• I The Right Wing of the Kings Vant-guard; consisting of sixe Horse Squadrons, lined with five Bodies of Muskettiers. This was led by the King himselfe: whose place is over the letter I.
• K The Left Wing of the Swedish Vantgard, composed of Horse and Muskettiers, like the Right Wing. Of this, Duke Bernard had the leading: whose place is right over the letter K.
• [Page 166] L The Fluss-graben.
• M The Kings Battell or Body of his Army; consisting of 8 Brigades of Foot: wherof 4 were in the Van, and 4 in the Reere. Each Brigade, hath 6 Peeces of Cannon before it.
• N The Millers house.
• O The towne of Chursitz.

The Numbers of the Van, or first Front.

• 1 The Finland Horse, commanded by Colonel Stolhanshe.
• 2 The West-Goths Horse Regiment.
• 3 The Ingermanlanders Horse. All these sixe Regi­ments of Horse of the Right Wing, were the Kings owne Sub­jects.
• 4 The Vplanders. All these sixe Regi­ments of Horse of the Right Wing, were the Kings owne Sub­jects.
• 5 The Ostro-Goths. All these sixe Regi­ments of Horse of the Right Wing, were the Kings owne Sub­jects.
• 6 The Smolanders, Sope All these sixe Regi­ments of Horse of the Right Wing, were the Kings owne Sub­jects.
• 7 All the 5 Bodies under the number 7, are the Commanded Muskettiers: which lined the Horse Squadrons: and were led by the Count of Eberstein.

• 8 The first Brigade of Foot being all Swedish: belonging to Carl Hart, and led by his Lieftenant-Colonel.
• 9 The second Brigade of Foot, which was the Praetorian Regiment or the Life Gards, Dutch and Swedish: and led by Grave Neeles, a Swede. This was also called the Yellow Regiment.
• [Page 167]10 The third Brigade of Foot, called the Blew Regiment, led by Colonel Winckle.
• 11 The fourth Brigade of Foot, commonly called the White Regiment, the Greene sayes Gallobel­gicus. Made up of Duke Bernards, and Colonel Wildensteins Regiments: which Colonel, now led the Brigade. Here were 200 Scots in this Brigade.

• 12 A Squadron of Horse of Duke Bernards.
• 14 Another of his.
• 15 Colonel Karbergs Regiment.
• 16 The Curlanders, led by Colonell Wrangle.
• 17 The Lieflanders, led by Colonel Tiesenhausen.
• 18 A German Regiment; led by Colonel Corvile.
• 13 All the 5 Bodies under this number 13, are the Commanded Muskettiers that lined this Left Wing of Horse: They were led by Col: Gersdorff.

The Numbers of the Reere, or second Front.

• The Horse of the Right Wing of this Reere, were Commanded by Colonell Bulach, Sergeant-Major-Generall of the Horse.
• 19 Duke William of Saxon-Weymars Regiment of Horse, led by his Brother Duke Ernestus.
• 21 Lieftenant-Generall Goldsteins Squadron: led by his Lieftenant-Colonel Rhelinger.
• 22 Generall-Major Bulachs owne Squadron.
• 23 Colonel Beckermans Regiment.
• [Page 168]24 The Landtgrave of Hessens Regiment: made up of two weake Regiments: Colonell Rosteins, namely, and Colonel Dalwicks: this last Colonel, leading the Regiment.
• 25 Colonel Islers Squadron: who was a Sergeant-Major-Generall: though now he Commanded his owne men onely.
• 20 Vnder this number 20, are the 5 Bodies of Commanded Muskettiers, that lined the 6 Horse Squadrons.

• 26 The first Brigade of Foot of the Battell, in the Reere or second Front; This was made up of two weake Regiments of the Elector of Saxonyes, and Duke Williams of Saxon-Weymar. This Brigade was led by Bosen, the Elector of Saxons Colonel.
• 27 The second Brigade of Foote, belonged to Colonel Kniphausen; Sergeant-Major-Generall of the whole Army: who Commanded all these foure Brigades in the Reere of the Battell.
• 28 The third Brigade of Foot, ledde by the Count of Thurn; In this was the Count of Eber­steins weake Regiment, and some Hassians: which helped to make up the Brigade.
• 29 The fourth Brigade of Foot, led by Colonel Mitzlaff: made up of his owne, Gerstorffs, and Rosses Regiments.

• 30 The first Squadron of Horse of the Reere of [Page 169] this Left Wing: led by Baron Hoffkirck. These were the Elector of Saxonyes men; which hee sent unto the King, then at Norimberg.
• 32 A Squadron of the Prince of Anhalts.
• 33 The Count of Loewensteins Regiment. These had no Cornets, for that they were newly leuyed; and their Ensignes not yet made. They were led by their owne Sergeant-Major.
• 34 Colonel Brandensteins Squadron.
• 35 Colonel Steinbocks. These being the Kings ordinary Guards, were sent for up into the Front, and joyned to the Smolanders: the King himselfe figh­ting at the head of Steinbocks Squadron.
• 36 Colonel Sticknits Squadron. Here were some French Horse.
• 31 Vnder this number 31. are the 5 Bodies of the Commanded Muskettiers, that lyned the Horse Squadrons.
• 37 A Reserve of Foot, for the Van of the Bat­tell: led by Colonel Iohn Hinderson, a Scottishman.
• 38 A Reserve of Horse for the Reere of the Bat­tell: led by Colonel Oeme, of the Lower Palatinate.

• 39 3 Squadrons of Crabats, Light Horsemen.
• 40 3 Squadrons of Crabats, Light Horsemen.
• 41 3 Squadrons of Crabats, Light Horsemen.
• 42 3 Regiments of Curiassiers, or men at Armes, being heauy armed Horsemen.
• 43 3 Regiments of Curiassiers, or men at Armes, being heauy armed Horsemen.
• 44 3 Regiments of Curiassiers, or men at Armes, being heauy armed Horsemen.
• [Page 170]45 4 Regiments of Foote.
• 46 4 Regiments of Foote.
• 47 4 Regiments of Foote.
• 48 4 Regiments of Foote.
• 49 A strong Regiment of Horse of Piccolomi­ni's in the head of the Battell. Here (tis said) Walen­stein himselfe was.
• 50 4 Regiments of Foote: with some lynings of Horse amongst them.
• 51 4 Regiments of Foote: with some lynings of Horse amongst them.
• 52 4 Regiments of Foote: with some lynings of Horse amongst them.
• 53 4 Regiments of Foote: with some lynings of Horse amongst them.
• 54 2 Regiments of Horse with Foote among.
• 55 2 Regiments of Horse with Foote among.
• 56 3 Squadrons of Curiassiers.
• 57 3 Squadrons of Curiassiers.
• 58 3 Squadrons of Curiassiers.
• 59 Crabats.

The Swedish Intelligencer.

THe Swedish Army having staid 2. dayes at Weissenfels, after their fatall and mourning Ʋictory; and having in that time, over-viewed and ordered their Army: they not as yet knowing, the fright the enemy was still in; or whither he might call Gallas and his Army to him: resolve to pursue, what the dead King had before the Battell purposed; which was to conioyne with the Dukes of Saxony and of Lunen­burg. These 2. Dukes, indeed, had beene united with their 8000. men about Torgau; some fortnight or 3. weekes be­fore the Battell: Lunenburg being marcht up so farre, so soone as ever Pappenheim had forsaken the Lower Saxony.

And they now hearing of the Battell, and of the Imperi­alists forsaking of Leipsich: begin to stirre for the recovery of it. Friday November 9 ^th. a little after noone; some 10. or 12. Saxon Horsemen come to the Grimmisch port of Leip­sich: where professing themselues to be Imperialists; they are admitted. Being gotten in, some one or 2. of them clogge up, and make good the gate; till another troope of their fellowes (then hard at hand) were comne into them. The Saxons recover Leipsich towne; The Court of guard at the Port, is cut in pieces: and much execution done upon the wearied and unprovided Imperialists. Towards night, the 2. Dukes of Altemburg and Lunenburg, with the 3. Colonells Hoffkirck Tauben & Pfort; attended on by 40. troopes of Horsemen and Dragooners: enter also into the City. These taking the absolute possession and Mastery of the Towne, give present summons to the Castle of Pleissenburg; where there yet was an Imperiall garrison. Satterday being the 10. they order the City, and prepare to besiege the Castle. and besiege the Castle. The 11 ^th. they get up 3. Batteries, where Holck, had before done: and made like his, of Horse-dung and Woollsacks; with boords over them. That day, the Horse marcht out of the towne: and in the night, 500. Muskettiers came in place of them. Some also, were sent from the Swedish Armie: that all might ioyne together in the cleering of the countrie. All this day the ordnance thundred so vpon the castle, that a peece of the Bulwarke was beaten flatt downe with it. Mun­day, [Page 172] being the 12 ^th, the castle, about noone, was againe sum­moned: but the Gouernour Mozer, not onely sent his deniall to those Summons; but to all that should bee made after­wards: which was, a vowe to live and die in his owne de­fence: and as for mercie or conditions he expected none from them: nor would he accept of any termes, but what himselfe should offer them. Now therefore are the ordnance sett to argue the case forboth parties: at which mooting: we, for a while, leaue them; to tell what was in the meane time done in other parts of the Country.

The Swedish Army being parted from Weissenfels, and Naumburg; The Swedish and the Saxons ioyne. Satterday November 10 ^th. arrived at Pegau. The next day, they move to Born: and (thence as we told you) are some forces sent to Leipsich. Generall-Major Dodo Kniphausen having intelligence with the Burgers of Frieberg: reprises that by an Aenslaught; and cuts of some 3. or 400. Imperialists in it. Duke Bernard does as much, to 2. or 300. Crabats, in another little towne thereabouts. Munday No­vember 12 ^th. the Army marcht to Grim; where they found themselues to be some 12000. and hither came the Saxon and Lunenburgers Army to ioyne with them. And now it is a­mongst them resolved; either to pursue the enemy, if he any where durst in the field abide them: or else to reconquer those townes of the Duke of Saxonyes: wherein the Generalissimo had left any garrisons.

Chemnitz reco­vered. Chemnitz is now first set upon, 30. miles up the same ri­ver, due South from Grim, towards Bohemia. Here were the remnants of the 3. Regiments of the dead Comarga, Palant, and Contreras. Some service was on both sides done, before the towne would render: but my purpose being but to relate things brieflyer, now since the Kings death: I shal only affoord you the generall Acts and Articles. Vpon these conditions, was the place rendred.

and the conditions.1. That the Imperiall Governour should give over the towne; and leave all his Gunnes, Ammunition, Victualls, and Ensignes unto the Swedes and Saxons.

[Page 173]2. That no Protestant, were he Ecclesiasticall or Laye-person; should bee forcibly carryed away by the Impe­rialists: nor should any harme or damage bee done to them.

3. That the Imperialists should not, (either now or hereafter) make demands to the Elector of Saxonyes sub­iects, of any thing due for Contribution or upon any o­ther colour: nor should be troublesome to them for that matter.

4. The Governour, so soone as ever the Articles were sig­ned; should deliver up the towne keyes: and should draw up all his souldiers together into the place of Parado, in the mar­ket-stead: and that without matches lighted, or any corne of powder, or bullet of lead, about them.

5. Both Governour and souldiers, Ecclesiasticks, sicke and wounded people, should so soone as ever they requested it; have leave to goe out of the towne: but yet without sound of Drummes and Trumpets, and with no other wea­pons, but their swords onely.

6. The Governour should have leave to carry away his owne baggage, upon his owne Horses and Waggons: of which, none of the other Officers, should have more then one apiece. As for the common souldiers, they should carry away no more, then they could beare upon their backs.

7. If any of the garrison were disposed, to turne to the Protestant Party: the Governour should attempt no­thing against them, in preiudice either of their lives or honours.

8. The Governour and his souldiers should be convoyed as farre as Frieberg: who should be bound from plunde­ring or burning any thing by the way, in the Duke of Saxonyes Dominions. And in lieu of the souldiers that should convoye them, they were to leave pledges for their safe returne: after which; the pledges should have their Passes.

[Page 174]9. In these Articles, should not those common harry­ers and plunderers, the Crabats; by no meanes be compre­hended.

10. If in any tittle, these Articles should be prooved to bee infringed; the Governour was to bee laid hold of: and the conditions to be of no force, against the besiegers.

Shall I call these 10. Articles, or 10. Commandements? for as yet have I seldome read, that any enemy did not scorne to yeeld up his towne, upon such unsouldierly and dishonoura­ble conditions: who was not forced by Storme, to yeeld at Mercy. Looke all History over; and you shall hardly find me 10. such Articles: scarcely worse; and upon that, I dare give you the booke you find them in. By this you see, what estate the Imperiall Army was in. Let all that side hereafter, for­beare to say, that theirs had the victory at Lutzen; seeing that so suddenly after it, and within 25. English miles of Bohemia; 3. Imperiall Regiments did yeeld up such a towne, upon such pittifull conditions.

Chemnitz being taken; the Swedish Army is devided: Ge­nerall-Major Kniphansen, Kniphansen goes to Leip­sich Castle. being with some forces sent to Leipsich, to hasten on the taking of the Castle: whilest Duke Bernard sent out Partees every way, to skowre the coast of the Imperialists. Kniphansen being comne to Leipsich; and some greater peeces of Battery brought thither from Dres­den; the siege is gone on more sadly withall. I find (I con­fesse) writing for 2. or 3. sallyes made by the Imperialists: and of an offer made by the besiegers, to breake the ground and to begin their Approaches, (one Moone-light night) right against the Thomas Gate. But I write no more parti­culars. Let it suffice to know, that on Sunday December 2 ^d. the Governour Mozer (for all his stoutnesse) as faine to condiscend to these 9. Pleissenburg Castle taken, Articles: which had they beene of his making (which he before protested to stand upon) I suppose they would have beene more favourable to his party.

[Page 175]1. That the Governour with his Officers and souldiers, that defended the Castle; as also the Ecclesiasticks, the Conditions sicke and wounded people, shall depart out of it the day fol­lowing.

2. The Governour shall be bound, either this night, or to morrow morning; to deliver up his prisoners, whither Churchmen, or of the Laity.

3. That neither Governour nor souldiers, shall now or hereafter, pretend any thing upon the subiects of the Elector of Saxony.

4. The Governour and his Officers shall have leave to car­ry away their owne baggage: provided there were nothing amongst it, belonging unto any of the Electors subiects. As for the common souldiers, they shall march out with no more, then they could carry upon their shoulders.

5. The Governour shall leave all his Ordnance, Artillery, Ammunition, Provisions, Armour, and whatsoever else was necessary for defence; behind him in the Castle.

6. And so shall he doe with his Ensignes, if he hath any.

7. The Governour shall not onely be bound, but give sureties for it; that he should have no powder-mines in the Castle: nor should his souldiers doe any other wrong to it, at their departure.

8. The Governour shall pretend nothing, either against their lives or honours; that were disposed to turne to the Protestant party.

9. Lastly, That by vertue of this agreement, the Gover­nour with his Officers and souldiers, might freely come out of the Castle; and should have a Saxon Convoye, even to the Frontiers of Bohemia: provided that he left hostages for the returne of the Convoye.

Articles, within a very little, as lowly as the former: and yet upon these was Pleissenburg Castle rendred, December 3 ^d. being Munday. The Saxons having delivered the Impe­rialists upon the Frontiers of Bohemia; the Boores there, [Page 176] not suffering them to enter: beate them backe as farre as An­naberg in Misnia: where they were forced to become Swe­dish. This I find writing for: but I wonder how Walenstein would use these Boores for it?

I passe by smaller rencounters; because I hasten (like the Swedish) to cleere the greater townes, of the Imperialists. And they, it appeares, made such hast to do it, that they gave farre better conditions to the next towne, (for a packing penny) then they had done to both the former. Twas now in the depth of Winter; when as the souldiers would faine be in their Quarters; and their two Commanders (Duke Bernard and Kniphansen) at Dresden. Thither the Protestant Princes, began to come and send, to the holding of a Dyet: and to consult together, how the Warres were to be prose­cuted, now after the death of the great Director of the Warre; the incomparable King of Sweden.

Pleissenburg Castle being taken, and restored (like Chem­nitz) to the Elector of Saxony: Generall-Major Kniphausen goes with the Army unto Zuicka; which by this time Duke Bernard had given a girdle to. And now are the Saxon For­ces, returned againe towards Silesia: for that thereabouts, the Imperialists began a-new to bustle.

The Baron de Suvis, was now Governour of Zuicka: and he preparing for defence, burnes downe the Suburbs; forti­fies and mans the great Church, the Towne-house, and Ca­stle. Duke Bernard and Kniphausen (to be briefe) making up Batteries of Timber-worke; upon the fifteenth of Decem­ber, Zuicka rendred, began to talke in the tone of thunder to them: By this, in ten dayes space, the besieged were brought downe to lower and milder language: and contented upon Christmas Day, to take this cold Pye to their dinners. Then were these Articles concluded upon.

1. That by 5. a clocke on Saint Iohns day in the morning, the Governour and souldiers, and the conditions. belonging either unto his Im­periall Maiesty, or unto the Catholike Leaguers; should with flying Ensignes, Drummes beating, matches lighted, bullet [Page 177] in the mouth, and full Armes; depart out of the City: carrying along with them, some field pieces; of powder, bullet, leade, and match, of each 2000. weight.

2. That the Foote forces, shall take all their Horses, Wa­gons, Baggage, Moveables, and their Leaguer-servants; along with them, without molestation.

3. That the Horsemen, servitors either to the Emperor or the Leaguers, of what nation or quality soever they are; shall have leave to march out compleatly. That is to say, with Horses, Saddles, Pistols, Carabines, and Cornets: and with their Baggage in like manner, as was granted to the Foote-forces.

4. That the Imperiall Commissary Conradus à Schleisburg; shall also be comprehended in the Treaty.

5. That the sicke and wounded men, shall goe out upon the same termes with the other: who if they want wagons to carry them away; the Duke will please to allow them some: or else to suffer them so long to stay in the City, and be carefully looked unto, till they be thorowly cured. After which, they shall be suffered to depart, without molesta­tion. To this end, shall order be given to the Swedish and Saxon souldiers; that the Baron De Suvie and his souldiers (Horse and Foote) be suffered to depart, without wrong or molestation.

6. The Swedish assure also, that they shall not goe about, either by money or other wayes; to debauch or inveigle away any of the Imperiall souldiers, into their service.

7. The departing Imperialists, shall have a sufficient Con­voye, (of 2. or 300. Horse at least) under some Commander; to guard them as farre as Preswitz in the way to Commotha: who shall not enforce them to march above 2 Dutch leagues a day.

Vpon these honorable conditions, went the Baron De Su­vis out of Zuicka: attended with a garrison of 1150. Foote, under 5. flying Ensignes: and 600. Crabats, with some o­ther Horsemen. Two hundred and fifty Waggons-loade of [Page 178] Baggage and Ammunition, he had along: and was, in state and leisure, conveyed into the very borders of Bohemia. The Swedish, towards the end of the Market, were contented to affoord good penny-worths: for this being the last towne of the Elector of Saxonyes, possessed by the Imperialists; the countries of Saxony, Ʋoitland, and Misnia, were now quite cleered of them. The Army put into Quarters. And then was the over harassed, tyred, and victorious Army, put into their winter-Quarters.

And by this time was that wise States-man, the Rex-Chancellor Axel Oxenstiern, Oxenstiern com­ming, comne into the Countrey. He first convoking the Military Commanders, unto Altemburg, (as I take it) some part of the glorious Conquerors Will and Testament, was made knowne unto them. And whereas the King in his life time, the Army is, devided. had appointed Dodo Kniphausen to goe with an Army into the Lower-Saxony; and to have the Title of a Felt-Marshall: the Swedish Army is thereupon divided; part remaining to that valiant young Prince Duke Bernard of Saxon-Weymar, and another smaller part, going along with the new Felt-Marshall.

Kniphausen made Felt-Marshall: and sent into the Lower-Saxony.Both these Armies, (as also all those other of the severall Swedish Commanders about Germany) were to take their or­ders and directions, from the Lord Chancellor: who was to command all in chiefe; by vertue of the Commission which the King had given him: of being Ambassador to the Armies. This is that ancient and honourable Title among the Romanes, called Legatus ad exercitus: For the pleasure therefore, and better understanding of the Readers; give me leave to rubbe up my old notes, and to deduce this Office from Antiquity.

The Romane Senate, still used to send some of the prime Nobility, and skilled in the warres, unto the Generall: whose counsells and directions he was to have regard unto, in all but in the manner of fighting the Army. Twas the honourablest military employment of all, and the most reverend. The Am­bassador to the Armies, hath in him both the power of a Generall, and the sacrednesse of a Priest: sayes Dionysius lib. XI ^o. speaking of Lucius Siccius. Hence the Greekes stiled [Page 179] them [...] & [...]; Elders and Counsellors. When there was a Romane Dictator (an absolute soveraigne and Military Emperour, or more) then he appointed this Ambas­sador. Then also he commanded him: and so did the Consul too, when he was abroad as Generall of the Army. Dolobella me sibi Legavit; saies Cicero, Consull, Generall Dolobella, hath appointed me his Ambassador. Their place was above the Tribunes. They were chosen out of the Senators: and when there was no Dictator upon the Army; then had they a so­lemne election by the whole Senate. Legati ex Senatorū ordi­ne: and, ex Senatoria authoritate legarentur, sayes Cicero. Chosen out of the Senate, and by it. Legati, publicè lecti; quorum operâ consilioque uterentur, peregrè Magistratus. They were chosen publikely: and the Magistrates sent abroad into the Provinces, were to use their counsell and assistance. Cicero in Ʋatin: calls them Nuncios pacis & belli: Curatores, In­terpretes: bellici consilij Auctores; Ministros muneris Provin­cialis. Heralds and Denouncers of peace and warre: Curators and Interpreters, Authors of military directions; Administra­tors of the affaires in the Provinces.

In this they differed from the Imperator or Great Gene­rall. Aliae sunt Legati partes, aliae Imperatoris. Alter, omnia agere ad praescriptum, alter liberè ad summam rerum consulere deb [...]t, sayes Caesar: The Generall is to execute according to the words of his Commission: but the Ambassador, may ex­traordinarily give his advice, upon the highest point of the businesse. In the Generalls absence from the Army, the Am­bassador kept the state: he had his Lictors and his Secures; his Sergeants with the Axe and Rods to goe before him. Verres in Achaiam, sumptu publico & legationis nomine; eum imperio & securibus missus est: saies Cicero. Ʋerres was sent into Achaia upon the charges of the Common-wealth; and the title of an Ambassador: with command and state.

There were 2. degrees of these Ambassadors, among the Romanes: Consulares, and Praetorij. The first sort, was for the whole Army: the other were but Duces, Colonels to their [Page 180] Brigades, Regiments, or Divisions. Augustus Caesar, did all a­broad in the Provinces, by the first: whom Tacitus cals Con­sulares. And of this dignity (as neere as ancient orders may be compared to new imitations) is the Lord Axel Oxenstiern, Baron of Kimith, Lord of Fiholmen and Tydoen, Praesident of Lapland and of the North Marches, Knight, &c. Councellor and Chancellor of the Kingdome of Sweden; and Ambassador Generall unto the Armies in Germany.

And here must I conclude my Story (my unpolisht and un­worthy Story) of the most incomparable valiant and good Prince; that ever (yet) honored any age or Story. The Protestāt and well affected party (me thinks) may well be compared unto the 2. Bookes of the Prophet Ieremy. Experience, is a kind of Prophet. People, therefore, certaine in experience of what he had done; were so strong in hopes, of what he would doe: that they even seem'd to prophesie. But now, alas! when their hopes are fail'd, they conclude with Ieremies La­mentations: Iosiah is dead, and well they may lament him. How likely, (had God spar'd him life) he was to have fulfil­led all mens hopes;) and how deservedly, he is now to be la­mented: See here (good Readers) by this following, course Character of him.

The Character Of the High and Mighty Prince, and most victorious Conqueror Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, &c. Wherein the best of those conceits, in Le Soldat Suedois, are not neglected.

THat this Prince was a Descen­dant by the Male-line, not from a Kingly Stemme, onely, but from a Family of Deliverers: and that his Nobility by the By his great Grandmother; descended of the ancient Gottori and Fu [...] ­cones, Dukes & Kings of Swe­den. His Father [...] line being from Trolle and the Trollioes, Knights and Councellors of Sweden, of 400. yeers standing. A Knight, of a Knights family there; is equall in esteeme with them, as a­mongst us those are, of the Garter. Females, is of a more ancient extraction, then the vulgar He­raldry hath yet taught us: are the advantages of his Birth, the additions to his Inheritance, and the com­mendations of his Fortune. Nor could lesse be expe­cted to the propagating of such a Prince; then a Crowned Merit and Nobility; in his Ancestors. And that, not of the first head onely: least it should have beene mistaken for a chance of Natures, and not an [Page 182] Industry: but to produce the Conqueror of Germany, there was the preparation of many Ages, required. Like as in the delicatest Fruite-trees: tis not enough, that the Cyon be of a noble Stocke; but that it be bet­tered by many Engraftings and Removings. Ancient, descending, and continued Merite and Nobility, derived from the loynes of many Ancestors: nothing lesse could have begotten such a King of Sweden. Sweden glories in his Birth; He was borne in December 1594. thats Her honour: but his Pe­digree and Alliances, are from Germany. The more kindly and naturall, therefore, was his ambition to de­liver it; and the lesse exception lay there, to his be­ing a Stranger. To be a signe, of whence he was de­scended; were his 2. names given him. Gustavus, hath beene the ancient Christian name of divers of the Kings of Sweden: though none of them till his carrying it, put the world into the conceit, that it was the Anagramme of Augustus. Adolphus hath beene the bearing of the Houses of Holstein and of Mecklenburg; from both which, he lineally was ex­tracted. So was He borne, and thus Christned.

His youth was bred up, with royall exercises: such as might season him with Vertue and Religion, and prepare him for grand businesses. His body, though brought up, Princely; yet not Cocknied up, tenderly: nor with too much soft, and warme, and gaye, and sweete; effeminated. The Poets faine, that Mars was borne in this Country: who had never prov'd the God of Warre, had not his body beene enured to the Frost, and Ice, and Rocks, and hard­ship of this Northerne Clymate. His spirit, was by the [Page 183] tutorage of the best learning and examples, elevated; to esteeme no good designe too high for him: forti­fied with a courage, that knew not how to stoope beneath a King; and (like his sword, afterwards) tem­pered with so irresisteable, and steely an edge, as should cut thorow all dangers and necessities. At home, he learned Latin; in Italy, Mathematicks; o­there where abroad, the French, Italian, and Germane languages: all which as he learned very readily, so he spake as promptly and elegantly. Travaile refin'd and furnisht him: yea he privately travailed Germany, under the concealed name of M ^r. This assumed appellation, was made up of the 4. first letters of his Title Gustavus Adolphus Rex Suecia. GARS, even af­ter he was King of Sweden.

At 16. yeeres old, he was not onely a souldier, but a Colonell; and though the youngest, yet (per­chance) not the unskilfullest, of his Fathers Army. Next yeere, which was Anno 1611. King Charles his Father dyed: when himselfe, then but a Minor of 17. yeeres of age, was called to the Kingdome. The entry into his reigne, was the tryall of his education: his Father left him embroyled with the Dane and Muskovite; and shortly after, began the Polander to confront him. The pretences of these Princes, were indeed much different: but in the ruine of a young King, they all had the same intentions. Poland clai­med the Crowne; Denmarke and the Muskovite; put in to recover what bordering lands they had before claimed; and which, had either beene conquered from them, by his Ancestors, or freely for merite granted them, by the others. I will not write a Story, where I intend but a Character. Let this suffice to [Page 184] know; that he gate the better of all 3. Nations, both upon the greene grasse, and upon the greene Carpet: in the field, I meane, and upon the Treaty.

Two of his young schollers prizes, twere pitty to passe over. In his warre with the Muskovite, hee would needs lay siege to Notteburg Castle: Anno 1617. which among other lands, the Muskovite had granted his Father, for his service. The place of this, is upon an Iland; in the middle of the mouth, of the most ra­ging swift river of Nerva, and at least Culvering shot, from either shoare of it. His Colonells, not willing their young King should receive a checke in his rising fortunes, by attacking an impossibility: diswade the Action; himselfe onely remaining con­stant to pursue it. See how God Almighty made our young Iosua, to be honoured among his people. The Muskovites proved to have such thrushes, See the booke called Descrip­tio Regni Sueciae. and warts, and blisters, growing in the insides of their throates and mouthes; that they could neither feede nor swallow: so that having abundance of Ammu­nition, and a whole yeeres victualls by them; yet came they out and yeelded up the Castle to him. An inpregnable piece! which could neither be battered, starved, nor have a bridge laid over to it. That yeere, tooke he another Castle, almost as strong: whereup­on the Muskovite was glad to make King Iames his good friend, to procure his peace with the young Sweden.

Some while after this, had he a difference with the Dantzickers: who man'd out 20. or 30. good Ships of Warre; with the first opening of the Spring, [Page 185] to have burnt up his Nauy in the Harbour. Twas about the end of winter then, when his long and nar­row Swedish Sea, was a yeard or two deepe frozen. This Ice, our young King causing his Boores (for 10 or 12. English miles together) to cut open; came with his Fleete in the night, upon the Dantzickers; and burnt, sunke, spoyled, or tooke the most of them.

In his Warres with his Vnckle Sigismund King of Poland, hee conquered so many townes from him, both in Prussia and Livonia: that the Pole was en­forced to request the mediation of King Charles and the French King, to make up a peace for 6. Sir Thomas Ro [...] was our Kings Ambassador. yeeres betwixt them: which he afterwards desired to be perpetuated. This was concluded September 29. 1629. King Sigismund acknowledging Gustavus A­dolphus to be King of Sweden; and in his Treaty, so styling him.

And thus, wheresoever this young Mars entred; the dread of his Armes and Name, were as full of terror to the enemy-Country, Annibal ad port [...]. as Annibal sometimes unto the Romanes: nor ever returned he out of them, but with the Olive and the Palme branches; the Em­blemes of Peace and Victory.

But these Northern Trophyes upon his next neigh­bours, though they had much of glory; yet have they much of Credit and possibility, also in them: but Chronicle and Beliefe must straine hard, to make his Germane Conquests any thing probable, with poste­rity: and were they not written in the times of the doing, and acknowledged by his enemies: scarcely [Page 186] would the Legend be more Apocryphall. For what credulity, (not facile to be abused) could perswade it selfe, that 2. third parts of Germany, could (and by him that entred but with 11000. men) in 2. yeeres and 4. moneths space, be wrested from so puissant an Emperour? A mighty Empire and a Potent; formidable for its greatnesse, confident upon the power of its Colleagues and Vpholders: vast in its extent, terrible for its Armes and Captaines; renow­ned for its Conquests, beyond expectation, successe­full in all its enterprises: and that knew no bounds, but the Alpes and the Ocean. And yet this Empire, which either with its Armies, or garrisons: if not by a cheaper way, the meere reputation of what it had, or might doe; held so many Princes at a Baye: was it selfe constrained to take on the yoake, which Swe­dens Gantlett put upon it. In lesse then 2. yeers and a halfe, he did all this: what might He more haue atchieved, had he gone on another yeere and two moneths: and fil'd up the time of that malicious and false prediction, which the Iesuites had cast abroad of him? They comforted their credulous Novices, with his being Antichrist; and that he should raigne 3. yeeres and a halfe, and no longer.

The beleefe of his conquering so much, will be the more facilitated: if we could but conceive (once) his familiar way of doing it: he made but a Comedy of the warres: which others are so solemne upon; and make so full of Tragedy. I will giue but two examples. Comming before Elbing with an Army, scarce so strong as their garrison; he after Summons [Page 187] and Hostages; wormes out by faire words, the Bur­gomaster and some great ones, to his Tent unto a Parlee. Himselfe, in the meane time, with some few of his Gentlemen, goes to the Ports and desires to come in as a travayler, to please his sight with the rarities of their City. Such pleasancy of words and conceit he used, that the Citizens were as desirous to see the King of Sweden, as he to take their City. Being in, he walkes gazing up and downe, the peo­ple flocking still after him. Now in truth good peo­ple (saies he) if I had thought you had desired to see the King of Sweden, I would have put on my best cloathes to day. What need you feare me? my Swedes and Fins shall be your drudges, cleave wood, fetch water, and doe you any servility: and with that he calls a stubbed Finn to him, and commands him to remoove some lumber, or piece of rubbish. This said, he goes into a Stationers shop, and there calls for Buchanans Poemes: iust as in such a case Alexan­der sometimes did, for Homers Iliades. And thus the Burgomaster knowing, that the King was in the towne; and He being sure, that the Burgomaster was in His Tent: the composition became the easier. At that very strong towne of Konigshoven in Franconia, after this; showed he another example of this face­tious facility. Having summoned the towne, hee rides up along towards the Ports: where when hee saw the guards blowing their matches, and making ready to shoote him: Sacrament (saies he) if you make but one shot, the King shall know of it; and he hath vowed that not a man of you shall have Quar­ter. [Page 188] But if you will treate fairely, you shall have your owne conditions. This was his order (mostly) in taking of a towne: he would not stand entrenching and building Redoubts, at a miles distance: but clap downe with his Army presently, about Cannon shot from it. There would he begin his Approaches, get to their walls, Batter and Storme, presently: and if he saw the place were not by a running pull to be taken: he would not lose above 4. or 6. dayes be­fore it; but rise and to another. And thus did hee at Ingolstat.

Tis a hard taske to give you the iust portraiture of this Prince: he was so perpetually in action, that he seldome gave himselfe time to sit, to have it ta­ken. But these (in generall) are the rough drawings of his personall excellencies. He bare a Port and Presence, full of a gracious Majestie; full flesht, and fac't: a rich and a gallant stature, 2. yeards and a­bove: a hawkes eye; the world thought an Eagles. His more then flaxen-coloured haire, inclined to the colour of Apolloes: a signe hee had much of the Sunne in him. His tone of speech, was of a manly and a masterly pronunciation: and his answers were quicke, full, smart, but not gybing: cleane limb'd he was, strong, active, and hardy: made up as fitly for a King, as for a Generall. But for the guest that raigne in this Palace, & actuated it; his mind, and his spirit: thats to be best guessed at by his Conquests. An vndaunted courage, a strong iudgement, an ad­mirable quicknesse of conceit, a naturall vigilancy and indefatigablenesse, a marvailous forecast, with [Page 189] the best advantage to apprehend and dispose of his occasions: these were his personall forces, that con­quered so much of Germany. Looke else into his Lea­guer. See there his encamping, his fortifying, his new wayes of fighting, and embatteling; his orders, his provisions, his directions, and the soule and spi­rit of all these, his owne diligences: and then tell me, how he were easie to be resisted. An excellent dex­terity besides, was he endowed withall, to extricate and untangle the Gordian knottinesse of a businesse; the master-spirit he had, over all that came before him; a gift, withall to take the advantage of mens humours; and a native attraction in him, to winne hearts, as well as Provinces. A great Student hee was, upon any businesse of importance: and when his Chancellor was with him, a diligent disputer and Can­vasser of the Answer, which he was to give to Am­bassadors.

He would have the proiecting of the designe, still to passe from his owne invention; seldome calling a formall Councell of Warre; and yet not despising to aske upon the Bye, the advises of his Commanders. He contented not himselfe to be the Generall of an Army, but he would be a Captain, yea a Sergeant of a band; an Enginier, a common souldier, a Canonier: all, or any thing. The surprise and suddennesse of a danger, seldome astonied his iudgement: but the more desperate the peril were, the nimbler, common­ly, was he in his deliveries; still shewing most vigor, where there was most need of it. There was not an enterprise to be gone upon, not beneath the honour [Page 190] of a Colonell; but let the danger be what it would, he would leade on the Partee. And twas an asto­nishment to behold, that he was not onely not worne out with the affiduity of his labours and his hard­ships; but that he battned and grew fat upon action: comming fresh off from one, and still prest and rea­dy for another enterprize. Hee grew fat, I say, not with eating and drinking; no Prince was more tem­perate then he, those wayes. His feeding was upon strong and souldierly dishes: not such delicacies, as were dainty of taste, and easie of digestion; but such lusty, bearing meates, as would encrease strength, and make resistance in the stomacke. Drinking, he was not taxt for: and notwithstanding it be the Nor­therne way of sinning; yet came not he to out-drinke the Germanes: they were not that way to be conque­red. Briefly, that Northerne corner of the world, hath not brought forth a Prince of his temper, and temperance; or a man so generally well put together, in all imaginable abilities and perfections; to make a Generall of. And so much, have the contriving and conduct of his designes, manifested; which hee had even almost given their period unto.

I have left out the best part yet; and that was his Religion: his devotion in his Religion, (publike and private) and his frequent Prayers and Thanksgivings, (especially upon all eminenter occasions) were the things that rendred him admirable. He would pray a ship-board, and a shoare; in the Field, and in the midst of a Battell: as if Prayer alone, were the su­rest piece of all his whole Armour. And in his open [Page 191] Prayers, this one thing is of all the rest, most conside­rable; That as other times he had sworne, publikely sworne; that his purposes were not to Conquer, but to Deliver: so in his Prayers for divine assistance, would he boldly appeale to God the searcher of the hearts, that Hee knew his intentions to be no other. That a Prince, now, should thus dare it in the face of Heaven; and call downe iust vengeance from thence, if hee meant not Gods glory in sincerity: they must bee his enemies, that will not beleeue it.

The greatest imperfection of his body, was that his eyes, were dimme sighted: that though he could forsee, no eye better, yet could he not discerne farre from him. The greatest infirmity of his mind, was his Cholericknesse: a passion, indeed which he could not so well controll; and which would easily, now and then, burst forth, upon a slight, or imaginaned provocation. But this was an inbred humour, not a humorousnesse in him: and the usuall uncorrected vigourousnesse of those Spirits it is, that have a rich­er allowance of Spirit and Fire in them. This though it must be confessed, to be a peccancy, and a distem­per; yet is it to be observed withall, that of the pre­dominancies of the 4. Humours, this principally ren­ders a man fit for action. And truely, it might in him the better be excused, for that he was still enchaft with businesses; and had so many dispositions of men, and successes of affaires, to encounter withall: espe­cially sometimes, when he found but awckward­nesse. This fault indeed, was he noted for: and tis for him that writes his Apologie, not his Character; to [Page 192] denie or defend it. And yet this helpe there was for it: that vpon a very litle consideration, he would take himselfe with the maner, and take vp, presently: and with a gratious debonnairenesse and sweetnesse, which was naturall to him, giue checke to the ouer­lashing of some lesse aduised and indigested speeches, that had in choler slipt from him. Ready, besides, of himselfe, he was, to giue satisfaction: not vnto the Grandees and Chiefes onely of his Armies, whose merits and seruices might take the more exceptions to such vsage: but euen to the common souldiers also, who ought not to stand vpon such puntilioes with a King their Generall. This would he doe easily; es­pecially where he found himselfe vsed like a King, and sued vnto.

Himselfe would say, when he tooke notice now and then, of this touchinesse of his owne nature, so apt with a little spark to take fire: That he must endure, ever and anon, the diversities of their humours; the flegme of some, and the drinke of others: and that in e­quity, therefore, they ought something the better to beare with his cholericknesse. And an indifferent temper in men, would have passed by this infirmity in him; could they have but consideted the multitudes and varieties of those greater thoughts, which were still agitated in that ever working braine and spirit of his; wound up, and labouring upon the stretch, without intermission. A man, me thinks, should doe with a bad humor in a Prince, as with a bad Angell: give him his full Graines, and Allowances; and then weigh him. But if you please to put into the either skale, [Page 193] those extraordinary many vertues in him: his sweet­nesse of disposition, his easinesse of accesse, the fami­liarnesse of his carriage, his care that every common souldier should have his due, and his moderation in the greatnesse of his successes, not thinking his shad­dow one spanne the more spreading; then surely, the beame would so cast it on the better s [...]ide, that his choler would seeme but as the dust of the balance, to them.

But yet another fault was there in this most excel­lent Prince, which (now) hath spoyl'd all the rest. That, namely, his courage suffered his Iudgement no better to distinguish, betwixt the duties of a com­mon Carabin, and a Generall of an Army; but would adventure the King, as farre as the Leader of a Partee: and that, by consequence, he tooke no better care for the saving and sparing of the best blood of the Army; but was too too prodigall an unthrift of it. The marvaile is not, that he was so hazardous of it, in a Cause so glorious; but that in all those encoun­ters, he lost no more of it: his owne life, perpetually, being as farre and forwardly engaged, and still run­ning the same hazards; with the meanest of his Ar­my. But yet for taking off this blame from him; this, in his discharge, is to be said: That that natu­rall constitution of his, not of fire onely, but of flame, made all the valour and couragiousnesse of his Ar­my, behold unto his example; and that the well speeding of his so many victories, was principally to be ascribed to his presence in the encounters: the very sight of such a Leader, like some puissant Aspect [Page 194] in the heavenly Constellations, infusing a secret in­fluence and irrradiation of courage into his owne; and of fright and terrour, into his enemies.

And by these excellencies, arrived he to this height of glory: even of a military glory. And see what a true-rais'd Fame can doe! it hath something in it, not onely beyond the nature of an Eagle, but of a Starre, too; for the higher aire this Prince wrought himselfe up into, the fuller, still, and the liker Statua, his vertues have appeared; and he big­ned upon the eye of envie, in his Mountie. Bo­dies meerly up of craft or fortune, doe out of cun­ningnesse affect to conceale their owne greatnesses. Like Mercury among the Plantets: who though of a fiery and a flushing luster: yet so politicke a Courtier and close a waiter he is, (and that upon in­dustry:) as by ever crowding neer the Sunne, he hath gained to walke so farre obscured under his Masters glories; that his devoutest servants (the Astronomers) can seldome or never procure the sight of him. Wher­as Bodyes made up of true worth and substance; are like the Sunne it selfe, then arrived to the brightest of their Beauties, when in the highest degree of their Exaltations.

And this is something, towards the Character of the King of Sweden, whilest he was. And alas that I must say, Whilest he was! Now would I give all my part in Grammer, to alter but one Tense, and to say He is. But because He is no more amongst us, this Character and Story of his, may serve in stead of his Picture; to conserve his memory. I confesse I [Page 195] am not Limner cunning enough, to give every part of him, his true stelling and proportion: nor have I the Art, either with sweete touches or bold and ma­sterly stroaks, so to heigthen up my Peece, or make it to stand off, as every way to be like him. In this onely doe I please my selfe, that those who have had the honour to be about his person; may here refigure a touch or two, that come something neere the Life of him. This also I assure my selfe of, that those no­bler foes, who have sometimes beene made feele his Armes: will be amongst the liberallest to contribute towards his praises; if it be but onely to take off something from their owne losses, to justifie their owne disgraces; and to show that no man inferiour to this Character, could have beene thus active and successefull upon them.

That which is admirable beyond all the rest, is, That this Prince hath left the affaires behind him, in an estate seeming advantageous to both parties. The one side, thinke skales turn'd, by his killing. His owne Allyes, he left in possession of more then two third parts of Germany: of the better townes, and the greater rivers; even from the Vistula in Mus­kovia, unto the Rhine and Danuby: the Oder, the Elb, the Danuby, the Mayn and the Rhine; all these are witnesses of his personall Trophees: and so are the Weser and the Mosel, of others of his Captaines. To continue these Conquests, he left seven faire Ar­mies behind him, with their Generals. In the Vpper Saxony, his owne, to Duke Bernard; in the Lower Saxony a 2 ^d. under Baron Kniphausen: In Silesia a third, [Page 196] under Dubalt. In Bavaria a fourth, under the Pala­tine Birckenfelt. About Cullen a fifth, under Baudissin: in Alsatia a sixth, under Gustavus Horn: and in Schwabland a seuenth, under The Duke of Wirtem­berg, and Sir Patrick Ruthven. I reckon not the Saxons: the Lunenburgers, the Bremers, nor the Hessens; be­cause under their owne Princes: though all, whilest he lived, by him, as the Generall Director of the Wars, to be commanded. Adde to this, the strength of his Confederacies: all Princes, (excepting those of the House of Austria, some few Italians, and the Catholike Leaguers) being his Allyes.

What now remaineth, but that the Protestant Prin­ces of the Empire, doe goe on still, to pursue the advantages, which he left unto them; to banish all personall jealousies, and mis-intelligences; to soder up all old ruptures and divisions; to lay aside the standing upon their punto's, and the Heraldry of their genealogies; and to suffer the Warres to be conducted, not by Princes of the best Houses, but the greatest abilities; to husband their time and oportunities; to presse action, and not to bee too tedious in their con­sultations; to take advantage of what is both passed and present; to study how to conserve their owne estates, under that of the Empire; to communicate their counsels, and unite their Forces, for the redu­cing of Freedome and Religion. This if they be neg­ligent in; then, all the travels of the deceased King; together with all their owne paines and charges: yea all their Forces, Armies, and advantages; shall not long serve their turnes, but they must become the [Page 197] prey of their Enemies, an Amphitheater of Tragedies, and an example to posteritie of confiscated estates, and of bodies incurably diseased.

And to say the troth, these Princes have even un­till this present, gone so well on, that their vnitie hath quite dasht all the exultations of the contrary party; and they have trumped upon the best of the others hopes; and happily gone beyond the feares of their friends, that still doubted them. They have given the world to see, that the Schooling and lesso­ning of the King, hath made good impression in them: and that the losse of so great a Patrone, though it ex­tremely pull'd downe the side; yet hath it caused their motions to be concentricall, to goe all one way; and by union, to redouble their vigours.

And yet all this notwithstanding, and that the King of Sweden hath left these Princes of his partie, in so good estate, that they have the lesse cause to la­ment the losse of him: they being well set up on their feet againe, and in case to maintaine their owne freedomes. Admit the truth of all this: yet hath the adverse party, which he gave checke unto, reco­vered the better of the game, since this King is taken. Great are their advantages, by the death of this Prince: these few pellets of lead which kill'd him, being worth more to them, then a million of Du­cats possibly could have advantaged them. And this losse of him, who was the Sole Director of all; gave not onely hopes, but probabilities; that now, when the businesse was to fall to be managed by a many; the diversities of Cheefes, would bee so apt [Page 198] to foment iealousies and mis-intelligences: as that it would give more facility to the contrary party, to conserve what was not yet conquered; to satisfie some privately discontented; to vnite their counsels: to recall exiled tranquility; and firmely, once againe, to re-establish a good peace over all the Empire.

If now, the Imperiall party please to make pro­fit, by their former losses: then shall wee see them turne a deafe eare to all bloody and violent counsels; avoide the enforcing both of Princes and people, to turne desperate: remove all suspitions and bad cor­respondencies; regaine exasperated spirits, by sweet­nesse; and seeke how to raigne by love, rather then by terrour: no more attempting the breach of the peace and publike faith, vnder pretence of consci­ence: it being to be dealt withall by perswasion, and not by enforcing; as having to answer before another Tribunall, then mans Iudgement. And hereunto, it appeareth, that this party ought so much the rather to aspire; because it may have hope even forthwith and henceforward, to continue in their owne rights and advantages: the death of this King, having cured them of a bodily feare they were deeply already in; least he should have taken a higher flight, pretented towards new Diademes: and fully have verified his Anagramme, by changing the name Gustavus, into Augustus.

What-ever in this dull Character of mine, may seeme defe­ctive; is abundantly supplyed in this most learned and concise Epitaph. Written by an Honourable Sonne of the Muses; and worthy the Tombe-Stone of the great Gustavus.

The Copy of the Swedish Conclusion. By the Princes and Peeres of the Kingdome of Sweden: Which was vnanimously consen­ted unto by them, at their Dyet and Assem­bly holden at Stockholm on the 14 ^th. of March 1633. The Originall was printed at Stockholm, by Ignatius Murer.

WEE vnder-written, the Councell, Peeres, Earles, Lords, Bishops of Sweden. Gen­try, Clergie, Officers of Warre, Citi­zens, and the whole Commonalty who have beene convoked to this honoura­ble Assembly; as well in our owne names and behalfes, as also in the name and be­halfe of all the Countries: doe hereby make knowne and certifie. That whereas it hath pleased Almighty God of his providence and good pleasure, so heavily to visit us and this Kingdome, and in so great a measure to afflict us, by taking unto himself, (by bodily death) the renowned high and migh­ty Prince and Lord, Gustavus Adolphus King of the Swedens [Page 202] Gothes and Vandales, Great Prince of Finland. Duke of Estland and Carellen. Lord of Ingormanland, &c. and to translate his blessed Maiesty (of ever happy and famous memory) out of this vale of misery, into his eternall happinesse and heauenly ioy: and to exchange his temporall Crowne into an ever­lasting Diademe of glory: and so to have put a period, not onely to his Maiesties carefull and labourious life and dayes, but also to his sufficiently noted and renowned Counsells, worthy actes, couragious and vndaunted spirit; almost in­credible, at leastwise wonderfull Victories, against part of the mightiest and most powerfull Princes and Potentates of Europe. And which wee chiefely must condole: in him it hath pleased God to take from vs our head, our King, our father and Pater patriae: Vnder whose worthy, famous, and most excellent raigne, we aboue all other Nations, in these dolefull and calamitous times; haue found our selues with­out any opposition, in all security, safety and tranquillity. And which aggrauates our misery, it hath not pleased God to suffer any Heyer-Male to proceed from the loynes of his said blessed Majesty, to remaine upon, and to possesse his Fathers seate. So that, not without reason, ours and the Kingdomes care and danger is the greater; and wee cannot but so much the more take to heart this inestimable losse. Wherefore, vpon the Iniunction of the Peeres and Coun­cell of the Realme, at their conuenting: we haue thought good, vnanimously and obediently to come together, in the feare of God; and to take into consideration the present State of our Kings Majesties: Heyer, as also the State of our deare Kingdome. And how the same may be happily up held and maintained: and (next under the ayde and helpe of God) bee defended against all danger and opposition. To this end, we are all of us ioyntly and willingly assembled here, and wee haue pondered and consulted together, which might best con­duce to the good of the Realme. And at last, by the helpe of the Almighty, and in the name of the Blessed Trinity; we haue closely vnited, and strongly bound and tyed our selues; [Page 203] and after this coniunction, promise, and obligement, among our selues; we have confirmed and established, That which is here underwritten, and as followeth.

Actum. At Stockholm the 14. of March. 1633.

The Diet of Heilbrun.

ANd that the Reader (for a Farewell) may perceiue the present constituti­on of the affaires in the Empire; and in what good correspondency the Protestant Princes are at this pre­sent one with another; and how well disposed to the continuance of the warres, for so good a Cause: I will conclude my Booke, with that new League, of these 4. Prin­cipall Circles of the Empire, that is to say, The Franconian, Suevian, the Ʋpper and Lower Circles of the Rhine; made in the Diet of Heilbrun in the Dukedome of Wirtemberg, 18. English miles from Heidleberg; in the moneths of March and April last past: that so my Story may end, as it begun; with a Diet. What Princes were present. There were personally present at this meeting, the Duke of Wirtemberg and the Administrator, the Mar­quesse of Baden, the Count of Hanaw, with the most of the 17. Earles of Wetteraw. For the Prince Elector Palatine, and the Administrator Lodowicke (Bro [...]her to the King of Bohemia) were there 4. Commissioners: whereof Colonell Peblitz being the chiefe; he sate above all the Princes, at the upper end of the Table; all the Propositions were directed to­wards him, and he had the opening of all letters, in place of the Elector Palatine. There were present besides, the Ambas­sadors [Page 213] of other Princes, and the Deputies of the Imp. Cities in these 4. Circles. The Lord Chancellor Oxenstiern, (by whose procurement this Diet had beene convoked) had his lodging in the towne, and came not at all into the State-house, among the Princes: but sent them in this discourse, and these Propositions following: which were the grounds and mate­rialls, for the Diet to worke upon. His stile in the present Diet, was, Councellor, Chancellor and Extraordinary Am­bassador, for the most Illustrious and High-borne, the He­reditary Heyer and Princesse of the Crowne of Sweden. And with this Declaration, he began his Propositions.

Illustrious and Right Honourable Princes and States Evan­geliacall here assembled.

I will not too much trespasse upon your patience, Oxenstierns Propositions. with an over tedious recitall of the Causes, upon which the High and mighty Prince of ever-glorious memory, Gustavus A­dolphus King of Sweden, &c. was enforced to take Armes; and openly to make opposition against the Roman Emperour Ferdinand the Second of that name, and his confederates the Catholike Leaguers; more and more, at that time, every day prevailing in their oppressions of the Evangeliacall Electors, Princes and States; and of their Honours, priviledges, and immunities, all the Romane Empire over; yea, and most in­iuriously, beginning to encroach upon the next neighbour Princes, and their Provinces: forasmuch as these things be notorious unto the world, and that the Iustice of the Kings Armes, be by no man doubted of. And yet some briefe recapitulation, doe I thinke convenient to make of them.

Most apparent it is, that his said sacred Maiesty (now at rest in the Lord) was without any formall denuntiation of warre, infested by the Emperor. His Ambassadors, comming with the offer and meanes of a peaceable compounding of depending Controversies; most disgracefull entreated: yea, and (contrary to all lawes of nations and civility) not with­out scornefull affronts offered, turned home againe; and the [Page 214] whole Treaty by that vsage, abruptly broken off with him. That his subiects of Sweden, even contrary to long usage, amity, and Covenants, heretofore, in generall, contracted with the Romane Empire; and in particular, with certaine neigh­bour Princes and Free-States, have beene disturbed in their Commerces, Embargo's laid upon their Ships, and fetters up­on their saylers.

That the Catholike Leaguers, likewise, notwithstanding that among other Electors of the Empire they had beene re­quested, that they would be pleased to forbeare the making themselues parties in these differences, but rather to seeke how to find redresse for them: and notwithstanding, that at the request of the French King, confederated with his sacred Maiesty; there had beene Neutrality granted unto the said Leaguers, if so be they thought good to accept of it: yet did they not onely refuse that Neutrality, but entred also into a stricter confederation of warres against his said Maiesty; and conioyning their forces under their Generall Tilly, with those of his Imperiall Maiesty: they forbare not to doe their utter­most against the said King; whom out of pure necessity they by this meanes enforced, in hostile manner to oppose himselfe against all of them.

And notwithstanding that these and the like motives, (which for brevities sake be here omitted) doe sufficiently iustifie his said Maiesties Armes-taking, being he was enfor­ced to them: yet this is the thing above all the rest to be considered, the devises, namely, and vast projects of the House of Austria: not onely famous in discourse all the world over, but so farre actually advanced already, and so neere to execution; that the very principall Ports of the Dukedomes of Mecklenburg and of Pomerland, were really already seased upon; and the Imperialists wholly, by this time, busied in rigging out such a fleete; as might be able not onely to disturbe the Commerce betwixt the neigh­bour Kingdomes; but also at pleasure to divert it to o­ther places. By this meanes should the Spanish yoake be [Page 215] first put upon the shoulders of the Northerne people; and from thence, (as the fittest place for such a purpose) might it be flung upon the necks of all other Kingdomes and Common-wealths in Europe. And iust in the selfe same manner, and upon no other reason; was that most anci­ent Family of Mecklenburg, without hearing of their cause, or any legall formalities of Proceedinge: actually and de facto despoyled of their iust Principalities and Roy­alties. The Dukedome of Pomerland, likewise, without any colour of right at all, contrary to all equity and deservings, was actually seased upon; yea, contrary to all covenants and sincere promises of the Emperour: more then barbarously entreated.

The most iust King, therefore, seeing by the excellent acutenesse of that Iudgement which God from on high had endowed him withall; he was easily able to foresee, what all this was likely in the end to tend unto: resolved to connive no longer, at so prevailing and daily more ap­parent a mischiefe: but iudg'd it to belong to him, and to his neighbour King (against whom also, these and the like projects were a hammering) in time to prevent this encroaching danger. Vnto this was his Maiesty the more provoked, by the serious consideration of the Romane Empire, and the most lamentable condition which with­in these few yeeres last past, it had beene brought unto: wherein he observed, that those Princes that were neerest to him in the bond of Blood or Religion, were partly dis­seised of their Countries and their dignities; and either thrust into Banishment abroad, or tyrannised upon at home, sometimes by their equalls; and which worse is, even by their inferiours otherwhile domineer'd upon, and with skomes and contumelies abused. His Maiesty perceiued withall; how these Princes with their neighbours, were with a continuall feare kept under; their rights, without all respect wrung from them: the fundamentall constitutions [Page 216] of the Empire, overturned; and that the other party might at pleasure doe what they lusted; were the Princes over­charged with the Imperiall Armies. And to cast the fairer glosse of Iustice, upon all this; was that most extremely pre­iudiciall unto the Evangeliacall Electors, States, and Prin­ces; The late Imperiall Decree pretended, for the re­stitution of the Church goods, (forsooth) and the execu­tion of it.

By these devices, was there nothing of the ancient Em­pire, Customes and Constitutions, left unviolated: the peace, both of Church and Common-wealth, was disturbed; the Sanctions and Constitutions of the Empire, prophaned, the orders for convoking and holding of Diets, abused, broken, and subverted; the articles and practice of Commerce with neighbour States, innovated and distracted: yea all places tho­row the whole wide Empire, filled with complainings, teares and sighings. All these miseries, did so cordially affect that blessed King and most valiant Champion: (who being a Chri­stian, Evangeliacall neighbour Prince, had also his share in these sufferings, and was by the pride and insolency of the adversaries, withall enforced to take Armes) that he suppo­sed it well became him, not to be forgetfull of the Prin­ces of his owne blood and Religion; and that he ought, withall, to give way unto that evident Divine calling, which pressed him to endeavour the delivery of Gods people.

And what event hath followed upon this his resolution, from the first undertaking unto this very day: is sufficiently every where made manifest. Namely, that his Maiesty clee­red, first of all, the Coasts and Port townes of Pomerland and of Mecklenburg, of the enemy: restored the Dukes of Mecklenburg, againe into their Countries, freed the Ele­ctorate of Brandenburg; chased away the enemy, from the banks of the river Elb, and how after the Ʋictory of Leipsich, he led on his owne Armies, against the Catholike Bishopricks and Electorates; and how those Leaguers, whose businesse [Page 217] chiefly was, which way, handsomelyest, to devide the lands of the Evangeliacal Electors, Princes and States, and to live up­on their bloods: He made to play least in sight, and to shift themselves away out of their owne houses; which they, ere­whiles, supposed had beene so surely founded.

By which victorious proceedings of his Maiesty, the whole course of the businesse was so turned about againe; that the Electors, Princes, and States Evangeliacall in the Empire: who must suffer, before, and say nothing, tooke cou­rage, now, to put their heads into the world againe, and to looke after the recovery of their ancient liberties and Do­minions: yea, and to grow so bold upon it, as to goe thorow with the Diet of Leipsich; and to resolue upon such Con­clusions there, as apparently made show of their purpose to conserve and defend the declining liberties, both of their Country and their Consciences: yea and boldly to make de­monstration unto the Emperour, of their being sensible of the vniustnesse of his Proceedings. And notwithstanding that before the Decrees of that Diet, could be brought to perfection; they were by the over-powring inundation of the Imperiall and Leaguer Armies, washt away into nothing; and their assumed weapons, beaten out of their hands againe: yet did the selfe same Princes after the Leipsich Victory, so well recollect their deiected courages; and the greater part of them by single and private confederacies, so inter-league themselues with the Maiesty and Crowne of Sweden; that ei­ther by re-assuming the performance of the Decrees of that Diet, or by some other reall and actuall engagement, they did wholly commit themselues unto his Maiesties sole direction and protection.

And thus, from that time untill this; together, with the said King, have they taken up Armes, together, with, and for the Crowne of Sweden, against the Emperour and the Leaguers. Which Armes, hitherto, (the Lord of Hosts them graciously assisting) have they honourably maintained: and though with much perill, yet not without much happinesse.

His Maiesty, of ever honoured memory, had of long time, verily, desired nothing more; then how he might con­solidate the Evangeliacall Electors, Princes, and States, by a common league, into one and the same Body of Confe­deracy. But for that the power of the enemy, still with such fiercenesse pressed in upon him; he could never find him­selfe at so much good leisure, as the bringing about of so difficult a businesse would require of him. For which rea­son, He iudg'd it most conducing to the common interest, to enter into some particular, and as it were preparatory Con­federacies in the meane time: that the Cause, notwithstan­ding, might effectually goe on, untill some fairer oppor­tunitie of occasion might at length bee presented unto his Maiesty; as well to provide for his owne and their safeties; as also to make vp one common tye and obligation betweene them. Vntill the happinesse of which opportunity, hee thought to uphold and continue on the businesse, by the love of their common safeties; and by the counsels and assistance of the Crowne of Sweden: which, for the time being, might countervaile a more formall Confederacie.

But for as much, as by reason of the continuall expeditions and Marchings from place to place, that he was still put un­to; he could never haue so much good leasure, as to begin those faire Courses, nor to settle a better order for the ob­serving of Military Discipline: it is thereby come to passe, that not onely whole Provinces (as in such deadly warres it ever falleth out, and especially where the Field of Warre is so universall) have beene wasted and much spoyled; but the licentiousnesse of the souldiery growne to that head; as that without a speedy remedy, the whole action must of necessity come to nothing. Verily, his Maiesty of ever glo­rious memory, had thought of nothing more seriously: and out of the fatherlynesse of his care to the common Cause, had endeavoured nothing more diligently, then to have made his personall residence amongst the Princes, in these Vpper Parts of the Empire; and with his owne neigh­bourhood, [Page 219] not onely the more to have assured the Prote­ction of those Ʋpper Circles, (according as hee had begun already) but how also he might have beene personally pre­sent in a Diet of these foure Circles, for the concluding of some settled good orders; how the something decayed Military Discipline, might have beene repaired.

And notwithstanding that my selfe for mine owne part, was so stonyed with the dolefull and most lamentable death of my said deare Lord and Master; as that I seemed to have cause enough to give over any more dealing in these busi­nesses, and to leave the managing unto their handlings, whom so deeply it concerned: yet upon maturer considera­tion, how easily in the middest of these fiercenesses of the enemy, there might betide some notable confusion, either a­mongst the Armies or the Princes: and that the whole Cause might of its owne weightinesse, fall to so low a Conditi­on as were not easie afterwards to bee repaired: and that by this meanes, all the Counsels, proceedings, designes and victories of my said sacred Lord the King; would come to no other end nor purpose, but to the giving occasi­on to the finall and totall ruine of all his Confederates and Part-takers: I had rather lay aside mine owne private re­spects to mine selfe, then so abruptly to desert the em­ployment.

For this onely reason, therefore, This clause a­lone, does cleerly enough confute that scandall of the dead King; How that un­der a publike pretension, he sought meerely his owne pri­vate interest: which was the Empire. This if so, why should the Swedish kingdome now continue on the warres? Seeing their King is dead, and their young Queene, not capable of being Emperour. have I so earnestly hi­therto endeauoured, to uphold the businesse; and couragi­ously (according to my power) so to dispose of all opor­tunities, as might suite to the best advantage of the publike. Yea, and not onely so, but I have beene an earnest suiter withall unto the Crowne of Sweden; that the State would bee pleased still to continue on the warre; that that most commendable and praise worthy intention of His Sacred MAIESTIE: might obtaine the desired and intended issue. In this my suite I have so farre prevailed; that I have already from thence received a full Commission, [Page 220] to treate and conclude with the Electors, States, and Princes of the Empire, upon that matter: and if I find the Confe­derates and Partakers so inclined, I have power from the Royall Heyer and Crowne of Sweden, in their names to con­tinue on the worke to a perfection.

For mine owne part, therefore, I would see nothing with more gladnesse, then a Generall Diet of all the Evangeliacall Electors Princes and States, of the whole sacred Romane Em­pire, together. But forasmuch as Summer is now neere at hand, and that the enemy is notably by this time, upon the growing hand; and earnest in his preparations for some new expedition: and for that these 4. Vpper Circles are not onely round encompassed by the common enemies; but have them already within their very bowels: therefore, there be­ing danger in delaies, and for that a Generall Diet could not be convoked without much time spending, and its peculiar solemnities, (by which meanes the whole businesse would be in danger in the meane time to be rather ruined then remedi­ed; so long it would be before a publike and ioynt determi­nation could be agreed upon: therefore have I thought it more necessary, (which also was sollicited and desired by divers States both of this Ʋpper Part of the Empire, and the Vpper Saxony) that upon the death of my said Soveraigne Lord the King, to deferre the procuring of a Generall Diet, and so to hasten on the Diet of Ʋlm, as out of hand to bring it to conclusion. This my pur­pose so soone as it was made knowne unto divers of the most Illustrious and Right Honourable Princes and States; there was occasion given and meanes proje­cted for another new meeting, for the causes before rehearsed.

And here I render all due and humble thankes, both to the Princes and States personally here assembled, and to the Am­bassadors of the absent, severally and altogether: for that up­on the earnest invitation of my good intention; they disdai­ned not to give this meeting. And now most earnestly doe I [Page 221] beseech you all, that you would take to heart and with matu­rity consider upon the common estate of the Cause Evange­liacall; and with your prudentest and providentest consulta­tions, and readiest of your assistance; promote and set forward the common businesse of the Empire, the safety of your native Country, and your owne proper welfares. And most heartily doe I desire of God, that you may haue profitable designes, happy expeditions, and all prosperous and desi­red successes. And for mine owne part, thus much I make free tender of, that I will at no time in any thing be wan­ting, in what I shall either iudge to bee beneficiall to the Cause; or wherein I may any way bee servicea­ble. And this I promise both for my selfe, and in the name of the Hereditary Princesse, and Crowne of Swe­den.

To the end, therefore, that the points necessary, may the better and more orderly be deliberated upon; and the Con­clusion the better speeded; I have thought it necessary, that the chiefe heades of the Deliberation, which are in these Convocatory letters comprehended and exhibited; should be distinguished into Articles: most obsequiously, and in the humblest manner entreating of your Highnesses; that you would bee pleased to make construction of them to the fairest sence; and so to accommodate and hasten forward your owne resolutions, as may be most advantageous for the present state of the businesse, and the eminentnesse of the danger.

These Propositions were tendred to the Princes, &c. the very first day of the meeting: that is to say, after the Sermon, and so soone as they had taken their places in the State-house. To these, after mature deliberation, the Princes punctually thus answered, Article to Article.

1. That they were all desirous to contract a most firme League amongst themselues, and with the Crowne of Swe­den: and so long time constantly to hold it on, untill the desired libertie of Germany, as farre as concerned either Religion, or the Temporall Estate; were obtained: and that the Crowne of Sweden were satisfied their charges of the Warres.

2. They thought it better for the time, to forbeare declaring the Emperour and Leaguers, enemies; untill a generall Diet of the whole Empire: and in the meane time to set out a publike Manifesto and Apology, concerning their being pro­uoked to this Defensive.

3. In the Third Article, they desired to consult with his Ex­cellency, (meaning the Chancellor Oxenstiern.)

4. And if this Third were once agreed upon, they would de­liberate concerning the meanes of maintaining the Armies.

5. They requested his Excellency that he would be pleased to take upon himselfe the Directorship, for these foure Ʋpper Circles; untill the desired restitution were obtained. And least this charge should bee too heauy for him singly; they thought to joyne some other Assistants with him: and if he pleased, they would in euery one of these foure Circles, ap­point an Office of Sub-Directorship.

6. For restoring of the decayed Discipline, there should be new and certaine Orders conceived and authorized; the trans­gressours whereof, should exemplarily bee punished. The Regiments moreouer should be reduced and reformed; the superfluous numbers of Officers restrained; and the govern­ment and punishing of offending souldiers, left unto the Ma­gistrate of the place where they were enquartered. Permissi­on should also, with the Magistrates knowledge, be unto the [Page 225] Subjects and inhabitants of every place; to defend themselves as they could against plunderers. As for the billetting of the souldiers, it should be committed unto the Magistrate.

7. And whereas the States of Sweden had pleased to declare their willingnesse for the entring into a stricter Vnion with them; they accepted of the offer with all due thankfulnesse. And for their parts, they were ready mutually to oblige them­selves to procure them all due satisfaction, if his Excellen­cy would be pleased to show them how to doe it.

Faire Answeres, all of them. After this, had the French Ambassador his Audience: whose Oration was, To encou­rage the Princes to goe on where the victorious King had left: He in his Masters promising them all due assistance; and desiring to be taken into their Ʋnion. The English Ambassa­dor, likewise, Sir Robert Anstruther, made his Proposition; which was a desire, chiefely, for the Restitution of the Pala­tinate Concerning all which demands, to this purpose was the faire and satisfying Resolution of the Diet, which brake up about the twentieth of our Aprill.

1. That the foure Circles shall be firme one to another in a League offensiue and defensiue: untill such time as they can have vindicated their Liberties against the Emperour, The Resoluti­on of the Diet. These Arti­cles, some Co­pyes contract into ten. whom they esteeme as a reall enemy.

2. That to maintaine these warres, 16000 Horse and 40000 Foot, are to be leuyed.

3. That the monies to be contributed, shall be raysed accor­ding to the Taxe of the Imperiall Matricula, in the warres against the Turke: and the summe needfull, is to be 12 times as much, as one Contribution then was.

4. That the Magazines are to bee appointed at Ausburg, [Page 226] Ʋlm, Norimberg and Franckfort.

5. The Direction of the whole Warre, shall be carryed by his Excellency the Lord Chancellor of Sweden Axel Oxenstiern: who shall manage both it and the Affaires of State, in the name of the Imperiall States and the Crowne of Sweden.

6. To him shall certaine Commissioners be adjoyned, as Assi­stants, one or more from every Circle: and some likewise from the Imperiall Townes of this Confederation.

7. That in every Circle there be a Sub-Directorian Office, to see to things belonging to the collecting and disbursing of the monies; the disposing of the Ammunition and the Victuals, and the well ordering of the Magazins, in their owne Precincts.

8. That the Magistrates of every place, shall have full Iuris­diction in their owne hands; and dispose of the levying and mustering places: as also of the Enquarterings and Rendez­vous, as they shall thinke fitting.

9. That the Military Discipline shall be reformed; the weake Regiments broken to complete others: the superfluous Of­ficers cashiered, Recreuts made, strict order kept, and con­stant full Payes allowed.

10. To this end, the first Contribution is to be raised in May nevt; and for the procuring of sufficient Summes, till the exhausted lands be somewhat restored: the neighbour States are to be sought for to lend moneyes. As for the Neutralists and such other members of the foure Circles as are absent, they are to be put under Contribution.

11. The Palatinate is to be surrendred to the Administrator; and all State-holders, Governours and Commanders in the King [Page 227] of Swedens name, are to be put downe: onely Manheim shall still keepe a Swedish garrison in it, that they may have assu­rance to passe without let at all times, over the Rhine and Neckar.

12. No Free Quarters are in any place to be allowed: but the souldiers must live upon their payes.

13. That these foure Circles shall labour with the rest of the Evangeliacall States (of all which, a generall meeting is much wished for) to give sufficient satisfaction to the Crowne of Sweden.

14. That the King of France shall be a confederate on the same conditions, as heretofore in the time of the King of Sweden. Other Princes may also come into the League.

15. That the lands belonging to the Empire, shall by no meanes be alienated from it, by any contract with a forraine Prince.

16. That if any of the Confederate States or Townes in these foure Ʋpper Circles, fall off from this League, without ho­stile constraint; they shall first be admonished: and if they then returne not, to be held and dealt withall as an enemy.

The Lord Chancellour was offered to be Generall of all the Forces: which he modestly the first time refused: but being the second time put to him, he accepted it. And thus you see the Palatinate in tearmes to be restored, Heidleberg Towne and Castle are since rendred: the warres goe well hi­therto. And this is some comfort, for the death of the King of Sweden.

A Table drawne by way of a Iournall or Diary, to shew where the King and Walenstein still were: and what they and their Armies did, upon those dayes, that are mentioned in the Margent. This belongs to the Third Part.