[Page] HOw many partes of reason bē ther? Eyght whiche eyght? Nowne / pronowne / verbe / aduerbe / partycyple / coniūccyon / preposycyon / and interieccyon. ¶ How many ben declyned & how many bē vndeclyned? Foure ben declyned & foure bē vndeclyned. whiche foure bē declyned? Nowne / ꝓnowne / v (er)be / & partycyple. whiche foure be vndeclyned? Aduerbe / cōiunccyon / preposycyō & interieccyon ¶ How many be declyned with case: and how many without case? Thre be declyned with case / & one without case. whiche thre be declyned with case? Nowne / ꝓnowne / & partycyple be declyned with case / & verbe all only without case. ¶ How knowest a nowne For all maner thynges that a mā may se / fele / or vnderstande / that bereth the name of a thynge is a nowne.
¶ How many maner of nownes be there? Two. whiche. ii. A nowne substantyf / & a nowne adiectyf. ¶ How knowe you a nowne substantyfe? For he may stande by hȳ selfe without helpe of an other worde / & is declyned in latyn with one artycle or two at the moost in one case as hic magister / hic & hec sacerdos. How know ye a nowne adiectyf? For he may not stāde by hym selfe without helpe of an other worde / & is declyned in latyn with thre artycles or with thre dyuers endynges ī one case / as no minaciuo hic et hec & hoc felix. bonus bona bonum.
¶ How many thynges longe to a nowne? vi. whiche. vi: qualyte / ꝯꝑyson / gēdre / nōbre / fygure / & case what is a qualyte in a nowne? A ꝓperte by the whiche a nowne accordeth onely to one thynge / as a mā or to many thȳges as men ¶ How many degrees of comparyson ben there Thre: whiche thre? posytyf / cōparatyf / and superlatyfe ¶ How knowe ye the posytyfe degre? For he is foūder & [Page] grounde of all other degrees of cōparyson without makynge more or lesse / as fayre whyte and blacke. ¶ How knowest the cōparatyf degre for he passeth the posytyf with this aduerbe more / & his englysshe endeth in r / as more wyse or wyser. ¶ How knowest the superlatyf degre for he passeth his posityf w t this aduerbe moost / & his englysshe endeth in est / as most wyse or wysest.
¶ what nownes receyue cōparyson / suche nownes adiectyfes y t may be made more or lesse / as fayre fayrer fayrest ¶ Of whom shall y e posytyf degre be fourmed / he is not fourmed but all other degrees of cōparyson bē fourmed of hym. ¶ Of whom shall the cōparatyfe degre be fourmed / of his posytyf: of what case / somtyme of y e genytyf & somtyme of y e datyf. ¶ whā shall it be fourmed of the genetyf case / euermore whan his posytyf degre is y e fyrst declenson / & the secōde by puttynge to this termynacyon or / as docti put therto or & it wyll be doctior. Out of this rule ben outtake. iii. excepcyons. The fyrste excepcyon is of these two nownes. dexter & sinister makynge dexterior and sinisterior. And nownes y t endeth in us / as amicꝰ amicitior / magnificus magniticentior.
¶ The secōde excepcyon is of these fyue nownes bonꝰ malus / magnus / paruus / & multus / & that make y e cō paratyf degre vnruly.
¶ The thyrde excepcyon is whan his posytyue endeth in ius / in eus / in uus / or in uis / than the cōparatyfe degre shall be fulfylled with his posytyue and this aduerbe magis / as pius magis pius piissmiꝰ / tenuis magis tenuis tenuissimus.
¶ The comparatyf degre shall be fourmed of the datyf case / euermore whan his posytyf degre is the thyrde de clenson / by puttynge this termynacyon or / as nominati uo hic et hec et hoc felix / gtō felicis / dtō felici / put therto an or / than it wyll be felicior. ¶ Out of this rule take iuuenis makynge iuneor. potis potior nequā nequi or. And wordes of the thyrde declenson y t ben conteyned in this verse aboue. Quod fit in ius. &c. ¶ Of whome shall the superlatyf degre be fourmed? Of his posytyfe degre. Of what case? Sōtyme of y e nominatyf case som tyme of y e genytyf case / and somtyme of the datyf case. ¶ whan shall he be fourmed of y e nomynatyf case / euer more whā his posytyf endeth in y • letter / by puttynge to this termynacyon rimꝰ / as niger put therto rimus & it wyll be nigerrimꝰ. Out of this rule bē out take memor y t maketh memorissimus. Dexter y t maketh dexterrimꝰ & dextimꝰ. Sinister maketh sinisterimꝰ & sinistimꝰ. Al so these nownes nuperus vetus & maturus & this worde dextero y t fourmeth the superlatyf degre in rimꝰ / as nuperimus veterimus maturimus & dexterimus.
[Page] ¶ Also the superlatyf degre shall be fourmed of y e noīa tyf case in these. v. nownes / agilis / facilis / gracilis / humilis / & similis / with theyr cōpoūdes by doynge awaye is & by puttynge to lunus / as agilis / do awaye is & put therto limus and it wyll be agillimus with double ll.
¶ The superlatyf degre shall be fourmed of y e genytyf case whan his posytyf is the fyrst declenson and the seconde by puttynge to this lettre s / and simus / as nominatiuo albus a / ū, gtō albi / albe / albi. put therto s and si mus and it wyll be albissimus. Oute of this rule be out take these wordes that ben cōteyned in this verse. Res bona. And this worde ꝓximus and other more y t ben cō teyned in these verses folowynge / that somtyme ben of the posytyf degre and somtyme of the superlatyf degre. And whan they ben. the polytyf degre they lacke the superlatyf degre / as proximus proximior.
¶ The suꝑlatyf degre shall be fourmed of the datyf case whan his posytyf is y e thyrde declenson by puttynge to this lettre s / & this termynacyon simus. as ntō hic hec & hoc sapiens. gtō sapientis. dtō sapiēti / put therto s / & simus & it wyll be sapientissimꝰ. Out of this rule ben out take these thre nownes Iuuenis adolescens & senex / & these two aduerbes an & subter y t lacke y e suꝑlatyf degre
¶ How many preposycyons or aduerbes ben sette in y e stede of the posytyfe degre / all these folowynge.
¶ Whiche ben the cōparatyues y r ben euen in syllables with theyr posytyf / y t ben cōteyned in these verses.
¶ With what case wyll the posytyue degre be cōstrued. with a noiatyf case by the strenght of his degre: but by y e vertue of his sygnyfycacyon he may be construed with all cases outtake y e noīatyf & the vocatyf w t the genytyf as magister est dignꝰ laudis: with a datyf case / as sum similis patri meo: with an accusatyf case / as sum albus faciē: with an ablatyf case / as sum dignꝰ laude. ¶ with what case shal the comparatyf degre be construed with by the strenght of his degre he maye be construed with an ablatyf case of eyther nōbre / as sum doctior illo vel illis / or with a noīatyf case with this coniunccyon (quam) comynge bytwene / as Ego sum doctior (quam) ille / or with an other obly que case / as mihi opponitur difficilius (quam) tibi ¶ With what case wyll y e superlatyf degre be cōstrued with the genytyf case that betokeneth but two thynges as ego sum pauperrimꝰ sociorū meorū / thā y e suꝑlatyfe degre may be chaūged in to the comparatyfe / as in this reason. I am wysest of these twayne. Ego sum sapientior istorū duorū. Also the superlatyf degre shal accorde in gendre with the genytyf case that foloweth.
¶ Also the superlatyue degre maye be cōstrued with a [Page] genytyue case synguler of a nowne collectyue / as Salomon fuit sapientissimus populi. ¶ A nowne collectyue is the nowne that y e synguler nōbre sygnyfyeth a multytude and then these.
¶ Also y e comparatyue degre may be construed by the vertue of this sygnyfycacyon with all cases that his posytyues maye whyle theye be of one parte of reason.
¶ All nownes of the comparatyfe degre ben y e comyn gēdre of two outtake senex & senior y e ben onely y e mascu lyne gendre in voyce & comyne sygnyfycacyon.
¶ How many gendres ben there in a nowne. seuen. whiche seuen. The masculyne / the femynyne / y e neutre / the comyn of two / the comyn of thre / the epycene & y c dubyn ¶ How knowest the masculyne gendre. For he is declyned with hic / as nominatiuo hic magister. ¶ How knowest y c femynyne gēdre. For he is declyned with hec / as ntō hec musa. ¶ How knowest the neutre gēdre. For he is declyned with hoc / as nominatiuo hoc scānum.
¶ How knowest the comyn gendre of two. For he is declyned with hic and hec / as noīatiuo hic et hec sacerdos. ¶ How knowest the comyn gendre of thre. For he is declyned [Page] with hic & hec & hoc / as ntō hic et hec et hoc felix. ¶ How knowest the dubyn gēdre. For he is declyned w t hic and hec & a vel comynge bytwene / as hic vel hec dies / for a daye. ¶ And these nownes in these verses ben y e dubyn gendre.
¶ How knowest the epycene gendre. for vnder one voyce and vnder one artycle / he comprehendeth bothe male and female / as hic passer a sparowe / hec aquila an egle. ¶ What nownes ben of the epycene gēdre. Nownes of smale byrdes / whose dyscrecyon of kynde maye not be lyghtly knowen. ¶ And these nownes folowynge bē of the epycene gendre.
¶ How many nombres ben there. Two / whiche two / y e synguler nombre and the plurell nombre. ¶ Howe knowest the synguler nōbre. For he speketh but of one thynge as a man. ¶ Howe knoweh the plurell nombre. For he speketh of many thynges as men. How many fygures ben there. Thre / whiche thre. The symple compounde / & decompounde. Simplex as magnus. Compoūde as magnanimus. Decompounde as magnanimitas. ¶ How many cases ben there. Syxe / whiche syxe. The noīatyf case / y e genytyf / y e datyf / y e accusatyf / y e vocatyf and the ablatyf. ¶ How knowest y e nominatyf case For he cometh before the verbe and anfwereth to this questyon who or what. ¶ How knowest the gynytyf case / for of after a nowne substātyue / verbe substantyfe nowne partytyue / nowne dystrybutyf / comparatyfe or superlatyue is the sygne of the genytyue case. ¶ Also whan [Page] there cometh two substātyues togyder yf the one be hauer of that other / the hauer shall be put in a genytyf case / as frater Iohīs / y e broder of Iohāne & of after a verbe adiectyf partycyple gerūdyf or supyne / & of after a ꝓ pre name is the sygne of the ablatyf with a preposycyon
¶ How knowest y e datyf case. For to before a nowne or a pronowne is the sygne of the datyfe case. ¶ How knowest the accusatyue case / for he cometh after the verbe & answereth to this questyon / whome or what. Also to be fore a propre name of a towne or cyte / and in with a to before a parte of a mannes body is the sygne of the accusatyf case. ¶ How knowest the vocatyue case. For he clepeth or calleth or speketh to. ¶ Howe knowest the ablatyue case. By my sygnes / in with throughe before or fro than of after a comparatyue degre is syngne of the ablatyf case. And whan this worde in with a to cometh togyder it wyll serue to the accusatyfe case / and in with out a to wyll serue to y e accusatyue case / as in this verse.
¶ How many declenson ben there. fyue / whiche. v. the fyrst / the seconde / y e thyrde / the fourth / & y e fyfth. ¶ How knowest the fyrst declenson. For the genytyf & y e datyf synguler / the noīatyf & the vocatyf plurell shall ende in e / the accusatyf in am / the vocatyf shal be lyke the noīatyf / the ablatyf in a y e genytyf plurell in arū / the datyfe & y e ablatyf in is / & somtyme in abus / the accusatyfī as
¶ Also these nownes in these verses ben y e fyrst declenson and the neutre gendre.
¶ How knowest the seconde declenson. For the genytyf case synguler / the noīatyf & the vocatyf plurel endeth in i / y e datyf and the ablatyf in o / y e accusatyf inum. Whan the noīatyf case endeth in ror in m / the vocatyf shall be lyke hym. Whan y e noīatyf case endeth in us / y e vocatyf shall ende in e / as ntō hic dominus / vtō o domine.
¶ Whan that noīatyf case endeth in ius / yf it be a propre name of a man the vocatyfe shall ende in i / as nominatiuo hic laurentius. vocatiuo o laurenti.
Cum proprium datius tenet i quintus iaciens us.
¶ The genytyf plurell in orū / the datyf & the ablatyf in is / the accusatyue in os / yf it be a propre nowne. Of the neutre gendre to haue thre cases lyke in y e synguler nō bre and thre in the plurell / as nominatiuo hoc scānum / actō hoc scānum / vocatiuo o scānum. Et pluraliter ntō hec scāna / accusatiuo hec scāna / vocatiuo o scāna. Out take ambo and duo.
¶ How knowest the thyrde declenson? For the genytyfe case synguler endeth in is / the datyf in i / the accusatyue in em or in im / the vocatyf shall be lyke the nomynatyfe the ablatyf in e or in i. The nomynatyf y e accusatyf and the vocatyf plurell endeth in es / the genytyfe plurell in um or in ium / the datyf and the ablatyfe plurell in bus [Page] ¶ How knowest the fourth declēson. For they genytyf synguler / the nomynatyfe accusatyfe and the vocatyfe plurell endeth in us / the datyf in ui the accusatyf in um y e vocatyf shall be lyke y e noīatyf / the ablatyfe in u. The genytyf plurell in uum / the datyf and ablatyf in bus.
¶ Also these nownes that ben cōteyned in these verses hath u before bus in y e datyf and y e ablatyf plurell. Out take these in these verses folowynge.
¶ Howe knowest the fyfth declenson. For the genytyf & the datyf synguler endeth in ei / y e accusatyf in em y e vocatyf shall be lyke the nomynatyf / the ablatyf in e. The nomynatyf the accusatyue and the vocatyfe plurell endeth in es / the genytyf plurell in erū the datyfe and the ablatyf in ebus. ¶ Also these nownes of the fyfth declē son lacke the genytyf datyfe and the ablatyf plurell out take these in these verses folowynge.
¶ Of the pronowne.
HOw knowest thou a pronowne. For he is a parte of reason declyned with case that it sette for a propre name / and betokeneth as moche as a ꝓpre name of a man / and otherwyse receyueth certayn persones and certayn nombres. ¶ How many pronownes ben there. xv. whiche. xv. Ego / tu / sui / ille / ipse / iste / hic / is / meus / tuus / suus / noster / & vester / similiter nostras & vestras ¶ How many ben prymatyues and how many ben dyryuatyues. [Page] viii. ben prymatyues and. vii. deryuatyues whiche. viii. ben prymatyues. Ego / tu / sui / ille / ip̄e / iste hic / and is. whiche. vii. ben dyryuatyues. Meus / tuus / suus / noster / vester / nostras & vestras. Of these. vii. dyryuatyues some ben onely relatyues / & some ben relatyues and demonstratyues bothe.
¶ How knowest a pronowne demōstratyf. For by hym is some thynge shewed. How knowest a pronowne relatyf / for by hym is some thynge shewed y t is sayd before How many pronownes hath the vocatyf case / & how many lacketh. iiii. hath y e vocatyf case / & all other lacketh.
¶ How many thynges longe to a ꝓnowne. Syxe / whiche. vi. Qualite / gēdre / nombre / fygure / person / & case. ¶ How many persones ben there. thre. Whiche thre / y e fyrste / the seconde / the thyrde ¶ How knowest the fyrste persone / for he speketh of hym selfe / as I or we. ¶ How knowest y e. ii. persone: for he speketh to an other: as thou or ye. ¶ How knowest y e thyrde ꝑsone / for he speketh of an other as he or they & euery nowne pronowne & partycyple is the thyrde persone / outtake ego nos tu & vos / w t oblyques / & the vocatyue case. ¶ How many declēsons of pronownes ben there. iiii. Whiche. iiii. the fyrste / y e seconde / the thyrde / the fourth. ¶ How knowest y e fyrst declenson / for the genytyf case synguler endeth in i or ī is: & y e datyf in i. ¶ How many pronownes ben of y e fyrst declenson. iii. whiche. iii. Ego tu sui. ¶ How knowest the seconde declenson / for the genytyfe case synguler endeth in ius or in ius / & y e datyf in i or in c. ¶ How many pronownes [Page] ben of that declenson? fyue / whiche fyue? Ille ipse / iste / hic / & is. viii. nownes with theyr compoundes
¶ How many of these. viii. nownes haue y e vocatyf case & how many lacketh. Thre hathe the vocatyue case and all other lacketh. whiche thre hathe y e vocatyf case. Vnꝰ totus and solus.
¶ How knowest the thyrde declenson. For the genytyfe case synguler endeth in i in e & ī i / & datyf in o in e and in o. How many pronownes conteyneth he. v. whiche. v. Meꝰ tuꝰ suus noster vester. ¶ How knowest y e fourth declēson. For the genytyf case synguler endeth in atis & y e datyf in ati. ¶ How many pronownes ben of y e declē son. ii. whiche. ii. nr̄as & vr̄as: & a nowne gentyle: as cuias atis. Here is dyfferēce betwene cuias atis & cuiꝰ a / ū.
HOw knowest a verbe. For he is a parte of reason declyned with mode & tense without case or artycle / & betokeneth to do to suffre or to be. How many thynges longe to a verbe. vii. whiche. vii. mode / cōiugacyon gendre / nombre / fygure / tyme / & persone. ¶ How many modes ben there. v. whiche. v. the indicatyf / imperatyf / oꝑtatyf / coniūctyf / & the infinityf. ¶ How knowest y e indicatyf mode. For he sheweth a reason sothe or fals by y e way of askynge or of tellynge. ¶ How knowest the imperatyf mode. For he byddeth or cōmaundeth. How knowest y e oꝑtatiue mode. For he wylleth or despreth / & [Page] this worde wolde god is sygne of the optatyf mode. Also these thre englysshe wordes / wolde / sholde / or were / are the sygne of y e optatyf mode presentēs & these. iiii. latyn wordes folowynge by y e sygnes of y e optatyfe mode Des optatiuo vtinam ne quatinus osi.
¶ How knowest the coniūctyue mode / for he ioyneth a verbe to hym / or is Ioyned to an other. And these wordes folowynge serue to the coniunctyue mode.
¶ How knowest the infynytyf mode / for to before a verbe is sygne of y e infynytyf mode / or elles whan there cometh two verbes togydet without a relatyf or a coniūccyon y e latter shalbe y e infynytyf mode ¶ How many cō iugacyons ben there. iiii. whiche. iiii the fyrst / the seconde / y e thyrde / y e fourth. ¶ How knowest y e fyrst coniugacyon / for he hath a longe before y e re in y e infynytyf mode of y e actyf voyce / or in y e imꝑatyf mode of y e passyue voyce vt amare. ¶ How knowest the seconde cōiugacyon / for he hath an e longe before y e re in y e infynytyf mode of y e actyf voyce or y e imꝑatyf mode of y e passyue voyce / as docere. How knowest the thyrde cōiugacyon. for he hath an e shorte before y e re ī the infynytyf mode of y e actyf voyce / or in the imperatyf mode of the passyf voyce / as legere ¶ How knowest y e fourth coniugacyon / for he hath ani longe before there in the infynytyf mode of the actyf voyce / or y e imperatyf mode of the passyf voyce as audire. ¶ How many gēdres of verbes ben there. v. whiche. v. actyf / passyf / neutre / comyn & deponēt. How knowest a v (er)be actyf / for he endeth in o & may take r vpō [Page] o & make of hym a passyfe / & of a verbe actyf cometh. ii. partycyples / but of a verbe actyf y r lacketh the supynes cometh but one partycyple. All maner verbes that betoken drede lacketh supynes outtake these in these verses
¶ All these verbes ben verbes actyues y t lacke supynes
¶ How knowest a verbe passyfe? For he endeth in r and may do away his r & turne agayne to his actyf. ¶ How many partycyples come of a verbe passyf. ii. whiche. ii. one of the pretertc̄s / an other of the last futertēs in dus ¶ How knowest a v (er)be neutre? For he endeth ī o / & may not take r vpon o / nor make of hym a passyue. ¶ How many partycyples come of a verbe neutre. ii. as dothe of a verbe actyfe / but of suche verbes neutres y t lacke supynes cometh but one partycyple. & all verbe neutres that betokeneth shynynge or drede / lacke supynes / out take these in these verses folowynge.
¶ All verbe neutres of the secōde coniugacyon makyn ye the pretertens in uilacke supynes. Outtake these in these verses folowynge.
¶ And of som verbe neutres / as verbe neutre passiues cometh thre partycyples / as of audio cometh audiēs ausus ausurus.
¶ All these verbes that ben cōteyned in these verses bē verbe neutre passyues.
¶ How knowest a verbe deponēt. For he hathe a lettre of the passyue and sygnyfycacyon of y e actyue / but ther ben foure verbes deponentes that haue noo pretertēs y t ben conteyned in these verses folowynge.
¶ How knowest a verbe comyn. For it hath a lettre of y e passyue & sygnyfycacyon of the actyue & passyue bothe
¶ How many partycyples come of a verbe comyn. iiii. as largiens largitus largiturus largiēdus ¶ How many tens ben there in a verbe. Fyue whiche fyue / the presentens / the preterimꝑfectens / the preterꝑfectēs / y e preterpluꝑfectens / & the futertens. ¶ How knowest y e presentens / for he speketh of the tyme y t is now: as I loue. ¶ How knowest the preterimperfectēs. For he speketh of y e tyme that is lytel past without one of these sygnes [Page] haue or had / as I loued. ¶ How knowest the preterperfectens? For he speketh of the tyme y t is fully past with this sygne haue / as I haue loued. ¶ How knowest the preterpluperfectens? For he speketh of the tyme that is more than fully past / w t this sygne had / as I had loued ¶ How knowest the futertens? For he speketh of the tyme that is to come with this sygne shall / as I shall loue ¶ How many personnes be ther. thre. whiche. thre. the fyrst as lego / the seconde as legis / the thyrde as legit.
HOw knowest an aduerbe. For he is a parte of reason vndeclyned / y t standeth nexte the verbe to declare & fulfyll y e sygnyfycacyon of the verbe. ¶ How many thynges longe to an aduerbe. iii. whiche. iii. sygnyfycacyon comparyson & fygure. ¶ How many aduerbes of places bē there. iiii. Whiche. iiii. Vnde frome whens Vbi where. Quo whether. Qua wherby.
¶ How many degrees of comparyson ben there? Thre: whiche thre. The posytyfas docte / the comparatyfe as doctus / the superlatyfas doctissime.
¶ Of the partycyple.
HOw knowest a ꝑtycyple? For he is a parte of reason declyned with case y e taketh parte of a nowne ꝑte of a verbe / parte of both. What taketh he of a nowne gendre & case. What of a verbe / tyme & sygnyfycacyon. What of bothe. Nombre and fygure. ¶ How many thynges longe to a partycyple. Syx whiche syxe gendre case tyme sygnyfycacyon / nombre and fygure ¶ Howe many gēdres ben there in a partycyple. iiii. whiche. iiii. The masculyne as lectus / the femynyne as lecta / y e neutre as lectū / y e comȳ as hic ethec et hoc legēs ¶ How many cases ben there in a partycyple. Syxe as in a nowne.
[Page] ¶ How many tens ben there in a partycyple. iii. y e presentens / the pretertēs / & the futertc̄s. ¶ How many maner of partycyples ben there. iiii. whiche. iiii. The partycyple of the presentens / a partycyple of the pretertēs a partycyple of the fyrst future / & an other of y e latter future. ¶ Howe knowest a partycyple of the presentens? By his englysshe & by his latyn. How by his englysshe. For his englysshe endeth in ynge or in ande / as louynge louande / and his latyn endeth in ans or in ens: as amās docens. ¶ How knowest thou a partycyple of y e pretertens. By his englysshe and by his latyn. How by his englysshe? For it begynneth with I / as I loued / and his latyn endeth in tus or in sus / as amatus visus. ¶ How knoweste a partycyple of the fyrst futertens. By his englysshe and by his latyn. How by his englysshe. For it be gynneth with to without be / as to loue / & his latyn endeth in rus / as amaturus docturus. ¶ How knowest a partycyple of the latter futertens. By his englysshe & by his latyn. How by his englysshe. For it begynneth w t to and be / as to be loued / and his latyn endeth in dus / as amandus docendus.
¶ Whiche ben the actyf sygnyfycacyons / ens ans & rus
And tus sus and dus be of the passyf sygnyfycacyon.
¶ Of whome shal y e partycyple of the presentēs be fourmed. Of y e fyrst ꝑsone synguler nombre of y e preterimpfectens of the indycatyf mode by chaūgynge bam in to [Page] n and s / as amabā chaūge bam in to n and s / & it wyl be amās. Out of this rule ben outtake tens of ibam quiēs of quibam / with theyr compoundes makynge the genytyf in vntis / excepte ambientis of ambientis.
¶ Of whome shall y e partycyple of y e presentes be fourmed. Of y e latter supyne by puttynge to this lettres / as lectu / put therto s / & it wyll be lectꝰ. ¶ Of whome shall the ꝑtycyple of the fyrst futur be fourmed. Of y e latter supyn / by puttynge to this termynacyō rus / as lectu / put therto a rus & it wyll be lecturus. Outtake nasciturus of nascor and ignosciturus of ignosco.
¶ Of whome shall y e partycyple of the last futur be fourmed of the genytyf case synguler nombre of the partycyple of y e presentēs by chaūgynge tis ī to dus / as amā tis chaunge tis in to dus / & it wyll be amandus.
¶ How many maner of wyse maye y e voyce of the partycyple be chaunged in to a nowne: iui. maner of wyse. the fyrst by cōposycyon / as doctus indoctus. The secōde wyse by cōparyson / as doctus doctior doctissimꝰ. The thyrde wyse whan he maye be construed with an other case than the verbe that he cometh of / as sum doctus grammatice. The fourth wyse whan he lygnyfyeth noo tens as amādus id est dignus amari worthy to be loued.
¶ Of the coniunccyon.
HOw knowest a cōiunccyon. For he is a parte of reasō vndeclyned y t bȳdeth or Ioyneth wordes of setences togyder in ordre. ¶ How many thynges longen to a coniunccyon thre: Whiche thre. Power / fygure / and ordre. Two nomynatyfe cases synguler with an et cōiūccyon copulatyf comynge betwene wyl haue a verbe plurell. Yf nether of theym be a negatyfe two substā tyues synguler w t an et coniunccyon copulatyf comynge betwene wyll haue an adiectyf plurell. Yf neyther of thē be a negatyf two antecedēs synguler with an et coniūccyon copulatyf comynge bytwene wyll haue a relatyf plurell. Yf nether of them be a negatyue / two nomynatyf cases synguler / two substantyues synguler / two antecedēs synguler with a vel coniūccyō dyliūctyfe comynge bytwene y e verbe the adiectyue & the relatyf folowynge accorde with hym that is nexte hȳ / as vir vel mulier est alba vel pulchritudo decora. ¶ Howe many maner of wyse maye this coniūccyō be put betwene vnlyke cases. iii. maner of wyse / the fyrst whan he is put after a pronowne possessyue / as hecres est mea & fratris mei / y e seconde wyse whan he is put after a worde that is ꝯstrued with dyuers cases / as miserior tui et socio tuo y e thyrde wyse whan he is put after a propre name of a cyte or towne / as moratus sum Oxome et londoniis.
HOw knowest a preposycyō: For he is a parte of reason vndeclyned / y t is set before all other partes of reason in apposycyon or cōposycyon. In apposycyon whan he serueth to no case. In cōposycyon whan he serueth to no case and is compounded with an other worde. Also these preposycyons that ben conteyned in this verse wyll serue to to the accusatyf case.
¶ Da prepositiones casus accusatiui: vt ad apud. &c. [Page] ¶ And all these preposycyons that be conteyned in this verse wyll serue to the ablatyf case. ¶ Da prepositiōes casus ablatiui: vt A abs &c. ¶ Also these preposycyons that ben conteyned in this verse wyll serue to bothe.
Da vtrius (que) prepositiones: vt in sub super &c.
¶ What is the properte of a preposycyon in cōposycyon to chaunge to make lesse or to fulfyll the sygnyfycacyon of the worde that he is compounded with.
¶ Whiche preposycyons standeth euer in apposycyon & neuer in composycyon.
¶ A preposycyon in composycyon often tymes serueth the same case that he dothe in apposycyon.
¶ How many preposycyons standeth euermore in composycyon & neuer in apposycyon and serueth to no case.
¶ How knowest a very preposycyon from an aduerbe seruynge an accusatyue case put in the stede of a preposycyon maye neuer be put without his case.
¶ Of the interieccyon.
HOw knowest an interieccyon? For he is a parte of reason vndeclyned: that betokeneth passyō [Page] of a mannes soule with an vnperfyte voyce / with Ioye sorowe / wonder / drede / or indygnacyō / as hate / hey / fye alas / weleawaye / so how / out out and other lyke. Euge ones is as moche for to saye as wel thou be / & euge euge is as moche for to saye in englysshe as out out.
¶ How many cases maye an Interieccyō be ioyned to / to all cases. To a nomynatyf case / as Prohdolor pater meus est infirmus. To a genytyfe case / as O misere vite. To a datyfe case / as heu miht. To an acccusatyue case as heu me. To a vocatyf case as O filicare. To an ablatyf case / as O casu duro.
Accusatiuis heu iungas siue datiuis.
¶ Sōtyme a nowne is put by hȳ selfe as an interieccy on as infādū / sōtyme w t an other nowne / as vbi gratia / somtyme with a pronowne / as vestri gratia.
¶ Of concordes of grāmer.
hOw many concordes of grāmer ben there? Fyue whiche fyue? The fyrst bytwene the nomynatyf case & the verbe. The seconde betwene the adiectyfe and the substantyf. The thyrde bytwene the relatyf and the antecedens. The fourthe bytwene the nowne partytyf & the genytyf case that foloweth. The fyfth bytwene y e superlatyf degre and the genytyf case that foloweth. In how many shall the nomynatyfe case and the verbe accorde. In two / whiche two. In nombre and ꝑsone. In how many shall the adiectyue & the substātyue accorde. In thre / whiche thre. In case gendre & nombre. In how [Page] many shal the relatyf & the antecedens accorde. In. iii. whiche. iii. In gendre / in nōbre / & persone. In how many shall the nowne partytyf and the genytyf case y s foloweth accorde. In one / whiche one. In gendre onely. In how many shall the superlatyf degre & the genytyfe case that foloweth accorde. In one / gendre onely.
¶ Rule of verbe.
¶ How many tens ben fourmed of the preterperfectens of the indicatyfe mode. vi. whiche. vi. The preterpluꝑfectens in the same mode. The preterpluperfectēs of y e oꝑtatyue mode. The preterperfectēs the preterpluperfectens & the futertens of the coniūctyf mode. And the preterpluperfectens of the infynytyfe mode. How many chaungeth i in to e / and how many holdeth i styll.
Thre chaūgeth i in to e / &. iii. holdeth I styl / whiche. iii. chaungeth i in to e. The preterpluperfectens of y e indycatyfe mode / as amaui / chaūge i in to e / and put therto a ram & it wyll be amauerā. The preterperfectēs of the coniunctyf mode as amaui / chaunge i in to e & put therto a rim / & it wyll be amauerim The futertens of the same mode / as amaui / chaunge i in to e / & put therto a ro & it wyll be amauero. whiche thre holde I styll. The preterpluperfectēs of y e cōiunctyue mode / as amaui holde i styll & put therto s & sem & it wyll be amauissem. The preterpluperfectens of the Indicatyfe mode / as amaui holde i styll & put to sand se and it wyll be amauisse.