LEON and OVIEDO.

The kingdome of LEON and OVIEDO hath on the East and South Biscay and Castile; Hist. of Sp. on the North the Ocean; on the West Gallicia. This country is by a more ancient name called Asturia, from the Astures which were the ancient inhabitants hereof. It yeelded the small, though swift, horses, which from hence the Romans called Asturcones; wee may english them Hobbies: but in processe of time, this Asturco became a commō name for Geldings; and Asturco Macedonicus in Petronius is nothing but a Macedonian Nagge. Seldon in tit. of hon. This is the honour or title of the eldest sonne of Castile, who is called Prince of the Astu­rias; which some suppose to be giuen vnto them, because this was the first principality which held vp against the Moores. But indeed the true originall hereof is to be referred to the time of the marriage of Catharine, daughter vnto Iohn of Gaunt, and [Page] [...] [Page] [...] [Page 40] in right of her mother Constance true heire to the realme of Ca­stil: vnto Henry sonne to Iohn the first then in possession of that kingdome. For to this new married couple it was granted, that after the manner of England, where the heire apparant is called Prince of Wales; they should be called Princes of the A­sturia's. In succeeding times the townes of Iean, Vbeda, Biatia, and Andutar, were added to the patrimonie; and so vnto this day continue.

The chiefe Town [...]s of this kingdome are 1 Aviles on the Sea side. 2 Palenza, which first felt the armes of the Sucvi. 3 O­viedo, which gaue title to the first Christ [...]an Kings after the Moorish conquest. It was ioyn'd in title with Leon Anno 896. and quite left out by Raymir, 904. 4. Aftorga, a Towne happy in this, that it felt not the fury of the lustfull king Vi [...]iza; who to secure himselfe in vnlawfull pleasures, and weaken his sub­iects, if they should attempt revenge; dismantled all the townes in Spaine except Leon, Tolledo, and this Astorga. 5 Leon recoue­red from the Moores 712, and by some called Legio, because they guesse the 1 [...] ^th Legion to haue here lodged, which was called Legio Germanica.

Hist. of Sp.That kingdomes are to be kept by the same meanes they are got, is an axiom among Politicians: but that they are lost by the same, would seeme harsh vnto them; yet so it hapned to the Moores. The lust of Rodericke, a Spanish king, brought them thither; and the lust of Magnutza, a Moorish Viceroy, gaue the first checke to their fortune, which proued at last the ouer­throw of that kingdome: for Magnutza hauing employed Pe­lagius, a young Prince of the Asturia's, on an Embassie to Mu­sa, the Captaine Generall of the Moores, then resident at Cordu­ba; in his absence rauished his sister, and at his returne died by the edge of his sword: in applause of which noble act, & hope of greater exploits, Pelagius was by the people made King of Oviedo.

716

1 Pelagius 20

735

2 Falfila 2

737

3 Alphonsus 23

760

4 Pht [...]illa 12

[Page 41]772

5 Aurelius 6

778

6 Sillo 6

784

7 Mauregatus 3

787

8 Veramund 2

789

9 Alphonso the chast. 36

825

10 Raymir 6

831

11 Ordogno 10

841

12 Alphonso the great 46

887

13 Garcia 4

891

14 Ordogno II. 5

898

15 Phroilla II. 2

900

16 Alphonso IV. 5

905

17 Raymir II. 19

924

18 Ordogno III. 5

929

19 Sancho 11

940

20 Raymir III. 25

965

21 Veramund II. 17

982

22 Alphonso V. 35

1018

23 Veramund III. 6

1025

24 Sancha Q. of Leon 42

1025

24 Fernand k. of Cast. 42

1067

25 Alphonso VI, 41

1108

26 Vrraca of Leon, 14

1108

26 Alphonso of N. & Ar. 14

1122

27 Alphons. VIII 35

1157

28 Fernand II. 31

1188

29 Alphonso IX. 42

1230

30 Fernand III. who by the power and pollicy of his mother, seazed on the Castiles, which were neuer since disioyned from Leon.

The Armes of this kingdome are Argent a Lyon passant crowned Or, which when the Castiles were ioyned to this king­dome, were quartered with the Armes of those Countries. Camde [...]s R [...]m. This was the first time that euer Armes were borne quartered; and was seconded by our Edward the 3 ^d, who to shew his title to the Crowne of France, not only tooke on the title of King of France, but quartered the Armes thereof with those of England as to this day they continue.

2. NAVARRE.

NAVARRE is the second kingdome for antiquity in Spaine. it hath on the East the Pyrenean mountaines, on the West Ibe­rus, on the North Biscay, Mercat [...] on the South Arragon. The old inha­bitants hereof were the Vascones, who passing ouer the hills in­to France, possessed that part of it, called since Vasconia or Gascoigne.

The ch [...]efe Ci [...]ties are Victoria, made a Citty by Iohn hus­band to Q Blanch, king of Arragon and Navarre. Th [...]s towne is situate in the country which they now call Alava, which in [Page 42] our ordinary Mappes is placed betweene Castile and Biscay ▪ of which last it seemeth to haue beene a part. 2 Viana the title of the Navarran Prince. Gui [...]ciard. Nigh vnto this Towne Caesar Borgia was slaine by an ambush: hee was sonne to Pope Alexander the 6, and by his father first made Cardinall, but reliquishing that title, he was by king Charles the 8, made Duke of Valence in Daulphine. During the life of his father hee had reduced many townes to the obedience of the Church; but af [...]er his death hee was by Pope Iulio the 2, confined. From Rome he stole to Gon­salvo, Viceroy in Naples, for Ferdinand the Catholique; who, notwithstanding his safe conduct giuen, sent him prisoner to Spaine: from hence he escaped desperatly, (sliding down a win­dow) into Navarre, where he was (as we haue said) slaine by an ambush. So many times was Machiavels great Politician o­uer-reached by bookemen and souldiers. 3. Sanguessa, whose Inhabitants and neighbours in the beginning of this Pyrenean kingdome, paid a tribute of kine yeerely. And 4 Pampelune the Metropolis of this Countrie, a towne banded by the racket of Fortune, into the hazards of Gothes, Moores, Navarrois, French, and now Castilians.

It took the name of Navarre, either from a town amongst the mountaines, called Navarrin, a place most likely, by reason of its strong situation, to resist the fury of the Moores, and to support the title of a new Potentate: or 2 from Navois, signi­fying a champion Country. It was also called the kingdome of Sobabre, Hist. of Sp. for that the Pyrenei are in this place so called. The first king was Garcia Ximenes, who with 600 men only, began to oppose the Saracens, and left both title and possession vnto his successours. The sixt from this Garcia, was Inigo surnamed Ari­sta, who began the ceremony of crowning and anointing in this Continent, according to the Spanish History. But the old Ro­mane Prouinciall, cited by M ^r Selden in his Titles of Honour, acknowledgeth no such honour due hereto: ascribing it only to the Emperours of the East and West, the Kings of Hierusalem, England, France, and Sicily. The 13 ^th King was Sancho, for his valour and potencie surnamed the great; He was the first that euer did write himself King of Spaine, his predecessours calling [Page 43] themselues kings of Navarre, his cōtemporaries kings of Leon only, the Gothes Kings of the Gothes in Spaine, and so the Van­dals and Suevi. The reason was, because being a Prince of great power-ablenesse, he had also almost all Spaine, which belonged not to the Moores, in his possession. The Earledome of Arra­gon was vnited to this Navarre, A ^o 867, when Garcia king hereof was married to Vrraca heire of Arragon▪ Castile he held in the right of his wife Donna Nugna, sister and heire to Earle Sancho: & as for Leon, he forcibly detained a great part of it vnder his Empire. Had all those Estates continued vnited vnder one head, questionlesse the Kingdome of the Moores had not so long subsisted; but this Sancho louing all his sonnes alike, gaue them alike portions and honours, bequeathing to his eldest son Garcia, Navarre; and that part of Leon which he conquered: to his second son Fernando, Castile: to his base son Raymir, Arra­gon, both which he had erected into Kingdomes. By meanes of this vnpolitick course, his sonnes being of equall powers & ho­nours, insteed of opposing the common foe, bandied against each other; which, had all these principalities remained joyned, or the latter not dignified with the title of Kingdomes, had bin avoyded. The 30 ^th King was Charles the 2 ^d, whom I mention not for any glorious actions atchieued in his life, for that was full enough of ignominie; but for the strangenes and hideous­nes of his death. He was a king much giuen to voluptuousnes and sensuall pleasures, which so wasted his spirits, that in his old age he fell into a kind of a Lethargie. To comfort his benummed joynts, he was bound and sowed vp naked in a sheet steeped in boyling Aquavitae: The Chirurgion hauing made an end of sowing him, and wanting a knife to cut off the threed, tooke a waxe candle that stood lighted by him; but the flame running down by the threed, caught hold on the sheet, which (accor­ding to the nature of Aquavitae) burned with that vehemencie, that the miserable King ended his dayes in the fire. The 38 ^th Princes were Katharine Queene of Navarre, and Iohn Earle of Albret in Gascoigne, her husbād; in whose reigne Navarre was surprized by Fernando the Catholique, as anon I wil more par­ticularly tell you. In the mean time let vs summe vp the Kings of this hillie Realme.

716

1 Garcia 42

758

2 Garcia II 44

802

3 For [...]o 13

815

4 Sancho 17

832

5 Ximenes 18

840

6 Inigo 27

867

7 Garcia III 18

885

8 Fortun II 6

901

9 Sancho II 19

920

10 Garcia IV 49

969

11 Sancho III 24

993

12 Garcia V 7 (34

1000

13 Sancho the great

1034

14 Garcia VI 20

1054

15 Sancho V 22

1076

16 Sancho VI 18

1094

17 Pedro 10

1104

18 Alphonso 30

1134

19 Garcia VII 16

1150

20 Sancho VII 46

1196

21 Sancho VIII 40

1236

22 Blanch Q. 19

1236

22 Theobald E. of Champaigne 19

1255

23 Theobald II 18

1273

24 Henry 5

1276

25 Ioane Qu. 31

1276

25 Philip K. of France 31

2307

26 Lewis Huttin 10

1317

27 Philip the long 5

1322

28 Charl. the faire 8

1330

29 Ioane Qu. of Navarre. 21

1330

29 Philip E. of Eureux. 21

1351

30 Charles II 37

1388

31 Charles III 39

1427

32 Blanch Q. of Navarre 54

1427

32 Iohn King of Arragon 54

1481

33 Leonora Q. of Nauarre 4

1481

33 Gaston E. of Foix 4

1485

34 Fran. Phoebus 4

1485

35 Katharin Q. of Navarre 32

1485

35 Iohn E. of Al­bret. 32

1517

36 Hen. of Albret 39

1556

37 Ioane of Albret 6

1556

37 Anth. of Burbon 6

1562

38 Henry of Burbon K. of Fr. and Nav. 48

1610

39 Lewis King of France and Navarre now li­uing, with whom remaine the Rights, but not the Possession of this Kingdome. For in the reigne of Catharine, and Iohn of Al­bret, Ferdinand the Catholique, gathered a great power vnder [Page 45] pretence of rooting out the Moores, and surprized this King­d [...]me altogether vnprouided, and destitute of all meanes to make the smallest resistance, Anno 1512. The pretended reason of this surprizall, w [...]s an Excommunication, laid on these Prin­ce by the Pope, of which this King took vpon him to be the executioner: but the true cause was an ancient desire which this King had to prossesse this frontire Kingdome, it being a strong Bulwarke against France. It happened then that Lewis the 12 ^th hauing incurred the displeasure of Pope Iulio the second, was together with all his adherents, excommunicated, and his and their estates giuen to such as could or would subdue them. The King and Queene of Navarre were at this time both French sub [...]ect, he in respect of Albret his paternall inheritance, & she of her Earledomes of Foize & Bearne; and therefore sided with the Fre [...]ch King.

Guicciardin

Ferdinand hauing (as we said) levied an army vnder color of extirpating ths Moores, turneth vpon the French King, and demandeth of these Princes not only a free passage through their Countrie, but also to haue certaine places of strength put into his hands for his better assurance. These vnjust demands the Navar [...]ys denied, whereupon Ferdinand with all expedition, invadeth the kingdome, which he tooke without a blow giuen; the French King being as backward in affording due assistance, as the other was vnprovided of meanes for de­fence The French netled with this losse, diuers times attempted the recouery of it, but in va [...]ne, [...]or the Spainiard still keepeth it.

The armes of Navarre are Gu [...]es a Carbuncle nowed Or. Bara.

In this Kingdome was the order of Knighthood called the Lilly, Grimston. begun by Garcia the sixt: their blazon is a pot of Lillies, on which is graued the portraiture of our Lady; their duty was to defend the faith, and dayly to repeat certain Ave Maries, &c.

3. CORDVBA.

The Kingdome of CORDVBA comprehended And [...]luzia, the Country of Granada and Estremadura. Ortelius.

ANDALVZIA called by Pl [...]ny Conventus Cordubensis, is between the hill Seira Morena North, Granada East, and the Sea: it is so called quasi Vandaluzia from the Vandals, who [Page 46] long time, and till their expulsion into Africa possessed it.

This is the most rich and fertile countrie of all Spaine, wate­red with the riuers Anas, 2 Odier, 3 Batis, and 4 Teneo.

Martial.The chiefe cities are Corduba the Royall seat of the Moorish Kings: here were borne Lucan and both the Seneca's.

This city is vulgarly called Cordova, & hence commeth our true Cordovan leather, made of the skin of a Sardinian beast. Neere vnto this city is a wood of 30 miles in length, hauing no­thing but Oliue trees: and not farre hence by the Village called Munda, Florus. was fought that notable battaile betweene Caesar, and the sonnes of Pompey. The honour of the day fell vnto Caesar, who then made an end of the ciuill warres, which that very day foure yeares before, were begun by Pompey the Father. In this battaile Cneius Pompeius was slaine, and his strength broken; Neither did Caesar escape without great losse, he neuer being before so put to his last trumpe: for seeing his souldiers giue back, he resolutely maintained the fight, bidding them remem­ber they had at Munda forsaken their Generall. Shame, & his noble example, encouraged the souldiers to a new onset, which was honoured with the tropheyes of victory. This was the last field that Caesar euer was in, he being not long after, murdered in the Senate-house. In other places he vsed to say, he fought for honour; in this for his life. 2. Marchena where the best Iennets are, not of this Prouince alone, but of all Spaine: the riuer Baetis (as it is thought) conveying some secret vertue vnto them. Of this race was the horse which Caesar so loued, that at his death he erected his statue in the Temple of Venus: And the ancient Lusitani thought they were ingendred by the wind. 3. Medina Sidonia, whose Duke was Captaine Generall of the invincible Armado 1588. 4 Lucar di Barameda a great Hauen Towne, at which the man which either was the true Sebastian King of Portugall, Hist. of Sp. or else would so haue bin accounted, arriued in a Galley from Naples, where he had bin kept in a darke dun­geon [Page 47] three dayes without any sustenance, but a knife & a hal­ter. If man [...] judgments durst herein be free, I could say that the arguments la [...]d down in the Spanish History on this behalfe, are both vnanswered, and better then such as were brought against him. But he hath bin now long dead, and therefore let all the probabilities and suspitions of his being the same man, be buri­ed with him: though certain it is, that the Spaniards vsed to say, that either he was the true Sebastian, or the diuell in his likenes. 5 Xeres a sea-town also, whence come our Xeres sacke, commō ­ly called Sherrie sacks. 6. Tariffa seated at the end of the pro­montorie toward Africke, and so called, because Tariff the leader of the Moores into Spaine, here landed, And 7. Seuill the fairest city not of Andaluzia alone, but of all Spaine. It is in compasse sixe miles, environed with beautifull wals, & adorned with many magnificent and stately buildings of Palaces, Chur­ches, and Monasteries; amongst which, that of the Gertosins is endowed with 25000 crownes of yearely revenue. Vnder the jurisdiction of this city are no lesse then 20000 small Villages. It is also a most flourishing Vniversity, Lewk [...]or of cities. wherein studied Avicen the Moore that excellent and learned Scholler; Pope Silvester the second, and Leander. Famous also is it for two provinciall Councels holden here, the first A ^o 584, the last A ^o 636, and al­so that here are continually maintained 30000 Gennets for the seruice of the King. The riuer Baetis diuideth it into two parts, both joyned together by a stately and beautifull bridge. Hist. of Sp▪ It was recouered by Fernand the 2 of Castile, A ^o 1248. from hence come our Seuill Orenges; from hence the Castilians hoyse saile toward the Indians; lastly, here is the body of Christopher Co­lumbus with this (I cannot say worthy) Epitaph. Quade.

Maginus.The custome of this town only is worth vnto the King halfe a million of gold yearely. The revenues of the Archbishop here­of are 100000 crownes yearely, as hauing in his whole Dio­cese 2000 Benefices, besides Frieries, Nunneries, Hospitals. He is next in degree to the Archbishop of Tolledo, and is the Me­tropolitan of Andaluzia, and the Fortunate Ilands. Isidore so much renowned for his sincerity & profoundnesse in learning, was Bishop here, who is vsually called Isidorus Hispalensis, to distinguish him from another of that name, called Pelusietae.

2 GRANADA is bounded with Marcia on the East, An­daluzia on the West, Castile North, and the Mediterranean South. Lewknor. The chiefe Cities are Granada, a fine and stately Towne, whence come our Granada stockings. The houses hereof are built all of curious free stone, with delicate and artificiall ma­sonry, shewing great magnificence. It is replenished within with abundance of wholesome and pleasing springs, and fenced without with a strong wall, in which are 12 gates, and 130 turrets. Here is still to be seene the palace of the Moorish kings, an excellent and magnificent structure couered ouer with gold, and indented with Mosaicall worke, This City is the ordinary Parliament and Court of Iustice for all the Southerne parts of Spaine, in like manner as Valadolit is for the North; Madrid like the high Parliament of Paris, hauing jurisdiction ouer, and receiuing appeales from both. 2 Alamia famous for her bathes. 3 Malaga or Malaca, Plutarch. a towne sacked by Crassus the rich Ro­man who flying into Spaine to auoide the fury of Marius and Cinna, who had slaine his father and vncle, hid himselfe and his companions eight moneths together in a caue; but hauing in­telligence of their deaths, he issued out, and ransacked amongst [Page 49] many other cities, this Malaga. From hence come our Mala­ga Sackes: and to the great prejudice of the Moores was this Towne taken by Fernand the Catholique 1487. [...]4 Alm [...]ri [...] a great Hauen-towne. 5. Osuna.

3 ESTREMEDVRA hath on the East and North Castile, on the West Portugal, on the South Vandaluzia, it was once called Baeturia from the Baetis which runneth through it. The chiefe cities are 1 Merida (formerly called Augusta Emerita) nigh vnto which was the battle betweene Val [...]a King of the Gothes, and Atace King of the Alani, and Vandals (surnamed Silinges:) the victory whereof falling to the Gothes, caused the Vandals to leaue their first footing in Spaine. This town sprung from the ruine of Norba Caesarea, which by Petronius and A­franius, two of Pompeyes captaines, was laide euen with the ground, for adhering faithfully to Iulius Caesar. It was built & made a Colonie by Augustus, who placing in it his old soul­diers, whom the Latines call Emeriti, gaue it the name of Au­gusta Emerita. 2 Guadalcanall famous for mines of gold and siluer. The first Incola were the Vestones. It was taken from the Moores 1147.

The Saracens hauing made almost a plenarie conquest of Spaine, and vtterly subverted the Gothish kingdome, were first subject vnto the Caliphs of Babylon, but after some few yeares, the vast Empire of the Saracens ouer-burdened by its owne waight, began to bend downewards; and the Sultans who by institution, were but Vicegerents to the Mahumetan Pope of Bagdet, invested themselues with the wreathes of royall autho­rity: euery one plucking some feathers from this Arabian Pea­cocke to hide his owne nakednesse withall. In this confusion the more potent Saracens of Spaine, fortified themselues as they best could, making as many Kingdomes as Cities, and almost as many Cities as townes. Yet did the more splendide Sunne of Maiestie shine in the Sphere of Corduba.

757

1 Abderamen 30

787

2 Hizen 7

794

3 Haliathan 25

819

4 Abderamen II 20

839

5 Mahomet 35

874

6 Almudix 2

[Page 50]876

7 Abdalla 13

889

8 Abderamen III 50

939

9 Hali Hatan 17

956

10 Hizen II 35

989

11 Zulcimen 4

993

12 Mahomet II 10

1001

13 Hali 2

1003

14 Cacin 4

1007

15 Hiaia 1

1008

16 Abderamen IV 1

1009

17 Mahomet III 1

1010

18 Hizen III 1

1011

19 Ioar 3

1014

20 Mahomet IV

After the death of this Mahomet, the kingdome of Corduba was tossed with diuers fortunes, as being sometimes vnder the protection, sometimes the command of the Kings of F [...]z and Morocco: but alwayes supported by the Africans against the Christians in Spaine, till at last the kingdome was ruinated by King Fernand of Castile, 1236. after it had flourished vnder 20 Kings almost 260 yeares. Bara. The Armes of the Realme of Corduba were Or, a Lyon Gules, armed and crowned of the first: a bor­der Azrue, charged with 8 towres Argent. Corduba thus taken, the Moores flie to Granada, and there renue their strength and kingdome: Which kingdome, how and when it ended, we shall not be long before we tell you. As for the name and Nation of Moores, it continued in Spaine euen vntil our time; most of that people professing, or at least, seeming to professe the Christian Religion. But in the yeare 1609, to the number of a million of them and vpwards, going about to free themselues from the danger of the Inquisition, and to rec [...]uer their old liberty a­gain: gaue just occasion to the kings of Spaine, to vse that hard point of seuerity toward them, which he afterwards did, bani­shing the whole Nation out of his dominions for euer; when this had bin to them their natiue soyle for almost 900 yeares.

1236

1 Mahomet Alcamir 36

1272

Hist. of Sp.

2 Mahomet Mir Almir 30

1302

3 Mahomet Aben Ezar 7

1309

4 Mahomet Aben Evar 0

1309

5 Ismael 13

1322

6 Mahomet 12

2334

7 Ioseph Aben Amet 20

1354

8 Mahomet Aben 23

[Page 51]1377

9 Mahomet Vermeil 2

1379

10 Mahomet Guadix 13

1392

11 Ioseph II 4

1396

12 Mahomet Aben Balva 11

1407

13 Ioseph III 16

1423

14 Mahomet Aben Azar 9

1432

15 Ioseph Aben Almud 13

1445

16 Mahomet Osmen 13

1458

17 Ismael II 6

1464

18 Muley Alboacen 16

1482

19 Mahomet Bonbdelin, He was the last King of the Moores in Spaine;

Hist. of Sp.

For as the king­dome of Granado beganne vnder a Mahomet, a Fernand King of Castile: so it ended vnder a Mahomet, a Fernand being King of Castile. In the tenth yeere of this mans reigne, about the yeere 1492. the Empire of the Moores ended in Spaine, by the valour of Ferdinand the Catholique, and Isabel his wife, after their first entrance into it more then 760 yeeres. Such as after the decay of their kingdome stayed in Spaine, were by a statute in that case prouided, to be Christened; and that they might be known to bee as they professed, the Inquisition was ordained, consi­sting of a certaine number of Dominican Friers; who finding such counterfeiting Christians, were first gently to reproue and exh [...]rt them, and after if no amendment followed, to inflict some mulct vpon them. This custome in it selfe was wondrous tollerable & laudable; but from the Moores it is turned on the Protestants, and that with such violence and extremity of tor­ture, that it is counted the greatest tyranny and seuerest kind of persecution vnder heauen: Insomuch that many Papists who would willingly die for their Religion, abhorre the very name and mention, and to the death withstand the bringing in of this slauerie among them. This is it that made the people of Arra­gon and Naples rebell, countries where the people are all of the Papall side: and this was it which caused the irremediable re­volt of the Low-countries; the greatest part of that nati [...]n at the time of their taking armes,

Sauds rela [...]. of Relig.

being Catholickes. Yet is it plan­ted & established in Spaine, & all Italy, ( Naples and Venic [...] ex­cepted.) [Page 52] This racking of mens consciences is committed to the most zealous, fierie and rigorous Friers in the whole packe. The least suspition of heresie, affinity, or commerce with Heretikes, reprouing the liues of the Clergie, keeping any bookes, or edi­tions of bookes prohibited; or discoursing in matters of Reli­gion, are offences sufficient. Nay they will charge mens consci­ences vnder paine of damnation, to detect their nearest & dea­rest friends, if they doe but suspect them to be herein culpable. Their proceedings are with great secrecie & seuerity: for 1. the parties accused, shall neuer know their accuser, but sh [...]lbe con­strained to reueale their own thoughts & affections. 2 ^ly if they are but convinced of any errour in any of their opinions, or be gainsaied by two witnesses, they are immediatly condemned: 3 ^l• if nothing can be proued against them, yet shall they with infinite tortures & miseries be kept in the house diuers yeares, for a terrour to others: & 4 ^ly if they escape the first brunt with many torments and much anguish; yet the second questioning or suspition, brings death remedilesse. And as for torments and kindes of death, Phalaris and his fellow-tyrants, come farre short of these bloud-hounds. Each of those Inquisitors is ho­noured with the title of Lord, and are a great terrour to the neighbouring Peazants. There goeth a tale, how one of their Lordships desiring to eate of the peares which grew in a poore mans Orchard not farre off, sent for him to come vnto him: which put the poore Swaine into such a fright, that he fell sick, and kept his bed. Being afterward informed that his peares were the cause of his Lordships message, he plucked vp the tree by the roots, carrying it with all the fruit on it vnto him: and when he was demanded the reason of that vnhusbandly action; he protested that hee would neuer keepe that thing in his house which should giue any of their Lordships a further occasion to send for him.

The Armes of Granada are Or, a Pomegrauat slipped Vert.

4. GALLICIA.

Gallicia hath on the East the Asturia's, on the West & North the Sea, on the South the riuer Minius. The former Inhabitants were of Gallaici, whence the name is deriued. The Country is [Page 53] like that of the Asturias, mountainous, and almost inaccessible; and so the fitter to hold out against forreine invasions, and to defend the person of its own Princes, and the common liberty.

The chiefe Cities are 1 Compostella, vulgarly called S ^t Iago, in the honour of Saint Iames, who lieth here buried, and of whom there is an order of Knights. Lewknor. In a Church of this towne are kept the reliques of Saint Iames, which are to this day worshipped with incredible devotion, and visited with a wonderfull con­course of people. This Church hath no Bishop, but is immedi­atly vnder the Pope. This Church also did Charles the great, make one of the three seates Apostolike, the other two being S ^t Peters in Rome, and S ^t Iohns in Ephesus. This towne is also an Vniversity. 2 Baiona at the mouth of Minius, and 3 Corenna, not farre from the Promontory Nerius. This towne is that which is called the Groyne, so often mentioned i [...] our last warres with the Spaniards.

When the Vandals made their first inrodes into Spaine, Hist. of Sp. there entred with them a people called the Suevi, who, according to the diuision made betweene them, the Vandals, and Alani: laide hands on this Prouince, vnder the conduct of Hermeric the first king. The third king Reccaire did receiue the Christian Faith, & with it also Arrianisme: hee surprized Navarre and Arragon; but could not defend his owne countrie from Theodoricke the Gothe; who after gaue the Gallicians leaue to choose a new King. Hereupon ensued diuers bloudie factions betwixt the more potent of the Nobility, till at last the honour fell on A­rismund. Finally after this kingdome had endured 177 yeares, it was subdued by Leonigild a king of the Gothes. It was againe made a kingdome by Alphonso the great of Leon, and by him giuen to his sonne Ordogno, A ^o 886. and was again incorpora­ted to Leon by Alphonso the sixt, who wrested it from Don Garcia, Bara. 1081. The Armes of this kingdome were Azure, Semie of crosse crosset; fitchee, a Chalice couered Or.

5. BISCAIE.

BISCAIE called formerly Cantabria, is betwixt Navarre East, old Castile South, Leon West, and the Cantabrian Ocean North. Mercator. It tooke name from the Vascones, part of which people [Page 54] when they le [...]t their old seates, came into this country; naming it first Viscaia, then Viscaia, and now Biscaia.

The chiefe Cities are 1 Tholosa. 2. Saint Sebastians. 3 F [...]nte­rabia both parts on the Sea. 4 Bilbo (anciently called Flaviona­via) two miles distant frō the Maine; it aboundeth with good wines, much cattle, the best bread, and tryed blades, called Bil­bo blades. It is a towne of great trafficke, and consequently of great riches, here be [...]ng many priuate men which yeerely build three or foure shippes.

The Countrie is mountainous and woodie, out of whose hils arise 150 Riuers, of which Iberus and Duerus are the chiefe. Here is excellent timber to build shippes, and such an abun­dance of iron, that it is called The Armorie of Spaine.

The people of this Prouince vse a language different from the rest of Spaine, and is reported to haue continued without great alteration, since the confusion at Babel. Brerewood. That it is of this age, I will not stand to proue; though an argument hereof may be, the small or no affinity it hath with other tongues, Yet that it was the ancient language of Spaine, is more then probable, because this people haue euer continued without any mixture of forreine Nations; as being neuer throughly subdued either by Romanes, Carthaginians, Gothes, or Moores; and so they remained, as in their liberties not mastered; so in their language not altered In like manner the Arabique continueth vncorrupt in the hillie parts of Granada; the tongue of the old Brittaines in our Wales, and the ancient Epirotique, in the high and woodie parts of that countrie. Neither doe these Biscaines differ from the rest of Spaine in language, but in customes also, three of which I will set down as a light to the rest. First they account themselues free from taxes, and contributions to the kings of Spaine, yeelding them obedience with their bodies, but not with their purses. And when any of the Spanish kings in their progresses come to the Frontiers of this Countrie, hee bareth one of his legs, and in that manner entreth into it. There he is met by the Lords and Gentlemen there dwelling, who proffe [...] him some few small brasse pieces ( Marauidis they call them, whereof 600 goe to a crown) in a leatherne bag, hanging at the [Page 55] end of a lance; but with all they tell him that hee must not take them. This ceremony performed, they all attend the king in his journey, and this I learned from a Gentleman, who hath spent some time in this Countrie. A good place for Puritan [...] to dweilin. 2 ^ly they admit no Bishops to come amongst them; and when Fernand the Catholique came in pro­gresse hither, accompanied amongst others, by the Bishop of Pampelune: the people arose in armes, draue back the Bishop, and gathering all the dust on which they thought he had tro­den, slung it into the Sea. 3 ^ly The women at all meetings doe first drinke; a custome which hath continued euer since Ogn [...] Countesse of Castilc, would haue poysoned her sonne Sancho.

The ancient inhabitants were the Cantabri, a people of that courage, that they defended the liberty of their Country against the Romans, when the residue of Spaine was subdued; and were at last not without great effusion of blood, and manifest tokens of manly resolution, and Heroick spirits, on their parts; vanqui­shed by the darling of Fortune, Augustus. Such hillie & moun­tainous people are alwayes the last that are conquered, and the first that stand on their own guard, as besides these Biscanies, the Navarroys and Asturians here in Spaine, in respect of the Moores: and our Brittaines in relation to the Saxons. Whether it be, that liuing in a sharpe aire, and being inured to labour, they proue on occasion, good and able men: or that the Forts of Natures own building, are not so easily wonne, as defended: or that the vnpleasantnesse of the Country, & vhfruitfulnesse of the soile, yeeld no occasion to strangers to desire & adventure for it, I cannot determine. Hist. of Sp. These Biscanies were the last also that submitted to the fury of the Moores, whom shortly after they droue thence by the valour of Soria a Noble Scot 870; whose posterity enjoyed this proprietary Lordship, till that Nero of Spaine, Don Pedro, violently tooke it from the true Heire, Don­na Iane, and her Husband, 1358.

6. TOLLEDO.

TOLLEDO is now accounted as a city of ntw Castile: The kingdome embraced the Towne and Territories extending o­uer the Southeast of Castile, now called Campo de Calatrava, & so downward toward Murcia. Lewknor. This Country was of old the [Page 56] [...]eate of the Carpentani. The chiefe city is Tolledo, seated on the riuer Tagus: it is beautified with many palaces of rare and ex­cellent architecture; and fortified with 150 towres standing on the wals. It is seated in the very center almost of Spaine, and is passing well inhabited, as well by Noblemen who reside there for pleasure; by merchants who resort thither for commodity; and by men of warre who are garrison'd there for the defence of it. This city was taken by the Moores at their first entrance into Spaine, Hist. of Sp. 715. they therein behauing themselues more advi­sedly in striking first at the head, then could be expected of such Barbarians. It was first vnder the Mahumetan Calyphs, & their Vicegerents; after it became a peculiar kingdome, and was ta­ken from Haia Alcadu [...]bir the last king, by Alphonso the first, king of Castile, 1083. This City was the seat of the Gothish Kings, one of which viz. Bamba, walled this towne.

Next it was the feare of the Moorish Princes; and now of the Archbishops, who are the chiefe Prelats of Spaine, and Presi­dents for the most of the Inquisition. Their revenewes are cer­tainly the greatest of any spirituall Prince, except the Popes, as mounting to the yearely value of 300000 Crownes. This City is honored with an Vniversity, famous for the study of the Ci­uill and Common Lawes; as also with 18 Nationall Councels here held vnder the Gothish kings. The next City of any note is Calatrava, on the riuer Ana, famous for its order of Knights. It standeth on, or neere vnto the place where in former times stood the strong and famous city Castulo; Plutarch. which being vnder the command of the Romanes, was by the Gyresoeni, a people that dwelt on the other side of the riuer, suddainly entred and taken. But Sertorius entring after them at the same gate, put thē to the sword; and causing his men to apparell themselues in the cloathes of their slaine enemies, he led them to the chiefe Cities of the Gyresoeni; where the people supposing them to be their companions, opened their gates, and were all either slain or sold [Page 57] for slaues. The third towne of note is Talbora, vulgarly called Talveira di Roina, a very neat and sweet towne, seated on the Tagus.

The Armes are B, Guillin [...]. a crowne mitrall imperiall O, garnished with sundry precious gemmes proper.

7. MVRCIA.

MVRCIA was in former times a very rich and profitable country, Maginus. stoored with all fruits of the earth, and so abounding in siluer mines, that the Romanes who were then Lords of it, kept continually 400 men here at worke, and receaued the pro­fit of 25000 Drachmas daily. It is enuironed with New Castile, or the kingdome of Tolledo, West; Granada South; Valentia North; and the Mediterranean East. The chiefe townes are 1 A­licante a faire harbour;, from whence we haue our true Alicant wine, made of the iuyce of mulberries which are here growing in great plenty. 2 Murcia (by Ptolomie called Murgis) on the river Segourg, Hist. of Sp. from whence the whole country is named. 3 No­va Ca [...]thag [...], or Cartagona, built by Asdrubal of Carthage, and ruined in the second Punick warre, Florus. by Scipio Africanus; a man of that rare chastity, that during all his wars in Spaine, he would not permit any of the young Virgins of the Countrie to bee brought before him, least his eyes should betray his heart. It is now famous for the Hauen which it hath, very capacious, & of that safety, that that worthy Sea Captaine Andreas Doria, Admirall vnto Charles the fift, vsed to say, that there were but three safe ports in the Mediterranean, which were Cartagena, August & Iuly: meaning, as I conceaue, that those two months being commonly free from winds and tempests, were no lesse secure to marriners then the port of Cartagena. See, I beseech you, the priuiledge of autority and antiquity; for had a mea­ner man spoke this in those times, or a greater man in these wherein we liue: neither the one nor the other would haue bin remembred for it. But one inch of greatnesse, and another of age, hath I perceaue, the prerogatiue to put such saplesse & vn­worthy conceits vpon the Register, which in our daies would either not be obserued, or else scorned.

Leonigild the Gothe tooke this Country from the Romance: [Page 58] and it was recouered from Alboquis the last Moorish King, by Fernand of Castile 1241. The chiefe riuer of this Countrie is Guadala quir.

8. CASTILE.

CASTILE is bounded on the East with Navar, Arragon, and the Country of Tolledo; on the West with Portugal; on the North with the Asturias; on the South with Andaluzia and Granada. This was the most preuailing kingdome to which the rest were all vnited, either by conquest, or inter-marriages. It is now diuided into the New and the Old.

The Old Castile is situate on the North of the New. The chief Citties are, 1 Soriae or Numantia, in which 4000 Souldiers withstood 40000 Romans, for fourteene yeares. During which time hauing valiantly repulsed, Florus. and forced them vnto two dis­honorable compositions, they at last resolued on a strange and desperate end. For gathering all their armour, mony and goods together, they laid them on a pile, which being fired, they vo­luntarily buried themselues in the flame: leauing Scipio nothing but the bare name of Numantia to adorne his triumph. 2 Se­gouia, a Towne famous for cloathing. Lewknor. 3 Valadolit, a neat fine Towne, and an Vniuersity. It was reckoned one of the 7 anci­ent Vniuersities of Spaine, but afterwards falling to decay, it was restored by king Philip the 2 ^d, whose birth place it was; & who erected here a College among others for the education of young English fugitiues, 4 Avila, called formerly Abule, of which Tostatus was Bishop, and is therefore called Abulensis. Hee was, as the Epistle to his workes informeth me, President of the Councell to Iohn the 2 ^d, King of Arragon; and will bee eternally famous for his learned and paineful Commentaries on the Bible: for so great they are, that it is supposed (if we had all his workes) that he wrote as many sheets as he liued daies; and for the worth of them take along with you this eulogie which Casaubon in his worke against Baronius, affordeth him, Lando acumen viri si in meliora incidisset tempora longe maximi. 5 Bur­gos built, or rather repaired by Nugno Belides a German; this Towne contendeth with Tolledo for the Primacy of Spaine. Hist. of Sp. 6. Salamanca, the famousest Academy of this Country, institu­ted [Page 59] by Fernand of Castile, Anno 1240; and was by the edicts of the Popes, together with Oxford, Paris, and Bononia, crea­ted a Generale studium, wherein should bee Professours of the Hebrew, Chaldaicke, and Arabicke tongues.

The ch [...]efe Riuers of this Prouince, are Kelannos rising nigh to Furgos. 2. Tormes gliding by Salamanca. 3. Duerus the most violent riuer of all Spaine.

The New Castile is on the South of the Old. The chiefe citties there are, Boterus. 1 Madrid the Kings seat, whose residence, though the Count [...]y be neither fruitfull nor pleasant, hath made that place of a Village, the most populous Towne of all Spaine. It is a cu­stome, that except some composition be made, all the vpper stories belong to the King. 2 Alcala de Henares (of old Complu­tum) an Vniversity famous for the study of Divinity. 3 Alcan­tara, of which there is an order of Knights. 4 Signeuca, a small Academy. 5. Cuenca, seated at the spring head of the riuer Xu­car. Here also is the Escuriall or Monastery of S. Laurence, built by King Philip the second. A place (saith Quade, who spendeth 13 pages in its description) of that magnificence, that no building in times past, or this present, is comparable to it. The front toward the West is adorned with three stately gates, the middlemost whereof leadeth into a most magnificent Tem­ple; a Monastery in which are 150 Monk [...]s of the order of S. Ierome, and a Colledge: that on the right hand openeth into di­uers offices belonging to the Monastery; that on the left vnto schooles and out-houses belonging to the Colledge. At the foure corners, there are foure turrets of excellent workeman­ship, and for height majesticall. Toward the North is the Kings Palac [...]: on the South part diuers beautifull & sumptuous gal­leries; and on the East side sundry gardens and walls very plea­sing and delectable. It containeth in all 11 seueral quadrangles, euery one incloystred: and is indeed so braue a structure, that a voyage into Spaine were well imployed, were it only to see it and returne.

The chiefe riuers are, 1 Tagus. 2. Xaruma honoured with the neighbourhood of Madrid and 3 Yauina.

The old inhabitants of these Castiles, were the Vaccai, Vento­nes, [Page 60] Carpentani, Oretani, Bastitani, Dittani, &c. From none of which the name of Castile can bee deduced; so that wee must fetch it either from the Castellani, once the inhabitants of Cate­logne, or from some strong fortified Castle in these parts. This last coniecture may seeme probable, because the Armes of this kingdome are Guies, a Castle triple-towred Or: Neither is it a­ny way strange for Prouinces, especially smaller ones (for such at the first this was, though now much extēded both in bounds and power) to take their names from a Castle. For (to goe no farther) euen with vs, Richmondshire, was so called from the ca­stle of Richmond, there built by Alaine Earle of Brittaine: and Flintshire tooke denomination from a Castle built of flintstones by Henry the 2 ^d. We may see hereby how much Celius Secun­dus Curio was deceaued, who writeth that Alphonso the third hauing ouerthrowne Mahomet Enasir the King of Morocco & Granada, & put 60000 of his men to the sword: assumed these Armes, that thus named this kingdome, which was before cal­led the kingdome of the Bastitanes; because that victory like a strong castle (forsooth) confirmed his kingdome vnto him. And for the former Etimologie it appeareth most euidently, in that the people are by the Latines called Castellani, the Countrey Castella.

Hist. of Sp. Castile was an Earledome vnder the comma [...]d of Leon, till the daies of Sancho the first, whose substitute in this Countrey was then one Fernand Gonsales: who comming brauely accom­panied to the Court of Leon, sold vnto the king Sancho an Hauk and an Horse of excellent kindes, on this condition; that if at a day appointed, the mony agreed on were not paid, it should be doubled and redoubled euery day till the payment. This mony by the negligence of the Kings Officers, grew so great a sum; that to satisfie Gonsales, the King made him the Proprietary Earle of Castile 939. The heire to the fift Proprietary Earle, was Donna Nugna married to Sancho the great of Navarre, 1208: by whom this Earledome was made a Kingdome, and giuen to Ferdinand his sonne, 1034.

1034

1 Ferdinand 32

1067

2 Sancho 6

1073

3 Alphonso 34

1107

4 Varraca 15

1122

5 Alphonso II. 35

1157

6 Sancho II. 2

1159

7 Alphonso III. 55

1214

8 Henry 3

1217

9 Ferdinand II. 35

1252

10 Alphonso IV. 32

1283

11 Sancho III. 12

1295

12 Ferdinand III. 17

1312

13 Alphonso V. 38

1350

14 Pedro the cruel. 18

1368

15 Henry II. 11

1379

16 Iohn 11

1390

17 Henry III. 17

1406

18 Iohn II. 48

1452

19 Henry IV. 21.

1475

20 Isabell of Castile.

1475

20 Ferdinand of Arragon. Of whose Acts and issue we will make more ample mention when we shall come to speake of the Spanish Monarchie, which in the daies of these Princes tooke beginning.

There are in these kingdomes of Castile and Leon three prin­cipall orders of Knighthood. Grimston.

Of S Iago; instituted according to Mariana by the Canons of Eloy, and confirmed by Alexander the third, 1175. Their en­signe is a Red crosse l [...]ke a sword. Others make K. Raymir of Leon the founder, anno 948; and some referre it to Ferdinand of Castile, 1170.

2 Of Calatrava; a Towne abandoned by the Templers, to whom it was giuen by Sancho of Castile, 1158, and defended against the Sarracens by Raimund Abbot of Pisoria He began this order, confirmed by Pope Alexander the 3, 1164: their Roabe is white, on their brests a red Crosse.

3 Alcantara; a towne of new Castile, defended by Fernand of L [...]on, against the M [...]ores, where he framed this order, confir­med by Pope Lucio, 1183. Their deuise is a Peare-tree Vert in a field Or to which hanged a paire of Shackles, as a signe of their subiection to them of Calatraua. These Armes were changed anno 1411, into a white Roabe & a green crosse on t [...]eir brests. These orders, as also the Templers of S ^t Iohn, of the Sepulchre, & the [...]ike, are by M Selden (and that deseruedly) thought vnfit, to be put [...]mong titles Honorary; in that what they doe is in a certaine place, and for a stipend. I omit the order of the Doue & [Page 62] Reason instituted by Iohn of Castile.

9. PORTVGALL.

Maginus.PORTVGALL is bounded on the North with the riuer Minius: on the South with the riuer Ana: on the West with the Ocean: and on the East by the Castiles. It is so called from the Hauen towne Port [...], at the mouth of Duerus; where the Gaule [...] vsed to land with their Merchandize: which was there­fore called Por [...]us Gallorum, and since the whole Country Por­tugall. The former name hereof was Lusitania, and by the old Romans it was diuided into Vlteriorem, lying beyond Duerus North; Citeriorem lying from Tagus South; and Interamnem situate betweene these two riuers.

Ortelius.The ayre is very healthfull; the Country for the most part hilly and bare of corne: which defect is recompensed with the abundance of Hony, Wine, Oyle, Allum, Fruits, Fish, white Marble, Salt, &c. It containeth 1460 Parishes, and is in com­passe 870 miles; the length 320; the bredth 60. The fruitfullest part of all the Countrey is about Conimbra.

The people hereof are of more plaine & simple behauiour thē the rest of Spaine: and if we beleeue the proue [...]biall speech, none of the wisest: For whereas the Spaniards are said to seeme wise and are fooles; the French to seeme fooles and are wise: the Ita­lians to seeme & be wise: the Portugalls are affirmed neither to be wise, nor so much as to seeme so▪ and not much different from this the Spaniards haue a proverbe, which telleth vs that the Portugalls are Pocos y locos, few and foolish. They haue a naturall antipathy to the Spaniards, for bereauing them both of liberty and glory. They are excel [...]ent Seafaring men, & hap­py in forraigne discouer [...]es.

Riuers it hath great and small almost 200. The chiefe are 1 Minius, full of red Lead, which is navigable 100 miles. 2 Du­erus. 3 Lethes now Cavada. 4 Mulia [...]as now Mondego. 5 Ta­gus, and 6 Ana, these two last common to the rest of Spaine.

The ancient [...]colae were the Oretani, Lubeni, Velionet, &c. The chiefe Cities are Lisbon vpon Tagus, a famous City for traffique, the Portugals in all their navgations setting to sea [...] hence. The Latine Writers call it Olisippo, and Vlisippo, because as some say, Vlysses in his tenne yeares trauels comming hither, [Page 63] built it. But this is improbable, it being nowhere found that V­lysses did euer see the Ocean; and likely it is, that this town be­ing conveniently seated for navigation, and inhabited at the first by seafaring men, might be consecrated or dedicated, as it were to the memory of that notable traueller Vlysses: as Athons be­ing a place of warre and learning, was to Minerva, whom the Greekes call Athenae. L [...]wknor. It is in compasse 7 miles, & containeth vp­wards of 20000 houses, all of neat & elegant building. Towres & turrets it numbreth on the walls about 67, gates toward the sea shore 22, and 16 towards the Continent. Finally it was ta­ken from the Moores by Alphonso the first King of this Coun­try, 1147. 2 Miranda, 3 Braga the Metropolitan of Portugal, an Archi-episcopall See, & a Dukes honour, 4 Co [...]imbra a fa­mous Vniuersity, the Masters of which, made the Commentary vpon the most part of Aristotle, Mercator. called Schola Conimbricensis. 5▪ Porto, or Portus Gallorum.

At the Southerne end of Portugal standeth Algarue, called of old, Regnum Algarbiorum: The chiefe Townes are Favila. 2 Faro. and 3 Silvis. The vtmost end of it was anciently called Prem [...]ntorium Sacrum, & now the Cape of S. Vincent, because the bones of S. Vincent, religously preserued by the Christians, were here burnt & scattered about by the Saracens, Hist. of Sp. who were the possessours of this Prouince. These gaue way to the good fortune of the Kings of Leon, to whose Crowne this litle coun­trey belonged: till Alphonso the tenth of that name in Leon, & fourth in Castile gaue it in dowry with Beatrix his daughter, to Alphonso the third, King of Portugal. From this conjunction issued Dionysius or Denis King of Portugal, who was the first that euer vsed the title of Rex Algarbiorum, 1274.

That part of Portugal which remained free from the Moores, was giuen by Alphonso the sixt of Leon, in dowry with his base daughter Teresa, to Henry of Lorreine, whose vertue in the dis­cipline of warre, merited no lesse a reward, A ^o 1099. Hee ha­uing gouerned fortunately as Earle, the space of 12 yeares, le [...] his sonne Alphonso heire to his vertues and possesions, who had title of King of Portugal, conferred on him by the Soueraignes of Leon, for demeaning himselfe so brauely in the battaile of O­brique [Page 64] A ^o 1139. Hee had before the assumption of this regall title, ruled in these parts 27 yeares; and after hee was created king, he reigned here with great honour, as being reverenced by his friends, & feared by his enemies; no lesse then 45 yeares. So that the whole time of his sitting in the Chaire of Estate was 72 yeares; a longer enioying of soueraignty then euer any Prince since the beginning of the Roman Monarchie attained to. Pr [...]opius. One I meete with, which fell short of this time two yeares onely, namely Sapores the son of Mislates king of Persia; but in one thing he went beyond Alphonso, beginning his reigne before his life. For his Father dying, left his mother with child, & the Per­sian Nobility set the Crown on his mothers belly, acknowledg­ing thereby her issue for their Prince, before she as yet had felt her selfe quicke.

1139

1 Alphonso 45

1184

2 Sancho 28

1212

3 Alphonso II 11

1223

4 Sancho II. 34

1257

5 Alphonso III. 22

1279

6 Denis 46

1325

7 Alphonso IV. 32

1357

8 Pedro 10

1367

9 Ferdinand 17

1385

10 Iohn 48

1433

11 Edward 5

1438

12 Alphonso V. 43

1481

13 Iohn II. 14

1495

14 Emanuel 26

1521

15 Iohn III. 36

1557

16 Sebastian 21

1578

17 Henry the Cardi­dinal 2.

1580

18 Antonio Gouernor of Portugal, and King elect.

But

1580

19 Philip the 2 ^d of Spaine, pretended a right to the Crowne of Portugal, & though he made shew it should be lawfully debated, to whom it truly appertained; yet meaning to make sure work, he made Cannons and Sword his Oratours, by maine force tooke it, and so kee­peth it.

The Pretendants to the Crowne of Portugal were 1 Philip of Spaine. 2 Emanuel of Savoy. 3 Antonio Prior of Crato, (who though a bastard, had yet a sentence of legitimation) 4 Rain [...]c­cio Farnesis, sonne to the Duke of Parma. 5 Iohn the Duke of Bragance. Their seuerall pretensions appear [...] by this subsequent Genealogie.

[Page 65] Emanuel had these children

• 1 Iohn King of Portugal
  • Iohn Prince of Portugal
    • Sebastian king of Portugal.
• 2 Henry the Cardinall, ki [...]g of Portugall.
• 3 Lewis
  • Don Antonio a Bastard.
    • Christopher yet liuing.
• 4 Edward
  • 1 Mary wedded to the Duke of Parma
    • Rainnocio
    • Farnesis.
  • 2 Catharine married to Iohn D. of Bragance.
• 5 Mary married to Charles the fifth, king of Castile.
  • Philip the II. king of Spaine.
• 6 Beatrix married to Charles Duke of Savoy.

Where the right is, may as easily be discerned, as it is gene­rally knowne where is the possession. Thus after the death, or if not death, yet ouerthrow of Sebastian, in that battle of Africa, where three kings fell in a day; the royal line of Portugal which began in a Henry, made its period in a Henry: and that flouri­shing kingdome was constrained to stoope to the Spaniards, of whose Garland, it is accounted the chiefest flowre; & the chief­est pearle of his Cabinet: The king of Spaine in right of this kingdome, possessing much in Barbarie, Aethiopia, & the East Indies: And in the right hereof, commanding all the Sea-coast from the streights of Gibraltare, vnto the Red seas mouth; from thence along the Arabian shore, vnto the Ile of Ormus, and so to Cape Liampo, in the Indies.

The Armes of Portugall are Argent, on fiue Escotcheons A­zure, as many Besants in Saltier of the first, pointed Sable, within a border Gules, Grimston. charged with seuen Towres Or. The fiue Escotcheons were giuen in remembrance of fiue kings, whom Alphonso slew at the battaile of Obrique A ^o 1139,

The principall order of this kingdome, is of IESVS CHRIST, instituted by Denis king of Portugal, and confirmed by Pope Iohn the 22 ^d, anno 1321. Their duty was to expel the Saracous from Baetica: they haue much enlarged the Portugall dominion in India, Brasil, and Mauritania. Their Robe is a black Cloake, vnder a white vesture, ouer which a blacke Crosse, &c.

10 VALENTIA.

VALENTIA is environed with Arragon, Ortelius. Castile, Murela, [Page 66] and the Sea. It is watred with the riuers 1 Xuear, called of olde Sueron, & Surus. 2 Guadalander, signifying a riuer of pure wa­ter, and 3 M [...]llar. The former inhabitants werr the Bast [...]ani, Aeliani, &c.

The chiefe cities are Valentia, giuing name to the whole Prouince. It is situate not farre from the mouth of the riuer De­rias, now called Guadalander, and is by some said to haue beene heretofore named Roma, which signifieth strength. But when the Romanes mastred it, to distinguish it from their Rome, it was called Valentia, which in the Latine tongue is of the same signification with the Greeke [...]. Here is an Vniuersity in which S ^t Dominicke the father of the Dominicans studied. 2 Laurigi now a small Village, Plutarch. once a towne of great strength, called Lauron, which Sertorius besieged, took & burned; euen then when Pompey, whose confederate the Laur [...]nites were, stood with his whole armie nigh enough vnto the flame to warme his hands, and yet durst not succour it. 3 Cullera a sea-town standing at the mouth of the riuer Xucar. It was formerly named Sucron, after the name of the riuer; and is famous in sto­ry for the victory which Sertorius here got of Pompey, Pompey's army being not only ouerthrowne, but himselfe with life hardly escaping. 4 Morvedre anciently Saguntum, a towne so faith­ful to the Romans, that the people being besieged by Hannibal, chose rather to burne themselues, then yeeld. 5 Segorbe.

Here is the Promontorie Terraria, once called Pr [...]m [...]nterium Dionium, the refuge of the aboue-named Sertorius, that worthy Captaine, in his warres against Metellus and Pomp [...]y, both braue souldiers; the first aged, and of great experience; the se­cond young, and of high resolutions; yet the former gaue grea­ter check to Sertorius proceedings, than the latter: so that Ser­torius oftentimes said, that were it not for the old woman Me­tellus, he would haue whipped the boy Pompey home with rods. For he twice ouercame this great Pompey, the first time dange­rously wounding him, the second time driuing him out of the field. But when Pompey and Metellus ioyned, he was ouer-mat­ched, and yet seemed to retire out of the field rather then to flie. Certainly the Spaniards behaued themselues very valiant­ly [Page 67] all the time of these warres vnder him, to which Florus allu­deth, saying; Nec nunquam magis apparuit Hispani militis vigor, quàne Romano duce. At the last when he had a long time vpheld the Marian faction, he was traiterous [...]y murdred by Perpenna one of his associates; and Metellus and Pompey returned in tri­umph to Rome: so much was the casuall death of this poore Proscript esteemed.

This kingdome was taken from the Moores by Iames the first of Arragon, Bara. A ^o 1238. The armes were Gules, a town em­battailed Argent, purfled (or pennond) Sable.

11. CATELOGNE.

CATELOGNE is between Iberus on the South, Arragon on the West, the Sea on the East, and the Pyrenaan mountaines on the North.

The present name Catalonia is diuersly deriued, some bring­ing it from Gothalonia of the Gothes, Hist. of Sp. and Alani; Some from the Castellani the old inhabitants hereof; others from Cattalo­nes, who also had their dwellings here; others from the Catti of Germany, and the Alani; and some finally from Carthalot a Noble man of this Country: of these opinions, all of which (the last excepted) are equally probable, it matters not which is taken.

The chiefe Cities are 1 Girone, the title of the Arragonian Prince, seated on the riuer, Baetulus. 2 Barcelone on the Sea, a town of good strength & antiquity, as rising out of the ruines of Rubicata, an old Colony of the Africans, before the com­ming of the Romanes into Spaine. It hath belonging vnto it an indifferent faire Hauen, and is the seat of the Vicegerent. 3 Per­pigna (called in Iohnsons Map of Spaine, Perpinha) in the Coun­ty of Rossillon. This town & the Country was pawned by Iohn king of Arragon 1462. to Lewis the 11 ^th of France, for 300000 Crownes: & restored to Fernand the Catholique by Charles the 8 ^th 1493, that he might uot be hindred in his journy to Naples. Francis the first, king of France, partly to requite the Emperour Charles the 5. for the warre he made in Provence; and partly to get into his hands a town, which is as it were one of the doores of Spaine: sent his son Henry (afterwards King) with a puissant [Page 68] army to force it, A ^o 1542. But the town was so well fortified, so brauely manned, & so abundantly stored with munition, that this journey proued as fruitlesse and dishonorable to the French king: as the invasion of Province, and siege of Marseiles, had bin before to the Emperour.

Hist. of Sp.The first Earle of this Country was one Bernard, by the grant of Charles the great, 795. It continued a principality of its own power, till Raymund Earle hereof, marrying Petronilla, daughter & heire to Don Raymir of Arragon; vnited this Earle­dome to that Kingdome, A ^o 1134.

12. ARRAGON.

ARRAGON is limited Eastward with Catelogue, West­ward with Castile, Northward with Navarre, Southward with Valentia: the Iberus runneth iust through the middle of the Country.

The ancient In [...]la were the Iaccetani, Lucenses, Celtiberi, &c. These last were a mixt people, descended both from the Iberi, and the Celtae; of all Gallia the most potent Nation: who being too populous for their Country, passed ouer the Pyrenaei, & seated themselues here, whence this Nation was called Celti­beri, the Country Celtiberia.

The present name is taken from Tarragon, a city which once gaue denomination to the greatest part of Spaine, and is situate on the borders of this Country, where it is confined with Cate­logne. This town was built, fortified & peopled by the two Sci­pioes, the Father and Vncle of Africanus; to oppose and bridle Cartagena, not long before built by the Carthaginians.

The chiefe cities of Arragon are 1 Lerida an Vniversitie si­tuate on the riuer Cinga, which rising in the Pyrenaean hils, and dividing Catelogne from Arragon, emptieth it self into the Ibe­rus. It was called of old Ilerda, and is famous for the incounter which hapned nigh vnto it, Stadius in Florum. between Herculeius the Questor or Treasurer of Sertorius army; and Manilius Proconsul of Gallia; [Page 69] wherein Manilius was so discomfited, & his army cons [...]sting of 3 Legions of foot, & 15 co horse, was so routed; that he almost alone was scarce able to recouer this City, few of his souldiers surviving the ouerthrow. 2 Moson famous for entertaining the King of Spaine euery third yeare; At which time the people of Arragon, Maginus. Valence, and Catelogne, present the king with 600000 Crownes: viz. 300000 for Catelogne, 200000 for Arragon, & 100000 for Valentia. And well may they thus doe, for at o­ther times they sit rent-free as it were: only they acknowledge the king of Spaine to be the head of their Commonwealth. This revenue is proportionably 200000 Ctownes a yeare, all which if not more, the king again expends, in maintaining his Vice­royes in these seuerall Prouinces. 3 Iaca situate on the very Nor­therne edge of all the Country. Plutarch. 4 Huesca (called of old Osca) somwhat South of Iaca, an Vniversity, a place long since dedi­cated to learning. For hither Sertorius caused all the Noble­mens sonnes of Spaine to be brought, & prouided them of Schoolemasters for the Greeke & Latine tongues: bearing their Parents in hand, that he did it only to make them fit to vnder­goe charge in the Common-wealth: but indeed to haue them as hostages for their Fathers faith and loyalty towards him. 5 Tordesillo or Torizilla, and 6 Saragossa on the riuer Iberus or Ebro, an other Vniuersity. It was anciently named Caesarea Au­gusta: Caesar Augustus being the Founder of it, and vnder the Moores was a peculiar kingdome. Archb. Turpine. One of the kings was Ai­goland, who long time made Charlemaigne belieue he would be baptized; and the time now at hand in which he should ful­fill his promise, he very gallantly accompanied, came to the French Court: where seeing many Lazars and poore people ex­pecting almes from the Emperours table, he asking what they were, was answered, that they were the Messengers & seruants of God: ou these words he speedily returned, desperatly pro­testing that he would not serue that God, which could keep his seruants no better. This town was recouered from the Moores by Alphonso of Navarre 1118. 7 Bilbilis (now Calataiub) the birth-place of Martial Hist. of Sp.

About the first erecting of the kingdome of Ovicdo and So­babre, [Page 70] one Agnar obtained lands in Arragon, with the title of Earle, A ^o 775. which he left to his son Galindo, from whom the sixt Earle was Don Fortun: His daughter Vrraca, marrying to Garcia Inigo of Navarre, A ^o 867, conveyed this Earledome to that kingdome; of which it continued a member, till that San­cho the Great made it a kingdome, and gaue it to his naturall son Raymir, 1034.

1034

1 Raymir 42

1076

2 Sancho 18

1094

3 Pedro 14

1108

4 Alphonso 16

1134

5 Raymir 0

1154

6 Petronilla of Arrag. 28

1154

6 Raimund of Catt. 28

1162

7 Alphonso II 34

1196

8 Pedro II. 28

1223

9 Iames 43

1276

10 Pedro III. 9

1285

11 Alphonso III. 6

1291

12 Iames the II 36

1322

13 Alphonso IV. 14

1336

14 Pedro IV. 51

1387

15 Iohn 8

1395

16 Martin 17

1412

17 Ferdinand 4

1416

18 Alphonso V. 42

1458

19 Iohn II. 20

1478

20 Ferdinand the Great, who by marriage with Q. Isabel, vnited Castile and Arragon, so that adding his other conquests, he deserues to be accounted the first Monarch of Spaine.

Bar [...]. Grimsten.The Armes are Or, eight pallets Gules.

The principall order of Knights here was of S ^r Sauiour, in­stituted by Alphonso the first of Arragon 1118. to animate the Spaniards against the Saracens.

Hitherto of Spaine, distracted into many royalties, now one word of the Vnion of it in one body, and so an end.

THE MONARCHIE OF SPAINE.

Before the reigne of the last Ferdinand of Arragon, Spaine be­ing diuided amongst many Potentates, was little famous, lesse regarded: the kings, as the Author of the politique dispute, &c. well noteth, being only kings of Figges and Orenges. Their [Page 71] whole puissance was turned one against the other, and final at­chieuements had they out of the Continent, vnlesse those of the house of Arragon in Sicile, Sardinia, and the Baleares. Thua­nus a diligent writer of the History of his own times (if in some respects he sauour not more of the party then the Historian) tel­leth vs, that till this kings reigne, the name and glory of the Spa­niard's was like their Country; confined and hemm'd in by the Seas on one part, & the mountains on the other; potius (que) patuisse exteris invadētibꝰ, quā quicquā memorabile extra suos fines gessisse

But this Prince, worthily named the Great, seized on the Kingdome of Navarre, ruined the kingdome of the Moores in Granaeda, began by the conduct of Columbus the discouery of the Westerne Indies, banished 124. families of the Iewes, surpri­sed the kingdome of Naples, vnited Castile to Arragon, & last­ly by marrying his daughter Ioane to Philip, sonne to Maximi­lian the Emperour, Duke of Burgundie, and Lord of Belgia, laid the foundation of the present Austrian greatnes. Sands in the d [...]sc. of relig. Between whose successours and that family, haue bin so many inter-ma­riages, that king Philip if he were aliue, might haue called the Archduke Albertus, Brother, Cousin, Nephew, and sonne; A strange medley of relations. Thus by the puissance of this Prince, Nomen Hispanicum (as the same Thuanus writeth) ob­scurum antea & vicinis penè incognitum, tum primùm emersit; tractû (que) temporis in tantam magnitudinem excrevit, ut formido­losum ex eo & terribile, toti terrarum orbi esse coeperit. Indeed to his Countrymen the French, the name & puissance of the Spani­ard hath ministred no small matter of feare and terrour; yet are there some others, who being weighed in the scales of war with them, would find them to be but light coyne, at least if they knew their own waight. Yet without doubt this Realme is e­uen to wonder strengthned and enlarged; strongly vnited and compacted with all the ligaments of power & state in it selfe; and infinitly extended ouer the most principall parts of not Eu­rope onely, but of the World also: his dominions beholding, as it were, both rising and setting of the Sunne in his East and We­sterne Indies, which before the Spaniard, no Monarch could e­uer say. A great change, which 140 yeares since, no man would [Page 72] haue belieued to haue bin possible to be effected.

Concerning the title of the most Catholique King, reattribu­ted to this Ferdinand; Hist. of Sp. I find that Alphonso the first, of Oviedo, was so named for his sanctity: with him this title died, & w [...]s reviued in Alphonso the great, the twelfth king of Leon and O­viedo, by the grant of Pope Iohn the 8. After it lay dead till the d [...]yes of this Prince, who reobtained this title from Pope Alex­ander the sixt: either because he compelled the Moores to bee baptized, banished the Iewes, and in part converted the Ameri­ [...]ans vnto Christianity: or because, hauing vnited Castilo to his Dominions, surprized the kingdome of Navarre, and subdued that of Granada, he was in a manner the Catholique or generall King of all Spaine ▪ The last reason seemeth to sway most in the restauration of this attribute; in that when it was granted or confirmed on Ferdinando by Pope Alexander the sixt; the King of Portugal exceedingly stomached it, quandò Ferdinan­dus imperio vniversam Hispaniam (saith Maria [...]) non obti­nere [...]; eius tum nou exigu [...] parte penes reges alios. This title on what consideration soeuer regranted, is assumed by his posteri­ty; it being to them as the most Christian to France, and the De­fender of the Faith to England.

The ordinary reuennue of this Monarch, his Crowne, and its appendices, Boterns. are eleuen Millions of crownes; Viz; Foure from hir Dominions in Italy, two from Portugall and her territories, three from the Westerne Indies, and the other two remaining from his other kingdomes of Spaine and the lesser Islands. His extraordinary reuenewes are uery great, as being Master of the Orders of S. Iogo, Hist. of Sp. Calatraua, and Alcantara, incorporate to the Crowne by Ferdinand the Catholique, and that on good polli­cie: for the Masters of these seuerall Orders drewe after them such a troupe of the Nobility, that their power began to be su­spected to the Kings. On this and other cousiderations the Au­thor of the generall History of Spaine reckoneth his reuenewes according to diuers opinions, to 14, 18, and 23, Millions of Crownes. To make vp the summe, he addeth the first fruits, and some part of the Tithes, amounting vnto three millions; and the Author of the Politique dispute about the happiest, &c. affirmeth [Page] the pardons sent into the Indies, which are giuen him by the Pope, to be worth halfe a million of Crownes yearely. Adde herevnto the fall and disposall of all offices, Maginus. which make vp a round summe, and the free gifts & contributions of his subiects which amount to a good revenew. For the kingdome of Na­ples giueth him euery third yeare a million & 20000 crownes; and (to omit others) Castile did of late grant him a contributiō of foure millions to be paid in 4 yeares. Yet is not this Prince very rich, his expences being very great, first in keeping Garri­sons in the heart of all his Countries, against the reuolt of the natiues: secondly in maintaining the fortresses on the frontires, against forraigne inuasions: thirdly in continuall pay of an Ar­mada, for the conducting of his gold from America: & fourthly the vnprofitable warres of Philip the second haue plunged the Crowne so in the gulfes of Bankers and mony men, that much of the Kings lands is ingaged for their repaiment.

1475

1 Ferdinand K. of Arrag. Scilie, Sardmia, Maiorca, Valencia, Earle of Catelogue; surprised Navar.

1475

1 Isabel Q. of Castile, Leon, Gallicia, Tolledo, Mur­c [...]a, Lady of Biscay; conquered Granada.

1504

2 Ioane Princesse of Castile, Granada, Leon, &c. and of Arragon, Navarre, Scicily, &c.

1504

2 Philip Archduke of Austria, Lord of Belgia.

1506

3 Charles king of Castile, Aeragon, Naples, &c Arch­duke of Austria, Duke of Millaine, Burgundie, Brabant, &c. Earle of Catelogne, Flanders, Holland, &c. Lord of Bis­cay, Freizland, Vtrect, &c. and Emperour of the Germans. A m [...]n of that magnanimity and puissance, that had not Francis the first, in time opposed him, hee had euen swal­lowed all Europe. He was of great strength and reputati­on in Tunis, and other pa [...]ts of Africa, disposing Kings at his pleasur [...]; but the Turk [...] broke his power there, and be­ing hunted also out of Germanie, he resigned all his king­domes and died priuate. 52.

1558

4 Philip the II, of more ambition, but lesse prosperity then his father: for whilst he catched after the shadow, he [Page 74] lost the substance. The Hollanders, and their confederates droue him out of eight of his Belgiqus Provinces; The English ouerthrew his Armada, and awing the Ocean al­most impouerished him; onely hee held for a time, a hard hand ouer France; but casting vp his accounts, found that himselfe was the looser: and were it not that the inuasion and detension of Portugall (iust or vniust let the world iudge) had beene a stay vnto him, he had v [...]done himselfe and his issue for euer. 40.

1598

5 Philip the III, (his elder brother Charles permitted to be put to death by his father in the Inquisition house, for seeming to fauour the miserable estate of the Low­countrey-men) succeeded. 22.

1621

6 Philip the IV, of the age of 18 yeares, is now liuing.

This Empire consisting of so many seuerall kingdomes, vni­ted into one body, may seem to be inuincible. Yet had our late Queene followed the counsell of her men of warre, shee might haue broken it in peeces. With 4000 men, shee might haue ta­ken away his Indies from him, without whose gold the Low-country Army, which is his very best, could not bee paid, and so must needs be dissolued. Nay, S ^r Walter Raleigh in the Epi­logue of his excellent history of the world, plainely affirmeth, that with the charge of 200000 ^l, continued but for two yeares or three at the mo [...]t; the Spaniards might not only haue beene perswaded to liue in peace: but all their swelling and ouerflow­ing streames might be brought backe to their naturall chanells and old bankes. Their owne prouerbe saith, the Lion is not so fierce as he is painted: yet the Americans tremble at his name, it's true: & it is well obserued by a great politician, that things which seeme to be and are not, Machiauil. are more feared farre [...]ff, th [...]n m [...]re at hand.

• Archbishops 8.
• Dukes 23.
• Marquesses 45.
• Bishops 48.
• Earles 106.
• Vicounts 10.

• [Page 75]1 Tolledo
• 2 Sivill. And.
• 3 Valencia
• 4 Granada
• 5 S ^• Iago. Gall.
• 6 Valladolit Cast.
• 7 Alcata He. Cast.
• 8 Salamanca Cast.
• 9 Siguenca Cast.
• 10 Ebora Port.
• 11 Saragossa Ar.
• 12 Lerida Ar.
• 13 Huesca Ar.
• 14 Lisbon Port.
• 15 Conimb. Port.

And let this suffice for Spaine.

1. GASCOYNE and GVIEN.

GASCOYNE and GVIEN comprehend in a manner all Gallia Aquitanica bounded with the Pyrenean hills, the Aqui­ta [...]ne Ocean, and Garound. It took this name from the Vascones, a people of Spaine, who here seated themselues. Next to the Py­renean hils lieth the Lordship of Berne, belonging to the kings of Navarre, euer since it and the Earledome of Foix were vni­ted to that Crowne Anno 1481. It continued very faithful vn­to Henry of Burbon late King of France and Navarre, Camden. during his troubles after the death of Henry the 3 ^d ▪ insomuch that hee was in mockage called by his enimies the Biernoys. Of this Ear­ledome the chiefe Citty is Oleron. Nigh vnto it lieth the Earle­dome of Foix, two of whose Earles are of great fame, viz: Iohn de Foix, whom our Henry the sixt for his faithfull seruice in the French warres, created Earle of [...]endale; which addition of ho­nour some of that family still retaine: And Gaston de Foix so renowned in the warres of Italie. These principalities were to­gether ioyned by the marriage of Marguerit, heire of Berne, vnto Roger Bernard, Earle of Foix, 1262. and both together connected to the Crowne of Navarre by the matrimoniall v­nion of Leonora Princesse of Navarre, & Gastone of Foix. Here are also the Earledomes of Arminacke, Cominges, Bigorre, and Albret. The chiefe Citties in this tract generally are, 1 Tholouse supposed to be built when Deborah iudged Israel: here was a Parliamentary Court erected for the administration of Iustice in these parts, Ortelius. 1302. It was observed that certaine Souldiers hauing stolne sacrilegiously some Gold out of the Temples of Tholouse (when it was sackt by Cepio a Roman Consul) came all to miserable and vnfortunate ends; hence grewe that Adage, Aurum habet Tholosanum, Fr. Hist. applied to vnhappy men. The fieldes about this towne are in old writers called Campi Catalanniel, extending in length 100, and in breadth 70 French Leagues. In [Page 88] these fields was fought that terrible battle betweene Attila King of the Hunnes, & Aet us the Roman Leistenant in France. Aetius was strengthned by the Gothes, Franks, Burgundians, and Germans. Attilas army consisted of Hunnes, Eruli, Scythes, Sarmatians, & Suevians, to the number of 500000; of which 180000 that day lost their liues; Attila himselfe being dr [...]uen to that desperate plunge, that making a funerall pile of Horse saddles, he would haue burned himselfe. But his enemies weary of well doing gaue him leaue to retire homeward through Ita­lie, which he harassed with sire and sword, murdering the peo­ple, and ruining the townes, so that he was then and long after called Flagellum dei. Aetius notwithstanding this good seruice, was by Valentinian Emperour of the West, rewarded with the losse of his head. By which act, the Emperour (as one told him) had cut off his right hand with his left. And indeed so it hapned, for not long after he himselfe was by Maximianus murdered, and the Empire of Rome irrecouerably destroyed. 2 Burdeaux where our king Richard the second was borne, and all about whose territories there are yet very apparant footstepps of the English tongue. It is honoured with an Vniuersity; as also with Parliamentary authority for the adiacent Countries, A ^o 1443. 3 Bazas on the Garond; and 4 Bayen on the coast of Spaine.