The Composition or making of the moste excellent and pre­tious Oil called Oleum Magistrale. First published by the commaundement of the King of Spain, vvith the maner hovv to apply it particulerly. The which Oyl cureth these disseases folowīg. That is to say, Woūds Contusiōs, Hargubush shot, Cankerꝭ, pain of the Raines, Apostumes, Hemerhoids, olde Vlcers, pain of the Ioints and Gout, and indifferently all maner of disseases.

Also the third book of Galen of curing of pricks and wounds of Sinowes.

A method for curing of vvounds in the ioynts, and the maner how to place them.

A breef gathering togither of certain er­rours which the common Chirurgi­ans dayly vse. Very profitable and necessary for all Chirurgi­ans & all other which are desirous to knowe the right method of curing.

Faithfully gathered and translated into English by George Baker Chirurgian. 1574.

VERO NIHIL VERIVS

TO THE RIGHT honourable Edward de Vere Earle of Oxford, Vicount Bul­beck, Lord of Escales and Badles­mere and Lord great Chamberlain of England, his singuler good Lord and maister, George Ba­ker vvisheth helth, long life vvith much increace of vertue & honor.

IT IS NOT vnknowene to any (right honorable) which haue beene but meanly conuersant in good learning, how far the Gretiās did surmount all the nations of the world in renown of vertue, learning, politique gouernmēt and noble victoryes. For what nation dooth not reuerēce their sages? what people dooth not [Page] imbrace their studyes? what Cittie dooth not desire their gouernment? what prouince was not subiect to their Em­pire? yea was not Grecia the Theatre, Spectacle and light of the whole world? were there not in it many famouse Cit­ties whose peple & inhabitāts for ciuilitie, whose lawes for policy, whose edifices for magnificence might seem Ange­licall, deuine, and celestiall? as Athens and Thebes. &c.

But none more famouse thē the Cittie of Sparta, whiche by the space of vij. c. yeeres ex­celled all the Cities of Grecia when they moste florished, hoth [Page] in renown of glory and equitie of lawes, & whē they were subdued: this one cittie Sparta by defending them selues frō fo­rain inuasion atchiued more honor then whole Graecia did e­uer win by enlargīg their Empire. For when Philip of Macedonia (in his cōquest of those Ilandish Cuntreyes and his sonne Alexāder after him at the winning of Thebes (were proclamed Emperours of Sea and land, the Spartanes con­sented not therto nor would be come tributoryes.

What should be the cause that this one Citie should lesse fear the force of Alexander then [Page] all other? how became it so in­expugnable? was it so strongly fortified with walles and Bul­warks and warlike munition? not at all. The courage of the Citizens was their onely wall of defence. Did the name of Hercules (whose progenie they were) defend them? nay rather the good counsail of Licurgus made them invincible? who among other things ex­horted them to indeuer to excel the whole world in renown of vertue and glory of valiant­nes as their proginitour Hercules did, whiche if they did not: it were but vain to vaunt of their petydegree. [Page] Can it be said that the multi­tude of Citizēs made thē strōg that when by continuall warre the number was greatly dimi­nished and their force much wekened? Surely by concord they were preserued.

Such is the strength that the obseruatiō of good lawes doth bring to common welths, such frutes, kindely braunches (not degenerating from a vertuous stock) do yeeld, such commody­ties proceed from vertue, and contrary effects from contrary causes as may appeer in those same Lacedemonians which afterwards by degeneratiō were brought to the like thraldome [Page] that their neighbours were in, beeing at length more asha­med, then proud of their pety degree, more fearful, thē glad of their long resistance. Such alteration folowed the chaūge of gouernment when no iot of Licurgus lawes, nor any other steps of their proginitors vertues remained among them, but eche man neglected his othe giuen to the common welth, eche man as he was able most to pre­vail exercised tirany ouer his owne Citizens, eche mā accoū ­ted that libertie to doo what liked him, to liue riotously and li­centiously, eche man studied to enrich himself, to fortifye his [Page] owne house and to fether his owne nest. But in the mene time the strēgth of the cōmon welth decayed and their forrain ene­myes increaced, and at length they found by experience how pernitious a thing it is to abrogate good lawes, to chaunge the countenaunce of a wel go­uerned state. To race out the memory of their noble proge­nitors.

Which example (right Ho­norable) I wish to be marked of all noble families and fa­mouse Cities, that therin they may cōsider that by vertue they are preserued and by dege­neration they fall.

Yet doo I not wright these thīgs to your honor by the way of exhortation: but rather as a testimony of that which is alre­dy apparāt to all men, namely to your honors study carefully to ioyne the commendation of vertue with your nobilitie of blood and linage, whose desire it is (with noble Themisto­cles) so to aduaunce the glory of your cuntrey (wherby your owne honor is the more excel­lent) that no barbarous Siri­phian may vpbraid your honor as though it depended onely of the nobilitie of your country and family, when as if oppor­tunitie would serue your honor [Page] I dout not would be found in noble attempts and valeant acts nothing inferiour to Themi­stocles.

In the meane time among in­finit tokens: this is one espetial signe of your honours heroicall minde, that is in courage, actiuitie and Chiualry, you your self seek to expresse Achilles and other noble personages, so also your honor doth hartely imbrace all suche as excel in any worthy vertue, whether it be to cōmend & adorne her with her semly coulours as Homer. &c or to attend like handmaids on her as Hipocrates or Galen with their needful art of Chi­rurgiry, [Page] neither dooth your ho­nor suffer them to passe vnre­warded, as may appeer by the moste parte of thē which your honor hath entertaīed into your seruice as I myself haue had experiēce since it pleased your honor to entertain me (though farre vnworthy) for my pro­fessiō in the art of Chirurgiry since the which time I haue ac­coūted bothe my self and all my labours whatsoeuer, to be due vnto your honor. So that if by continuall study I might hap­pely inuēt, or by dayly practise in the art of Chirurgery finde out any mistery which other be­fore me had not obtaīed. I was [Page] fully purposed to cōsecrat and dedicate the same vnto your name, not that I am so foolish to think that by any my inuen­tiōs & labours any thing shold be added to that huge hepe of your heroycal vertues, but partly because (as I haue said) I might transfere them to any other, beeing owing vnto your honor, and partely because the renown of your honours name might obtaine grace for my boldnesse, and bring credit to my labours.

But in the meane time till I shall be able of myne owne knowledge to ad some thing to the perfectiō of the Art and [Page] open some good rule to the re­leef of my countreymen: I haue aduentured to interpret one small work of the fatherly both Phisition and Chirurgion Galen, which I iudged moste necessary for our time, hauing ioyned the same with other treatises, no lesse fruteful then profitable.

Which woork although it a­greeth nether with the dignity of your noble name, nor parad­uenture is answerable to your honours oppinion and expectaon of me, and (whiche I must needs confesse) is superfluous to your honour, who can bothe read and vnderstand the same [Page] in the first tungs wherein the Authors haue written: yet be cause other may be releued therby, I thought I might bothe easely obtain pardon, and also be bolde to vse your honours patronage in this behalf, see­ing the same your honours cur­tesye and clemencye is vsually extended to all men which doth not vse to esteem such gifts as this according to the value, but accepting willingly the good meaning of the person.

Thus beseeching your ho­nour to take in good parte this testimony of my thankfull hart suche as it is. I beseech [Page] also the Immortall God to vp­holde the renown of your Ho­nours name in the noble li­nage of your noble Progeni­tors.

Your Honours humble and obedient Seruant George Baker.

To the Reader.

THere are two instru­ments aswel in Surgery as in all other Arts whereby a man is directed to the scope or purpose which he intendeth, namely reason and experience.

Reason is occupyed about method, and method as Galen in the first book De methode medendi teacheth, is a contrary thing to experience rashely made and at aduenture, and procéedeth a sure way taking iudications of the complex­ion of the body, of the nature of the deseased parte, of the causes and differences of the diseases and so orderly passeth frō iudication to iudication applying apt re­medyes such as certain experience hath taught to haue vertue correspondent to such purpose as learned method prescri­beth, til at lēgth helth (which is the scope and end of the art) be obtained.

By this discription of method: ye may sée plainly and distinctly the vse and ne­cessitie bothe of reason and experience, but héer must you vnderstand by reason such learned iudgement as procedeth by discretion and certain knowledge of the [Page] iudications abooue mentioned, and af­terwards maketh apt choise of experi­ments.

Experience also wherof Galen spea­keth is a thing of more perfection then the rude obseruations of vndiscrete pra­tisers of our time, but if they would read Galen his second book, De simplicium medicamentorium facultatibus. cap. x. they should learn better what appertai­ned to experience how they try and ex­amin their medicins and to iudge truely of their vertues. And reason applyed to true method is the cause of certaintie in Phisick or Chirurgiry, so on the other parte when it is vsed at randon without discretion and not deriued from true iudication but as fantasies doo féed the idle brain, it is a thing (as Galen wit­nesseth) ful of great daunger. And ther­fore he wished the vnlearned practisers of his time rather to vse the experience which they knew warely, then to busy them selues with deuising euery man a method after his owne way, which thīg passed their capacitie.

Such was the method of Thessalus before Galens time, and such is the met­hod of Paracelsus in our time, but what [Page] peril did insue of y e rash method of The­ssalus: is by Galen in sundry places de­clared and how great harme hath béene doon and dayly is committed by the Pa­racellistes both learned Erastus and Desenius with others doo witnesse by their writings and dayly experience it self te­acheth.

And although the common practizers doo by their experience hele many disea­ses: yet as Galen saith in the same first Book of his method they thē selues must néeds confesse that the ende of their la­bour dependeth vpon the pleasure of fortune. For sithens experiēce is but the obseruation or remembrance of the suc­cesse had in particuler things as Galen him self defineth it, and that neither art nor science consisteth in particularities: it must néeds folow y e naked experience maketh no art. And then for asmuch as those which be healed are healed either by art or by chaunce, then it must néeds folowe that those which cure by experi­ence without method: doo heal by chaūce and not by art, and therfore are they wel termed of Galen to await the pleasure of Fortune.

Thus maist thou loouing Reader per­ceiue [Page] what great difference there is be­twixt him that cureth artificially obser­uing the learned method and order: and the vnskilful practizer which after some fantastical deuise bred in the braine of the vnlearned or by vndiscrete expery­ence procedeth to the same.

So far dooth the one of these differ frō the other, as light from darknes, know­ledge from ignoraunce, order from con­fusion, and to conclude: certaintie from vncertaintie or blinde chaunce. Now let the sick man be iudge, whether is for him the more safetie tobe heled orderly, artificially and surely: or to depēd vpon the hasard of blinde Fortune, happy or not happy, at aduenture whether yea or nay. But if ye beleeue Hipocrates. Age re foeliciter est agere prudenter et age­re infoeliciter est agere imprudenter, to be happy is to be skilful, and to deale vnluckely is to deale vnskilfully. Ther­fore haue many obseruations of the day­ly practises of many men perceiuing yea almoste dayly great errours committed in many things concerning mine art of Chirurgery for lack of true method, and that moste of all in the wounds of ioints and Sinewes or Sinewy, or musculous [Page] places whiche require peculter & distinct method & order of cure from the cōmon wounds of other fleshly places, and the same béeing more painful, and for the greatnes of the accidents which folowe them béeing of far more daunger doo re­quire therefore the greater care & more artificiall handling then any other.

I haue therfore for looue I bere to my facultie, which I wish void of infamy, and for the harty desire I bere to the profit of such as be hurt and diseased, inde­uoured to set foorth some thing in our english tung, as those which are willing to learn: might therby be instructed and directed to the true method and trade of curing the said wounds of Sinowes. &c.

And as Aristotle requireth in Philo­sophy: the same I think also in Chirur­gery moste necessary. Vt exempla sunt non chaerilia sed homerica, that is, not to folowe the practise of bunglers or the vnskilful sort, but to learne at the best learned.

Then for asmuch as Galen by the Iudgement of the learned of all nations hath excelled all other that haue writen in Phisick but cheefely in his method: I thought good to translate into our natiue [Page] tung, his third Booke of the composition of medicines accordīg to places, wherin bothe learned & abundantly he teacheth the curing of these wounds whiche my labour taking for the furtherance of such as be willing to learne to doo wel, if it be on thy parte (moste loouing Reader) wel accepted: I haue thē héerin my desire as for the wilful ignorant I leaue to them selues.

And thus beséeching God to blesse the handy woork of suche as faithfully and charitably deale in the affaires of y e sick and diseased: I rest to trouble thée any longer from the reading bothe of the composition of the moste pretious Oil called Oleum Magistrale: and also of Galen him self.

From my house in London the xv. of Marche 1574.

The Preface to the Book.

IN the Realme of Spain there inhaby­ted a people called in the Spanish tung Moris­cus, of the which nation this Oyl was first pra­ctised, vnknowen to the Spaniards: which afterwards came to their know­ledge and vnderstāding by the baptised Affricans, of the which nation there are a great number in Granado and Aro­gan, and as yet they folow the orders of the Turks, bothe in their meats, appa­rel and language, and haue no affinitie with the Spaniards, but only that they be baptized and become Christiās. And although they be not as yet growen so suttle & crafty as y e said Spaniards: yet neuerthelesse it hath béene wel prooued and séen by experience that they haue had more knowledge then the said Spaniards, both in the secrets of nature, and also in the properties of herbs and gene­rally in the art of curing.

In this said nation, there was one na­med Aparice, the which about the yéere [Page] of our Lord, 1566. did take his dwel­ling place at Madrid a town situated in Castille la neufeue, 12 legues from Tol­leta, at the which place the court is most commonly kept: where he did think best to be for his profit, and there did begin to practise the art of Chirurgery and to cure Wounds, Contusions, Hargubush shot, Canckers, pain of y e Rains, Apostumes, Hemorhoids, olde Vlcers, pain of the gout, and indifferently all maner of di­seases, so that within short time he did such cures worthy of praise that the peo­ple (hauing intelligence of his merue­lous experience) resorted vnto him thrée score miles about, to the end that by his help they might receiue their helth. And after that he had healed them: he delt so fauourably with them, that moste com­monly he took lesse then they did offer vnto him, and healed them in viij. dayes which the Chirurgians of the Towne could not doo in iij. wéeks.

In so much that he was estéemed of all men, aswel for the excellency of his art: as also for his great curtesy whiche he shewed vnto them.

Yet neuertheles as we sée that science and vertue is neuer peaceable (although [Page] that the common people were wel certi­fied of his labour and seruice) yet the M. Chirurgians of the town (féeling their perticuler profit and authoritie to decay by this aforsaid Aparice) began to be at great strife with him, and sūmoned him to appéer before the Alcaldes, which are the Iudges of the aforesaid town, saying that he did them great iniury & wrong in medling with the art of the which he had no knowledge, which art did per­tain onely to them béeing sworn to that facultie, and that they would bring in good proof in the common welth, that hée did more harme then good. So that their desire was to haue him imprisoned, to the intēt that if he should fear any thing in the meane time, to absent him self, and also laying many haynous crymes against him. The Iudges could doo no lesse then commit him to prison.

Vpon whose imprisonment: certain gentlemē and others (which hauing by his meanes receiued their helth of great hurts and diseases, and regarding the profit of the common welth, and also see­ing the great wrong which the said Chirurgians vsed against the said Aparice, béeing so honest and vpright in his dea­ling, [Page] concerning his art, & that nothing which was laid against him could be ap­prooued: thought among them selues that he deserued a better rewarde then he re­ceiued at their hands.

Whervpon they made with one con­sent a Supplication in his behalf for the bayling of him out of prison, the whiche (by reason of his long béeing sick in pri­son) they obtained vpon that condition that hee should medle no more with any cures, vntil suche time as he were authorised.

Yet neuerthelesse many diseased per­sons béeing afflicted with diuers greefs, would not abstain from him, but resor­ted vnto him dayly, the which he would not by any meanes medle with for be­cause of his great charge that he had to the contrary, yet not withstanding the importaunce of the people was so great: that he was constrayned secretly to mi­nister vnto them.

The which at length was disclosed vnto the Chirurgians of the town, and immediatly after they made their com­plaint to the aforesaid Iudges and de­clared vnto them that the said Aparice had doon contrary to y e order y t was made [Page] wherupon he was committed to prison again, which caused that the whole as­sembly of the town bothe Gentlemen, Burgesses & merchants (in his behalf) complained to the Iudges, in so muche that in th' end it came to the kings eare, which beeing a wise prince and desiring the profit of his common welth: was de­sirous to knowe the aforesaid Prisoner, and the true & right cause in all things.

And when he vnderstood the iust cause and that whiche the said Aparice did, was by the vertue of a simple Oyl: he was desirous to knowe the composition of it. The which the said Aparice (what for the gréef of his wrongful imprison­ment and the vncurteous dealing of the Chirurgians) refused to declare, saying that it was the meanes wherby he did get his liuing, so that if it were commonly knowen: it would be an occasion that he should be no more sought vnto.

When the King perceiued that hee could not obtain it: he offred vnto him (in consideratiō that he should shew the receipt) a thousand Duckets, which the said Aparice refused, saying that he did holde him self better contēt with his sci­ence then he could with golde & Siluer.

So that immediatly folowing the said Aparice (béeing very sore hādled w t his foresaid sicknes, and partly for the gréef that he took of his wrongfull imprison­ment) ended his life, for the which ma­ny noble personages did much lament, thinking that with his dead carkas: this noble treasure should haue béen buryed, and also the king him self was very sore greeued for the losse of suche a rare and precious science.

Neuerthelesse the said Aparice ha­uing maried a Spanish woman (by the which he had certain children) declared the secret of this pretious Oyl vnto her as shalbe shewed héer after.

Immediatly after the death of the said Aparice, the king beeing very sory be­cause he could not get the knowledge of such a science: made a diligent serch to knowe if their were any of his fréends which had this secret medicine, and also to knowe whether his wife had it, to the which they all answered that there was none other that euer had the knowledge therof but onely he him self, and that he kept it from his owne wife, for fear lest she should (béeing a woman) disclose it and make it common although she dre­ssed [Page] patients in her husbands absence, and also whilest he was prisoner.

At his last imprisonment, he féeling him self not like to liue because of his di­sease, and cōsidering that he should leue his wife and Children but in a wofull state: discouered this secret vnto her, and did leaue it vnto her for a pretious trea­sure and there withall gaue her a great charge that she should not disclose it to any man, what soeuer shuld be offred vnto her for it.

But as in the end all things come to light, she (for to get her owne lyuing and her poor Childrens) began to enter­medle for to cure secretly with the said Oyl and solde it vnto them whiche stood in néed of it, saying that it was of y e same Oyl that her husband had made.

Not w tstanding y e people (perceiued that it lasted very long & that it could not be chosen but that she must haue the receit) offred vnto her for the composition ther­of, fiue hundred duckets, but she answe­red that she had it not, and said if she had it: she would rather dye then declare it.

For the cause of the which sharp an­swere: she was expresly inhibited from curing with the said Oil, neither to sel it [Page] for any maner price. By y e which menes (what with the councell of her freends and necessitie constrayning her) she of­fred to declare the the secret, in conside­ration that she might haue the thousād Duckets, but in th'end she was constrained to take fiue hundred Duckes, wher­unto the King graunted in the presence of certain Phisitions and Chirurgians which were appointed, vnto whome she declared the secret and shewed by expe­rience the composition and the manner how to make it.

And they to prooue whether it were the same or no: applyed it to many diseased persons, and it was found of the same vertue and effect of that that her husbād had made. And then was named by the Phisitions and Chirurgians the Oyl Magistrale, estéeming it to be the best and moste pretious among all o­thers.

So that when they had iustly approoued that it was the very same secret that her husband left vnto her: they deliuered vnto her the fiue hundred Duckets whiche the King promised vnto her.

Then by the commandement of the King: the Phisitions and Chirurgians [Page] of the Town had the perfit knoweledge of it, in such sort, that at this present day almoste all the whole Realme of Spain vseth none other medicines, what ma­ner of hurt or wound so euer it bee, whiche is a moste excellent and approo­ued Mitigatiue or appeaser of pain, and is a very good secret necessary tobe kno­wen in a common welth.

And as for my parte: I would it were aswell knowen and experimented in this Realme as it is there. Therfore for the good wil and affection the whiche I bere towardes my countrey (to the which I am bound to serue to the vtter­moste of my power) I thought good to write this secret and to bring it to light, although I knowe that there be some which wil not be wel pleased heerwith, and paraduenture wil demaund of me the experience of it, for the whiche I doo not force séeing that I haue the trueth on my side, and that it is not vnknowen to a great number (which haue traue­led in the Realme of Spain) the nota­ble and singuler vertues of this Oyle, the which they doo dayly sel to all other Nations, and I my self hauing séene the notable vertues therof approoued vp­on [Page] diuers of our owne nation, at the hands bothe of Merchants and Marry­ners which brought the said Oyle from thence.

And now chauncing with the Co­py of the making of the said Oyle, and béeing so wel assured, that it is the right and perfet order, and for the which I wil answere: I thought it my dutie to dis­close such a noble secret, for the profit of so many as I knowe shall re­ceiue ayd therby, rather then to please some perticu­ler persons.

The composition of the Oyle called Oleum Magistrale inuented by one named Aparice.

FIrst you shall take a quarte of the best and oldest white wine y t may be gotten, Oil Olif of the oldest iij. pound then put therto these floures & herbs folowing, to wit. The floures and leaues of Hiperi­con half a l. Cardus benedictus, a quar­ter of a l. Valerian a quarter of a l. of the least Sage a quarter of a l. of euery one of these you shall take the leaues & flow­ers if it be possible. Then let all these stéep xxiiij. houres in the aforesaid wine and Oile, the next day boile them in a nealed pot or in a copper vessel, vpon a soft fire vntil such time as the wine be al consumed, alwaies stirring it with a Spattle.

After you haue thus doon: take it from the fire and strain it, and to the stray­ning: put a l. and a half of good Venice Turpentine, then boile it again vpon a soft fire the space of a quarter of an hou­re, then ad therto Olibanum v. vnces, Mirrah iij. vnces. Sanguis draconis. one [Page] vnce, and so let it boil til the Incēce and the Mirrah be dissolued, then take it of and let it stand til it be colde, then put it into a glasse Bottle and set it viij. or x. dayes in the Sun and keep it to your vse.

The maner to apply the saide Oyl according to the qualities of the vvounds or diseases, dooth con­sist in these vi. thingꝭ folowing.

¶ To the patient, to the preparatife, to the wound, or disease, to the plaister and to the diseased parte.

FIrst the hurted and afflicted par­tie must vse this Regiment folo­wing, that is to say, to kéep no straight diet, neither in eating nor drin­king for fear of weakning the body and hindring of his helth. So that he may eat and drink, as he was accustomed to doo before he was hurt. As for example, he may eat to his dinner new laid Eggꝭ, Mutton, wilde foule of the woods, princi­pally when they haue bled, and likewise at night ye may roste any of these, and if he were accustomed to eat grose meatꝭ in his helth, as Porke, Onions, Garlick [Page 2] and such like, he néed not to forbere them but to vse them according as his apetite wil serue him and also to drinck wines, if he haue vsed them before he was hurt.

Yet neuertheles if he be a body filled with humours, and giuen to a Feuer or any other inconuenience: he must vse his meats and drincks with discretion, and if he drinck any wine it must be de­layed with water. Notwithstanding Aparice did neuer forbid any kindes of meats to his patients which they were accustomed to vse in their helth.

Secondly, if the wound be great: the patient ought to kéep his bed, if he cannot kéep his bed: yet at the least he must kéep his Chamber without taking any ayre which might anoy him.

Thirdly, hee must kéep an order in his lying, that is to say, he may not al­waies lye on one side: but oftē turn from one side to an other, aswel vpon the wun­ded part as otherwise, and espetially an houre before he be drest, to the end that the humours may discend to the gréef, which ought to be vsed in wounds aswel with cuts as with pricks as shalbe said in his proper place.

Fourthly, he must indure the Oil as [Page] hot as euer it can be possible, for it is the nature of the Oile tobe applyed seething hot, for the hotter he is applyed: the stronger he is in operation. It is néedful also that he abstain from the company of wo­men for because y t it would bring great inconueniences vnto him, and not for the time of his healing: but also xx. dayes after, and principally if the wound were great.

¶ A Preparatif.

TO prepare the wound before the applying of the Oil, you shall take good white wine and boil it with one handful of Encence, (which is onely to comfort) with the which you shall wash the woūd as hot as the Patient can suffer, bothe within and without, then wipe it very wel with a clene linen cloth before that you apply the Oyl, which shalbe shewed héerafter, the occasion and the time how to apply it: and when the afore said washing shall not be vsed.

¶ Of the Oyle.

THe said Oil, the more older it is: the better it is▪ and of the greater effect. And you shall remember (as before hath [Page 3] béen said) to apply it as hot as may be, for by this meanes he shal the finelier perce and heale the wound the sooner.

The time of dressing of the wound.

IT is necessarye that if the wound come by any bitings or broosings: that he be dressed twise a day, and like­wise to all other as shalbe said heerafter.

That is to say, in winter at viij. of the clock in the morning, and at thrée of the clock at night. And in Summer at ix. of the clock in the morning, and at iiij. at night, because they be the moste cōueni­ent houres. But if they be gréen woūds: after the first dressing you shall not néed to chaunge it again vntil the next day.

¶ The differences of diseases.

THe wounds & diseases doo differ, for some are olde & some are new, some in one parte and some in an other, as in the hed, armes or legs, and other pla­ces, for the which the wounds doo differ, as shalbe shewed héerafter of euery one particulerly, and also the maner & vsage to applye the said Oile according to the maner, and gréef of the diseased parte.

¶ The vse of the Implaister that is to be applyed with the Oyle vpon the diseased parte.

FIrst for wounds of the hed, you shall shaue away the heare ij. or iij. fin­gers breadth round about the wound.

And then stay the blood with lint or tow beeing dipt in the said Oyle, with the which you shall fil the wound, and vpon that apply a linnen cloth ij. or thrée dou­ble, which shall couer all the place, (as far as the here hath béen shauen away) beeing steped in the prepared wine be­fore mentioned, and afterwards wrung out then role it vp. This is it that ought tobe applyed at the first dressing. Also this is tobe vnderstanded, that at y e first dressing: the prepared wine ought not to bee vsed for feare of causing the flux of blood.

Also you shal note that if the wound be very great, or in a daungerous place, by the which meanes there might ensue a flux of blood: you shall dresse it but once a day at the first and second dressing, and from that time foreward, at euery dre­ssing you shall wash the wound with the prepared Wine aforesaid bothe within and without, thē wipe it very clene with [Page 4] a fine linnen cloth that the wound may be made clene within and without, for it is very néedful.

Then afterwarde you shall fill the wound with Oyle and couer it with lint stéeped in the same, and vpon that again apply a linnē cloth ij or iij. double round about beeing dipt in the said said Oyle.

And then vpon that again lay an other cloth moistened in the said Wine and wrung as aforesaid.

This is the particuler order of all ma­ner of wounds and must be vsed til such time as you perceiue the wound is vpon healing, and then you shall heale it vp with this Vnguent folowing.

¶ The manner to make the Vnguent and how it ought tobe vsed.

TAke of the said Oile Magistrale, Venis Turpentine and new Wax, of eche like quantitie, set it on the fire in a little pan, alwaies stirring it the space of a quarter of an houre. Then take it from the fire and let it cool, and whē it is colde: put it in a box and kéep it to your vse.

And when you shall haue occasion so vse it: it wil serue bothe for the Vnguent, and the Implaister. You shall apply the [Page] Vnguent vpon Lint and lay it to the gréef, and afterwards a little dry Lint vpon that, and then applye vpon that a­gain an Implaister made with the for­said Vnguent,

¶ Heer foloweth the particuler orders how to apply this Oile Magistra­le in euery disease

FOr wounds of the head, you must haue a good consideration whether it were doon with stone, staffe or fall, or such other like accidents which are com­monly called contusions. So that if the woūd be healed vp, and that there be in­gendered any Apostume or accidents (which may chaunce by contusion or brusing of y e vessels or breking of the bones) it would be a great offence to the brain.

Wherfore to auoide such inconueni­ences, you shall order it in this sort, that is, you wall shaue the heare of the place round about it, and then wash it very wel with the said Wine, then wipe it very clene, and anoint it round about with the said Oile, and lay round about it linnen clothes stéeped in the said Oile, and vpon that again other linnē clothes stéeped in the said wine, which shalbe [Page 5] vsed for the space of v. or vi. dayes or ac­cording to the gréef of the place.

For vvounds of the legges.

IF the wound be in any of the legs, and the muscles or sinewye partes, béeing cut ouerthwart: it must be stiched according to the bignes of the woūd, or if there be any dislocatiō of y e bone: you shal place him in his due order after the best maner. Then you shall wash the wound bothe within and without with the said wine, & if you fear any accidents whiche might happen by th'offence of the woūd; you shal wash the whole member w t the said wine. As if it be in y e arme, from the shoulder to the fingers ends, & if it be in the thigh: down to the ends of the toes. Afterwards anoint the whole member with the said Oile & say round about it a linnē cloth steeped in y e said Oil, & vp­on y t another double cloth beeing steeped in y e aforsaid wine & wrung. And thē role it in such sort y t it be neither to straight nor to slack, & as for y e rest of y e cure: you shall finish it in such order as hath been shewed before in the woūds of y e hed, but if it chaūce that the wound be very great and that there be loce bones which must be had out: you shall apply a tent in the [Page] lower parte of the wound, for feare lest the wound should shut vp to soon, and by that meanes might fall to some incon­uenience. Therfore you shall keep in the tent til such time, as you haue taken out all such things as is against nature.

¶ Of wounds made with Hargubush and thrusts with Swoords, Pikes, and such other like.

FIrst it is necessary to stay the flux of blood as before hath béene said in wounds of the hed, then wash the woūd with the foresaid wine and wipe it ve­ry clene. And if it fortune that the woūd perce through the member: you shall tent bothe sides of the wound, according to the length therof, to the end that you may purge the wound of Contusion or brused blood, which might remain in it & so to be drest twise a day. And you shall dresse bothe sides of the wound, as before hath béen said, bothe in the washing and anointing. And if it be so that the wound perce through y e body: you shall tye y e tent with a threed lest it should slip into the body and so anoy the Patient. And also day by day as occasion shall serue to shorten the Tent.

Of svvellings and Apostumations.

IN what part of the body soeuer ther chaunce any Apostume or swelling whether that it wil come to matter or resolue: you shall hathe the greeued place with the aforesaid wine, being warmed and lay theron linnen clothes (béeing steped in the said wine and wrong) a good breadth round about the place, as before hath béen said. And if you see y t it resolue: apply the sayd Oile and wine vntil such time as it be whole. And if it come to suppuration: you shall vse it as before hath béen taught.

¶ For the Hemerhoids.

YOu shall wash them with the foresaid wine, and then apply your Oil with linnen clothes, as afore said and pvon that your prepared Wine.

For colde Gouts.

FIrst you shall anoint all the whole greeued place with the said Oil, then apply linnen clothes vpon that, béeing steped in scalding water, and wrung very hard. This doon thrée or foure times: shall cease the pain.

¶ For Cankers.

IF the Canker be not opened: the washing with the said Wine, and the pledgets stéeped in the said Oil and applyed wil cause him to opē, and when be is opened, you shall prosecute the cure as afore hath béen said.

For pain in the Raines.

YOu shall anoint the Raines very wel with the said Oil from the ridge of the back to the belly, then vpon that apply a linnen cloth béeing steped in sée­thing water and wrung hard as before hath been said, & vpon that again great pledgets of Towe, and you shall wrap his legges very warme with hot clothes and let him lye down vpon his bed and couer him warme, then wil he begin to swete, which sweate wilbe an occasion of his helth.

¶ For olde Vlcers.

YOu shall first cut the lips of the Vl­cer with a very sharp Razur, then wash it very wel with the foresaid wine and so finish the rest of the cure as before hath béen said.

Finis.

¶ Galenes third Book of the composition of medicens.

GAlen (the father and light of Phisick) sée­ing the great abuse whi­che was in his time in the curing of wounds and hurts of Nerues or Sinewes: thought it necessary (in this his third Book of the composition of me­dicens) generally to intreate and write the method or maner of curing wounds in y e Nerues or Sinewye partes, which cure before Galenes time was much a­bused, and many patients suffered bothe terrible torments with losse of their lim­mes and also gréeuous conuolsions and painful cramps, not without daūgerous feuers and great putrifaction, hastening vntimely death.

So that there was none that had the perfect cure therof, for at the beginning: they vsed conglutinatiue and knitting medicins, The errors which haue been vsed before Ga­lens time. which they ought not to haue doon. And if there chaunced any infla­mation: then they fomented the afflicted place with hot water, and applyed Cataplasmus [Page] of whete meale, boyled with Hedraelaeum, that is to say Oil and wa­ter boyled togither, in the which was a great error and contrary to all true me­thod, for in so dooing: the diseased parte quickly corrupted, and came to putrifa­ction, by reason of vnnatural heat and to much moisture, Hot and moist ingē ­dreth putrifaction and corruption. which are the onely and cheefest causes of putrifaction.

Neuerthelesse it dooth not followe that at all times drying & cooling things ought tobe vsed, because that the colde is an enemy to the Sinewes, Hip. lib. 5 Aphoris 20. as Hippo­crates testifieth, wherfore there must be vsed drying things tempered with mode rate heat, or at the least more declyning to heat then to colde, which ought tobe of a suttle and percing substance, for heate alone dooth not ingender putrifaction, ex­cept it be mixt with abūdant moisture.

And after these things béeing well considered: there must be diligent re­garde whether the Sinew be vncouered or not, Method for the cure of Nerues. for if the sinew be vncouered: the medicen ought not to be so strong, for in such a case, gentle and milde medicens are most meet where the Sinew is bare otherwise it wil bring moste perrillous accidents.

These medicens that are héer reher­sed are of a thin suttle substance or na­ture, as Succus cerenaeus, The quali­ties and faculties of Simples, which must be vsed in these medi­cens. Succus medi­cus, Sagapenum of the East Euphorbi­um of the West, and the iuce of Tithi­males. Of minerals or medicens which are found in the Earth, some be very suttle as Aphromtrū id est Nitri spuma, the frothy parte of Nitrum, which easely wil dissolue or be melted in water. Like wise these are suttle, Nitrum beroni­cum and Asia Petra, the floure of which among all earthly medicens is the most suttle. Of metalls Lorpin and Sulphur be both suttle and hot. After these Misy, verdigrece and Chalcitis a mineralls of Lime, the which be very hot and some­what astringaunt.

Therfore in the compounding of suche suttle medicamentꝭ: we commonly burn or at the least wash and such like to mitigate the sircenes of their corosiue & fret­ting nature as Chalcitis. And next to this are placed Spodium, Pompholix, Psoicum & Chrisocolla, medicens of suttle substance, without any smarting heate. And of the like qualities are Suc­cus laurinus and Cedrinus, that is to say the iuce of Bayes and Cedre. Neuer­thelesse [Page] the Bay is not so suttle as the Cedre. And of the like qualities and kindes is the licour or water of Lixiuii whiche the Greeks call Stacta, and yet Oile of Cedron is of a greater and more excel­lent vertue, although that the said Lix­iuii be made of suttle things moste fine­ly and artificially burnt.

The composition of this said Lixiuii.

Is of a wilde Figge trée, whiche the Greeks call Erineon, and of Tithimales burnt. The best of y e said Tithimales is y t which the Gréeks call Characias, which is the male & the greatest moouer. The Corne which the Greeks call Sitera that is to say Whete, and Eruus or Orobus is the moste suttlelest, considering that they haue no great facultie to heate.

You shall vnderstand that the moste parte of Simples whiche are suttle and fine are hot. And those which are of gro­cer substāce, colde, the reason is euident, for the heate is suttle and light, and the colde: thick and heauy, and dooth bothe represse and binde togithers.

Yet for all that some colde Simples haue a sharp qualitie with suttle sub­stance, yet in operation it is cooling, as [Page 9] Vinagre, Cold is an agent qua­litie aswel as heate. for among all the Simples it is moste suttlest.

Therfore it is necessary to haue good knoweledge in the nature and qualitye of simples, Method for the knowe­ledge and facultie of Simples and how they must be vsed. wherof medicens haue their béeing. For without the knowledge therof: it is not possible to doo any thing in this art, and especially in the cure of Si­newes worthy commendation. It suffi­seth not to haue great store of Receipts, except ye knowe the particuler nature of euery simple. And with hauing know­ledge: he shalbe able to frame his compo­sition him self, according as the nature of the gréef shall require.

The parfit knoweledge of Simples is in thrée thinges, that is to say, of plants, of metalles, and of liuing things, and it is not sufficient to sée them once or twise: Euery this in his time but you must marke and be­holde them often, as in their beginning, growing, state, and declination. All things are kept in their place out of the which as soon as it is remoued it is y e more subiect tobe corrupted. For by this beholding: you shall knowe in what time it is best to gather them, if they be not gathered in their due time: the heat of the Sun will burne and take away their vertue. And also the place where they must be kept ought tobe temperate in heat & moisture, for feare of chaūging [Page] their nature or vertue, for without the knowledge therof it is not possible for a Chirurgian to haue the true vnderstanding and method to compound medicens nor to gouerne well the curation of di­seases.

So then it is necessary to knowe the nature and facultye of Simples whiche is amply shewed in many good Bookes and especially by Galen in his Booke of Simples.

I finde a certain history in the foresaid Author the which I think may wel and fitly be rehersed in this place, The histo­ry for an example of the cōtusiō of ioints. to make this more plain to y e reader. Vpon a certain time there was brought to Galen a childe, hauing a cōtusiō or broose vpon the first ioynte of his middle finger in such sort y t the whole ioint began to pu­trifye & corrupt, thē Galen applyed to the putrified parte a Cataplasme or Pultise, made with Barly mele & wax, & fomēted it with the Lixiuii roūd about the affli­cted place, but where there was gréefe and pain: he made fomētation with hote Oyle, and then after the moisture was drawen out, by the applying of dry wul, he vsed a medicine made with Oil, wax and Euphorbium, by the which meanes [Page 10] he preserued the ioynt. The like he did to an other which came to him in win­ter which had great colde with pain in his Knée continually, the which he cured in like maner with Oile and Euphor­bium, for the Sinewes and tendones The ten­dones are dryer then the sinewes doo receiue all one curation, and the accidents that chaunceth to the one: chaun­ceth to th'other. For the names of such passions or gréefs it is no matter, for be­cause it is not the names that doo either good or harme. But it is the facultie of the medicins which doth all. Let vs re­turn to the cure.

Afterwards the said Childes finger began to putrifie more and more, and he began to féel pain and gréef vpwarde in the whole places. Then Galen in the place of Barly mele: y e tenth day, did vse the mele of Orobus w t the said Lixiuii, or Stacta wherewith the Patient be­gan to amend, Stacte was made of stilled wild Fig leaues and within iij. dayes was eased of his pain, sauing that there remained in y e brused place, a certain Neruous or knotty substance muche like vnto a great tendone y e which was redy to fall, & after béeing half rottē: fel all togithers, which did make many think, seeing this knotty substance: that the Sinew had [Page] béen altogithers rotten, which was for lack of the knoweledge of their Anotho­my, and for lack of that knowledge they did not consider how the Tendones The ten­dones and their citua­tion. or Cordes are couered with the said Ner­ues, Membrana as defensatiues, not only throughout the inside of the hād: but frō thence go in order to all the fingers.

Then after that Galene had taken away that which was putrified from the said broose: the corde was very sound and clene, & then he vsed Trosis dissolued in Sapa, & applyed it in y e foresaid Neruous parte, & made particuler vnction again and in like maner vsed the Pultis, and the anointing with Euphorbium as a­fore said. And when he had thus doon: the fourth day, did think with him self what medicin that were best then to applye, and considering that if there were no inflamatiō or distēperance: it were best to apply skinning things, but if there were any inflamation: then he thought best to vse moderate drying things with out Cicatrising or skinning.

And when he did see there was in­flamation: he vsed the medicament that is called the gréen Plaister of Epigoni, which the Gréeks call Isis. The whiche [Page 10] Emplaister you shall finde in his second book of composition of medicins in gene­rall, then afterwards for to finish the cure: he vsed an other medicine compo­sed as foloweth.

Rec. of wax, drachmas 150. Tereben thinae, drachm. 200, Seui vitulini, drachmas. 50. Galbani, drachmas 24. Manne thuris, drachmas 24. Salis amoniaci, drachmas 12. Aeris vsti, drachmas 12. Aloes, drachmas. 12. Squame aeris, drachmas 24. Alluminis rotundi, drachmas 24. Alum plū, drachmas 8, Chalchitis drachmas. 8. Miseos. draehmas 8. A­popenex, drachmas 8. Erui, drachmas 6. Ammoniaci, drachmas. 6. Mineii ru­bi, drachmas 6. A ceti, drachmas, 3. O­lei hemi. 2. consequently when Galene had thus vsed it: thē he came to sicatri­satises and for the outwarde parte he applyed Euphorbium mingled with Wax & Rosin in forme of an Emplai­ster.

Method for the curation of the wounds of Nerues or Sinewes and of what facultie the medi­cins which must be applyed ought tobe.

GAlen in his method of woūds of Nerues, did vse Liquid medicins and sometime Em­plaisters. And without the wound about the place, hee applyed ve­ry soft Wul with hot Oile. Sometimes also he vsed Oil with a little Vinagre. Vinagre is an ene­to sinewes.

But in such sort that the colde vertue of the Vinagre was without offence, ne­uerthelesse the suttlenes or persing ver­tue did remain, and two or thrée times a day did vnbinde the woūd to see if the medicine did make any fretting in the Vlcer or sore. And if it caused any greef or pain: then he fomented it with Oil as hot as the patient could indure.

All colde things are contrary to the NeruesFor if it be but warme: it wil doo more hurt then good, and much worse if it bee colde, for the colde dooth stop and hinder out breathing of the member. But the heate dooth resolue and make thinner. &c

As for the vse of water: it must bée in [Page 12] such sort vsed that at no time in the cura­tion it touch y e Vlcer. Therfore when it dooth chaūce y t there remaineth any cluttered or congeled blood tobe taken away out of the wound: it must be doon w t Oil.

And for an example: Galen reciteth an history of one which beeing hurt, An history to prooue, that al cold is contrary to y e woūds of Nerues. was foure dayes without the féeling of anye pain, and when he did sée that ther was no inflamation: he wēt abrode about certain ernest busines which he had to doo, the wether béeing very colde and taried somwhat long: then he returned to his house with great gréef and pain, euen to the very nape of his neck. Then Galen béeing called after that he did sée the pain that the Patient was in: made fomen­tation with hot Oil all about the pained place, and applyed great quantitie of wul moistned in Oil, and the liquid me­dicins made with Euphorbium and Castorum, and by this meanes the paine was eased, and after that he had slept: all the accidents did cease.

Therfore it is very profitable to ap­plye the Wul very warme, and so con­tinew it whether it be applyed with Oile, or Oile and Vinagre, which may wel be doon, if you apply also vpon it dry [Page] Wul.

And if it be in the Winter: the pati­ent must keep his house vntill the fift or sixth day of his greef. For if he be frée frō inflammation vntill the seuenth day, and that he feel no maner of pain or greef then he is without daunger.

Also you shall kéep in memory that in this maner of cure, colde Oile & astrin­gent is contrary. But there must be v­sed the suttlest Oile that may be got­ten, as very olde Oile, for lack of the medicine that is made of Euphorbium or Vinagre, or other such proper medi­cine: Galen dooth teach to take in their rowme, Propolis beeing very new, liquid and fat, and very olde Leuen, or els of the iuce of Tithimall, with newe Leuen, or Propolis liquified in Oile with Leuen, dissolued in very sharp Vi­nagre, and the Oile must be very olde.

The Floures that are tobe vsed to make Pultasis or Cataplasemus of: The flours for to make Catapla­smus. are Farina, Fabarū, Orobi, id est erui Lolii. Ciceris vel Lupinorum, Amarorum polenta, made of Barly with Oximel, these Cataplasmus bée not onely good in boisterous people: but also to all others, whether there be any inflamation or no.

For lack of these aforesaid medicins you may vse these Cataplasmus folow­ing, that is to say Propolis beeing new, Liquid and fat, and apply it vpon the wound, somtime with Leuen alone and somtimes with bothe, & somtimes with mele of Orobis and Leuen, but the Le­uen must be very olde, and contrarywise the Propolis must be new. If it be olde: you must soften it with Oile by the fire, or in the Sun, or els you may vse the iuce of Tithimales mingled with Leuen or Oxelam, the Vinagre must be very sharp wherwith the Oxelam is made.

These be medicens which may soon be had in a redines for lack of others, Medicine which are easy tobe prepared. whi­che at necessitie Galen did vse in woūds of Nerues. By this you shall note then that the medicins whiche be applyed in wounds of Nerues, in what maner so e­uer it be: ought tobe actually hot, and for the punctures or prickings of Tēdones, the medicen which is made of Euphor­bium and olde Oile, in the fourme of a Liquid cerat is very good and proper.

And with the said medicin Galen did heale one which was hurt in a tendone, within the space of foure dayes.

Then there was one y t seeing the good [Page] successe that he had with the Euphorbi­um and Oile) thought to take an exam­ple by the said curation, and did vse new Euphorbium wherof did folowe greate heat and pain with corrosion in the Vl­cer in so much that he was constrained to call Galene to remedy it, the whiche by fomentation of Oil and Vinagre did appease the pain and diminish the acci­dents, wherfore it dooth appéer (as before hath been said) that you must not neg­lect to haue the knoweledge of the facul­ties and kindes of approoued medicins, and of them whiche wil soon loose their strength, Note this wil. from the others which doo kéep and maintain long time. For Euphor­bium Euphorbiū to knowe whether it be olde or new. is one of these kindes y t wil loose his heat very soon, which is easy (by the coulour) tobe knowen. For if it be new: it is of an asshie couloure. But if it be olde: it is of a pale or yelowe colour, & for that cause it is very dry, & wil hardly be dissol­ued in new Oil, for in y e mingling it doth drink vp the Oile incontinent, where­fore to dissolue it wel: The maner how to dis­solue the Euphorbi­um and the nature and quality. it must not be min­gled togither with Oile all at one time, but laboured in a morter by little and little for fear of running togithers.

Euphorbium is one of the Simples [Page 14] which wil soon loose his heate, and dooth not kéep long, which is knowen easely only by the colours without tasting of it. Euphorbi­um is hot in the ii ij. degree.

Truely when it is olde, it is not of an Asshye coulour as it is when it is new, but it dooth decline toward a pale or ye­lowish colour, and if it be new: in the ta­sting of it, it will bee so hot that it wil burn the tung But if it be olde: you shall feel no great heate in it, neuerthelesse, Euphorbiū dooth keep his vertue longer then Tapsia, for Tapsia in i. yeer loseth his strēgth very much & in ij. yeers loseth his strēgth vtterly & is good for nothing. But Euphorbiū if he be good when he is new, y t is to say if he be hot & burning as safore said: he wil last thrée yéeres, som­times foure yéeres & to the fifth, but the he dooth vi. loose all his force & strength.

For whiche cause Galen did vse of­ten times olde Oile without wax, for be cause that the Euphorbium was of fiue or six yéeres of age. So that the vse of the Euphorbium cannot be comprehended by waight, for when it is new: ye must put twise so much Oile, and three times so much Wax, and if it be olde, the more Oile shalbe put to it and the lesse Wax.

Wherfore if you will make the for­said [Page] medicament in fourme of a Liquid cerat: The maner how to vse the Euphorbium whe­ther it be olde or new you shall put foure times so muche Oile as Wax. But if you wil make it in fourme of a Plaister: you shall put therto as much Oile as Wax, and prin­cipally if the Wax be olde and dry. For if the Wax be new: you shall not need so much Oile, and lesse in Summer then in Winter.

For to make Emplastrum Carotodes.

That is to say a Cerat or Ciroene, you shall take of the best wax, liquid it in Oile, then ad to the vi. parte of Euphor­bium, and temper it, as aforesaid, or els as foloweth.

Rec. Euphorbium, drachmas. 1. wax, drach. 6. Oile, drach. 5. or 6. And for be­cause that the Wax is not so cleauing and viscus as Rosin or Pitch is ye shall ad to either of the Cerats, Pich or Rosin, The quali­ties and di­fferences of Rosins. or of bothe, and then ye shall not need so much Oile as you should haue doon, if it had been made onely with Wax. And this is to be noted that you ought to haue a diligent regarde to the moisture or drynes of the Rosins, for you haue sōe more dryer then other some, and others again be more liquid. Of the dryest of these [Page 15] kindes is that whiche some call Fricta, and others Colophonia. After the same kinde dooth folow, that which is brought in erthen pots, which is vnclarified, and when it is clarified: it is like the fore na­med Fricta.

There is an other kinde which is cal­led Pityinon phisema, that is to say German Pich which is more dryer then the other two aforsaid, the which Galen did iudge not tobe vsed in this cure because of his vncleenes but did vse the (aforesaid) Fricta.

Ther be diuers kindes of these (as before hath been said) of the which some wil remain more liquid thē other some, The quali­tie and fa­culties of Rosins ac­cording to their degres for the Turpentine wil remain moste liquid, the other dooth soon dry, as Stro­bolina and Abiotina, and of these two, the hottest is Strobolina, and next vn­to them in heat: is Turpentine.

As for the Rosin of Cipres I doo not re­ken, for Galene neuer durst nor would vse it in any Plaisters to be applyed to Narues, because it is astringant. The b [...]st and principall of all these kindes of Rosins: is Turpentine The Tur­pentine is the moste principall of all Ro­sins. not for his heat, for Strobolina and Abietina (as before hath been said) are hotter.

The whiche Turpentine Galene did vse by experiments, the great vtilli­tie that was in it to mundify, to resolue, and to drawe, and is very comfortable to the Nerues: witnesses also therunto Di­oscorides and Anabarzeus.

And when you wil haue the Cerat ve­ry cleauing: you shall put to the more Ro­sin (as is afore said) and mix it according with the Oile and wax.

The Emplaister which Galen did vse.

YOu shall take of Turpentine, and put therto thrée times so much wax. Then ad to them the xij. parte of Eu­phorbium, if you knowe not whether the Euphorbiū be exactly hot or no: you must prooue when the medicine is made by this meanes, that is, ye shall strike a little of it vpon a linnen cloth, and apply it vpon the thigh or arme, and there let it remain for a certain time, and if you perceiue that it dooth somewhat warme: then is the midicine temperat, and if it doo cause no maner of sensible heat, Note this wel. or els that he giue more feruent heat then he ought: it is certain y t the medicine is ei­ther to weke or to strong. The heat may be diminished by adding the more of Oyl [Page 16] and wax, and also it may be augmented by adding to of the Euphorbium, for the confection of these kindes of medicins, the Propolis is y e best and most conueni­ble amōg all other kindes of Rosins, The vtility and cōmo­ditie of Propolis. but it ought tobe new & fat, because it will the better drawe to the outwarde parte, the thick vapours, and superfluous hu­mours, but Rosins are to be mingled with Wax, onely to giue thicknes and forme to plaisters, and are not so conue­niable in this curatton as Propolis is.

Therfore you shall note that in ten­der & soft complexions: y e medicins ought not tobe so strong, as in strong & boiste­rous complections. For y e Cerat which is mingled with olde Oile is very conue­niable in some, and likewise Fermen­tum, that is to say Leuen, is very good so it be olde, for the older it is the better, be cause it dooth bothe resolue and attract more then new, moreouer Sulphur Vi­uum is very good in these afore said com­positiōs, and it may be vsed with Tetra­pharmacū. Also Aphronitrum may be vsed and Beronictum litrum, so that it be not grauely, which may also be min­gled with Tetrapharmacum.

Arsenicum wich is called in the At­tique [Page] tung, Quenched Lime. Arenicum, beeing mingled with Tetrapharmacū is profitable, and for lack of these you shall vse Sandaracha as of Lime quenched and vnquenched, Metalla lo tione et adustione fuit miti­ora. washed & vnwashed. But there must be lesse of the vnwashed then of that which is washed: for because that it is more sharper then that which is vnwashed.

Now then to haue the perfit knowe­ledge to heale wounds of Nerues, This ought to be knowē in the cure of Nerues. it is needful to knowe the end and intention of the cure, likewise the facultie of simple medicines the which in this cure ought to drawe and resolue without excessiue heat and without great sharpnes or by­ting. And likewise it is needful to know and vnderstand perfectly the Anatho­mye. Note. And the nature and complexion of the members of the body, and perfect­ly to vnderstand and the difference betwéen the Tendones membranes & ligamentꝭ for when occasion shall serue to stich any wound: you must not touch the tēdones, for the Tendones and the muscles haue coniuncion togithers, therfore when the muscles be seperated: there must be ve­ry good heed taken in y e stitching of them, lest [...]ou cause pain, for if they doo in­dure any pain: it causeth conuulsion, and [Page 17] then afterwarde turneth to putrifaction, and so all the partes there abouts dooth suffer the like accidents, yet neuerthe­lesse the musculous flesh may wel be stitched as shalbe héerafter said. Therfore to haue perfit knoweledge of the Ten­dons, this is to be vnderstanded, that therbe two kindes: that is to say, the one round like vnto acorde, for which cause the ancient writers haue so called them: the others be flat like vnto membranes, wherof some passe along by the thighe néer vnto the knee. Also they are within the palmes of the hands and the soules of the feet. Of tendōs their [...]de [...]ormes & situations

Now we wil return to the matter, in woūds of Nerues you must not make fomentation with hot water, as the Phisitions before Galenes time did: nor yet vse Cataplasmus made w t wheat meal, and boyled with Hidrelaeum, for Galen made onely fomentation with Oile, and the medicines aforsaid, by which menes he healed many. And béeing but of the age of xxviij. yeeres, at whiche time hée came from Alexandrin into his owe contrey, did inuent and deuise the maner to cure the wounds of Nerues: A note of Galen. and since that time hath been many goodly cures, [Page] by the method and midicines aforesaid. And now for an example marke this history which is recited.

Vpon a time (among others) there was a certain Captain af war, the whi­che had a wound in his thigh, transuer­sales, the whiche wound was of a great deapth, that the one side was drawen vpwarde & the other downwarde towarde the knée, & for to heale the said wound: Galen did not dout to stich it in the mus­culous partes. Neuerthelesse he gaue good respect in touching of any Tendon, for he knew that the muscles might wel be stitched without daunger and not the tendones, albeit that some ancient Phi­sitions doo stich but onely the vpper lips of the skin, though the wound be neuer so deep, for they did fear to stich y e muscles, and there were others whiche would stich the fleshey parts of the muscles, but they were of the vpper parte of the woūd and not in the depth.

Wherfore when there did chaunce a­ny déep wound béeing transuersales: he did boldely stitch the musculous partes. As for the other woundꝭ made according to the length of the member: it is not néedful to stitch them, for with good and [Page 18] conuenient rowling the musculous parts may wel be agglutinated.

Therfore they which be ignorant in the Anothomy, doo fear to stich the membranes with the muscles, but Galen bee­ing learned in that matter, did stiche them safely & without danger, although that the large Tendones are muche like the membranes, yet for all that, there is difference, for the Tendones be more hard and of a grocer substance, then the said membranes be. The diffe­rēce betwen the tendōs and mem­branes. Except it be in the muscles of Abdomen, which the Prince Auicenna calleth Mirac, for in y t place they be very tender and suttle, as the membranes be in all points, except it be in the straight muscles.

By this it appéereth that the iij parte of Phisick which the gréeks call Chirurgia that is to say, the which is exercised by handy operation. Pharmaceutice, that is to say by medicines as to y e Apothecary. Diaitetice, by regiment of the life, haue néed one of the other: wherfore he whi­che dooth take vpon him this profession: ought exactly to be exercised in these iij. Note this place wel.

After that he first hath had the perfet knoweledge of the Theorick, that is to say speculatiue, in the whiche is taught [Page] the method to cure by reasons and De­monstrations, and if he be ignorant in any of these: he is not worthy to be called a good Chirurgion, and shall neuer be a­ble to doo any thing, which shalbe to the profit or easement of his Patients.

The composition of medicines for wounds of the Nerues made of metalles.

AMongst the metalls you must auoid them which are astrin­gant, and principally in the prickings of the Sinewes. The sub­stance of metalls.

But the abstersiues, as Aeris squama, & others are profitable. And this must be noted y t all metalls are partly of a groce and terrene substāce, because that there dooth contain in them, much earthy na­ture, wherfore they doo require to be pre­pared, to the end that they may be more suttle. One way to prepare them is this.

To prepare the metals.First the said metalls ought to be la­boured in a morter, onely with very strong Vinagre, which hath a pearcing facultie, and ought to be so laboured ve­ry long.

Ther be some of the said metalls that [Page 19] wil not wel be beaten, although they be very long labored. Neuerthelesse they may easely be dissolued as Chalcitis, misy and such like, but others may be bea­ten and redused into poulder, as Aeris Squama and such others. And this you shall note, that Chalcitis & Erugo if they be burnt: they haue lesse sharpnes in thē, wherfore the greater quantitie may be occupyed when any medicine is made.

The Pastils or Trocis of Andronis Poluidas and Pacion, be right excellent and conueniable in wounds of Sinews, so that they be dissolued in Sapa as they ought. Excellent pastils.

Sapa is made of Must, Sapa and wherof it is made. that is to say sodden Wine, but the said Must ought to be made of swéet Raysons, and not of sower, which are Abstersiues and of the latter running of the Tub, the whiche wine must be boyled vnto the consump­tion of the half, and with the said Wine the Pastils may be dissolued, to be applyed vnto the Nerues which lye bare. But when you vse them, you shall take that kinde of Polidas, for they be moste tem­perate, and principally in these bodyes which are temperate & tender, in which bodyes all y e kindes of Pastils ought not [Page] tobe vsed, but medicins according, which we haue al redy spoken of, and wil speak héerafter, for all bodies be not of one temperature, for they differ in thrée things, that is to say, as for their temperature, secondly in the augmentation of their age, and last in their states and exersi­ses, as they whiche woork much, or liue idlely. Wherfore it foloweth that no medicine can bee conuenient, A method worthy to be noted. in all bo­dyes. And for this cause you must haue two sortes of medicines, the one strong: and the other weke, and then when ne­cessitie dooth require, According to the tem­perature of the body y e midicine ought to be compoun­ded, prepa­red and applyed. the mixtures may be according to the temperature of the body.

¶ Medicins for strong and boisterous people.

Rec. Aeris squama parte. 3. Misyos crudi partes. 2. Chalciteos cruda parte 1. Cerae parte. 12. At the beginning when Galene prepared this medicament: hée did put to it Arsenicon, and after that when he sawe that it was superfluous: he left it out.

¶ Medicine for delicate and tender complexions.

Rec. Misyos combusti, Chalcitidis vsti ana, parte, 1. Aeris squamae partes. 4. Cerae, parte, 18.

Medicin for mean complectiōs whiche Galen did often vse.

Rec. Misyos vsti. Chalcities vstae, E­rugini vstae ana, parte, 1. Aeris squamae part, 3. Cerae, part. 5.

For to make these medicines, the quantitie of the Oile ought to exceed the quantitie of the Wax, Note that Galenes pound is but xii. vnces. as if there be viij. vnces of Wax, you shall put xij. vnces of Oile (which is a pound) and the Oile must be like the Oile of Sauen, that is to say, of a suttle substance, and not astrin­gant, and the olde Oile is best. Wherefore new Oil which the Greeks call Homotribes, is neither good nor conueni­ent.

After that the metalles haue béene wel beaten long time with Vinagre: you shall ad to of Thus, but it must be white and good, then again you shall beat it with the metalls, before y t you ad to the Cerot, but the quantitie of y e Thus shal­be the half of the medicins, for to make the medicine in a meane temperature. And if you wil make it more weak: you [Page] shall ad to more then the half of Thus.

And if you wil haue the medicin more sharper: you shall not put to the halfe of Thus in the forsaid medicine. It is expedient that ye mingle some Rosin w t the Wax and Oil, neuerthelesse you ought to consider, that if you doo put to it Stro­bolina, that y e medicin wilbe more stronger and sharper, and if you put to it of Terebenthine: the medicin wilbe more softer and meane in sharpnes, and if you wil haue it betwéen bothe: you shall put to it Abietine or Beniamin larix, The facul­tie and qualitie of Larix. which is one of the moistest Rosins, and is of substance like vnto liquid Pich, whiche some merchants and Factors sel for Te­rebenthine, to them that knowe it not, nor can discerne the one from the other.

Yet not withstanding there is great difference which may be easely kowen by the taste and by the sharp smel which he hath more then Terebenthine, neuerthelesse their strength dooth not differ much.

Wherfore if you wil make your medicine in forme of an Emplaster: you shall mingle with your Wax, the vi. parte of the said Rosin, which is for a pound of wax: ij. vnces of Rosin, and if it be liquid [Page 21] and fat, half an vnce shall suffise. And when you wil not make the medicin in forme of an implaister: you may leaue out the said Rosin, but you may ad to of Galbanum sōtimes asmuch as of Thus according as need dooth require. For when you put to asmuch Galbanum as Thus: the medicament is the gentiller, and when you will haue it more stron­ger: you shall put to it but half so muche Galbanum, and sometimes the lesser waight or quantitie, as if there be iiij. dragmes of Thus, and iiij. drams of Galbanum: This is ment be­cause the Galbanū is more li­quid then the Thus. the medicine shalbe the more mitigatiue and gentle. But if you put to but ij. drams of Galbanum: the medicine wilbe somewhat stronger. Wherfore in sensible and tender bodyes or Caco­chime it is expedient to haue the medi­cine tobe prepared with the more quan­titie of Galbanum. Then when you wil make your medicine tobe applyed to the Nerue béeing bare or discouered: you shall not put in so much Galbanum for fear of causing pain, for the Sinews béeing bare may not abide any strong medicine.

Among the simples, Vinagre is sharp and very painful, and for that cause Oil [Page] is applyed with it, and also sometimes Galbanum, and for lack of Galbanum: you may take such greaces that are of fine & suttle substāce, as of wilde beasts, that is to say, of Lions, wilde Bores, Leopards or Beares.

Likewise of flying foules, as of wilde Ducks and such other like, The choise of the best greaces. in their sted you may take of Cocks, Hennes or Chi­kens, but this is tobe noted that the greaces of wilde flying fowles and whiche doo liue abrode in the feelds, Note this for they which doo not exercise the body doth engender humorꝭ groce and colde and vndisgested are better then of them which be nourished about the houses, for those which be nourished within or about any houses: are more heauy, and their fat is of a more grose substance and more moist, for because that they are shut vp, & haue no scope to flye or run as the others doo, for the exer­cise & stirring of their bodyes dooth ligh­ten and make fine their grose humours.

When you wil haue your medicin of the thicknes of a Cerot: thē must be ad­ded to the third or fourth parte of Wax, or if the greace be very moist: you may put to the one half of Wax, and so after such sort as shalbe thought good, but if the greace be mene between bothe, that is to say neither to dry nor to moist: you [Page 22] shall ad to the third part of wax, the whi­che Cerot shalbe proffitable for many purposes, and is called Diasteaton, that is to say made with Talow and greace.

¶ The Medicine which is called Dieuphorbium.

WE haue spoken héertofore of the qualitie, nature and fa­cultie of the Euphorbium, and after what sorte it wil keep, & how in time he looseth his strēgth and how he must be knowen by his cou­lour and substāce. Now we wil intreat of the medicines whiche are compoun­ded with the said Euphorbium, and is made as foloweth.

Rec. Euphorbii, parte, 1. Cerae partes 3. Olei, partes, 4.

To the composition of this medicine the wax ought tobe triple, that is to say, iij. times so much in respect as of the Eu­phorbium and the Oile the fourth part, but the Euphorbium must be new and good. The vse of this medicine is profitable in the punctures of Nerues, The vertue of this me­dicine. and espe­cially when it is feared y t the woūd wil close vp, therfore it is necessary to haue a [Page] respect to the strēgh of y e medicin, for if it be to weke y e quātity of Euphorbiū may be augmented, somtimes there may be added to the half of Euphorbium, & som­times asmuch as of wax or more. Namely if the Euphorbiū be olde, for it must be according to the strength of the pati­ent. But if the medicine be to strong: you may weaken it by adding to of some Oil, or els to make an other more wea­ker according to the forme and maner aforesaid. And if you wil knowe whē the medicine is to strong: you shall marke these signes that folow, that is to wit, if the Patient féeleth great heat with Ero­sion, Signes for to knowe whether that the medicine be to strong. or if the partes about it be hotter then they were before, or if the pricking pain bee more raised vp then it ought to be, or if the side of y e said prick haue any inflamation.

Therfore for to chuse apt and conue­nient medicins: it is needful to make the composition in the which there is put iij. times so much wax as new Euphorbi­um, the whiche is more stronger then the other. If there be v. times so muche Wax: the cōposition shalbe more weke and gentle. And if there be iiij. times so much wax: the composition shalbe mene [Page 23] betwéen bothe. And if you wil haue your Vnguents such as the Phisitions call Acopa, Without labour. Vnguentū Acopa. that is to say taking away of we­rines or pain: you shall put to iiij. times so much Oile as Wax. But if you wil haue it in forme of a liquid Cerot: you shall put to double of Oile to the Wax and if the Wax be dry: you shall put to of Oile ij. partes and a half, whiche is to say, for one pound of Wax, ij. pound and a half of Oile. And if you wil make it plaister wise: there must be added as much Wax as Oil, namely if the wea­ther be temperat. And if the wax be to olde and dry, and that the weather be colde: there must be somwhat more Oil then wax. But if the wax be new and moist, and the weather hot: there must be somwhat more Wax then Oile, that is to say, for one pound of wax: xiij. vnces of Oile, & in the composition of the medi­cine, for the better mingling of the Oile and Wax togither: you shall ad to some Rosin and principally of Terebenthine or in sted Colophonia, and if you doo ad asmuch of it as of Wax: the Pich dooth make the consistance of the Cerot, and note, that which is moste liquidest: is the best, euen in like sorte as of the Ro­sins. [Page] And if the Rosin be liquid, as is the new Terebenthine: it shall suffise to put in the third parte, in respect of the Wax.

When Galen did compound any me­dicine, wherin is Rosin and wax, it is to be vnderstanded that hee ment not that which was dry and olde: but such kindes of Rosin and Wax that were of a ment substance, for els béeing mingled with the others wil soone dry and loose their strength, and that for two causes. The first by the intemperature of heat of the weather, and secondly by the reason of béeing to long kept. As for Propolis: it is no other thing but white Wax, and it is more conueniable in plaisters and Cerots then Rosin or Pitch. And more Galene dooth account Terebenthine a­mong the Rosins, and is moste conueni­ent of all the Rosins in the fore said plai­sters and Cerots.

¶ Medicines made of Simples whiche wil dissolue.

THese Simples which folowe are li­quible, that is to say, which wil di­ssolue vpon the fire, and whereof Ce­rots and Plaisters be made, and may [Page 24] be boiled with moist things as with water, Wine and Vinagre.

The simples, which are these that fo­lowe, Propolis, Wax, Rosin, Ladanum and Senum, that is to say, Talowe, and Galbanum, whiche must be prepared in a double vessel cōmonly called Balneum Mariae, whiche is asmuch to say, in put­ting of the foresaid simples within some vessel, and then to set it in a Cauldron of water vpon the fire. There are also sim­ples y t wil aswel dissolue without fire as with fire, in moist things as Gutta Ammoniaci, y e licour of Sagapeni, Panacis, Cerapion and Oppoponax.

Rec. Oppoponacis, Galbani, Tere­benthine, Propolis, ana parte. 1

You ought to take good héed tbat your Propolis be neither dry nor olde, but for lack of the other: you may put in such as may be gotten, but it must be double in waight and the other Simples must be new and liquid.

¶ Another of the same effect.

Rec. Aseti sexta 1. Picis. 1, pound. Op­poponacis 4. vnces, the Pitch must be boyled with the Vinagre. Et fiat.

The vse and facul­tit of these medicines.These medicins afore named are good in punctures of Nerues, and for biting of mad Dogs, and principally for a wound made by any venemous beast, by the re­son that they are percing, and doo kéep the sides of the wound from shutting togi­ther by the whiche meanes the venim which lyeth within: shall the more ease­ly be drawen out. But for because that the said medicines are strong: you must vse them in strong & boisterous bodyes.

And if the said diseases, doo chaunce in tender and delicate people, as womē and little Children: then they must be liquifi­ed with some kinde of Oil, or resolutiue Vnguent, namely Amaricum and Op­pobalsamum.

Then afterwards with Irinum and Comagenum, and in sted of these Susi­num and Ciprinum, or if these be not to be had: you shall take Oil. Or if it be in Alexandria, you shall take Oleum reci­num and Rhaphaninum, for surely there is abundance of this aforesaid in Alex­andria, & also through all Egipt. But there is not tobe found Oleum sinapinum but with great disicultie, the which Oile if it be put in the afore said medicament: there is no dout but that it will be much more [Page 25] stronger and better to kéep open the punctures of the Nerues, and if you haue no Oppoponax to make the said medicin withall: you may take Sagapenum dis­solued in Vinagre, Rosin or Propolis, or some greaces, The grea­ces which are moste requisite in this medi­cine. béeing very olde so that they be sharp, and of a suttle substance, as of a Lyon, Leopard, Beare or Fox or els of wilde Ducks.

Or els these greaces folowing béeing very olde, of a Bul or of a Gote. And this is to be noted, that the older the greaces be: the more sharper, and namely the greace of a Hog the whiche is more soft and moist then all the aforesaid. And of the like nature is Wine and Vinagre and Mary, but of all Maryes: the best is the mary of a Hart, or of a Calf. Of these aforesaid medicines Galene dooth coun­sail to haue in a redinesse, the whiche he did alwaies vse in punctures of Nerues, wherwith he had good successe.

The vse of Pigeons dung.

FOr because that Pigions dung is sharp: it must be vsed in the stead of Euphorbium, neuerthelesse it is of a more suttle substance thē Euphorbium, wherfore it is more conueniēt in strong [Page] [...] [Page 25] [...] [Page] and boisterous people, as rusticall bo­dyes dryed with labours, Galen some­times did mingle metalls togithers bea­ten in Vinagre in the forme (as before hath béen said) and by that meanes the medicine was made more sharp, euen as though he had put in Verdegrece.

¶ Of Medicines called Dia­botanum, that is to say, made of herbes.

GAlen the interpreter of Phi­sick and lerned in all thingꝭ: would omit nothing whiche did appertain to the curation of woūds of Nerues, for whi­che cause he hath taught diuers maners of curations, to the end that if the one should faile: they should haue others at all times when néed required, and also when vpon the suddaine a Chirurgian is called to visit any Patients, wheras the Simples requisit cannot be gotten, therfore Galen right wisely hath taught the way to compoūd medicins for woūds of Nerues with hearbes in stead of the mettalls aforesaid.

First the said Galen did compound [Page 26] medicines for wounded Nerues of those herbes which were of a suttle substance, Herbs and roots for the compo­sition of medicines. that is to wit of Dictamus, Amaracus, and Malus terrae whiche is Aristolo­chiae, moreouer he did make some in the which he did put in Marou amaricum, which is Margerum, Polium argemo­nae, whiche is called Aigrimony, Cha­mapitis id est vina artetica centaurium Radicis omnium, Aristolochiarum, Draconculi, Ficus agrestis, Brionia, Al­thea, Iridis, Acori mei, Asari phoud est Valeriana, Gentiana and Panacis. All the which herbes and roots afore named Galen hath written and declared in his Books of Simples. And this you shall note, that because they haue a bitterish tast without abstersion or immoderate sharpnes: they are cōuenient in woundꝭ of Nerues, and how they ought tobe vsed marke this that foloweth. The maner for to com­pound me­dicins with the said herbes.

First they must be dryed, then stam­ped and beaten very fine, then searced through a fine searce. For if it be of a groce substance: it is not conuenient in wounds of Nerues, which dooth require the moste suttle and finest that may be, (as before hath béen said) then after that these hearbes and Rootes be finely pou­dred: [Page] they must be mingled with Wax and Oyle, in suche sort as we haue said of Euphorbium.

Compositiōs for woūds of the Nerues, which the Greeks call Po­liteleis, that is to say sumpteous,

IT is not onely profitable to haue the knowledge to com­pound medicins of the sim­ples aforesaid: but others sumpteous & of great price, for although y t they be but seldom vsed, yet neuerthelesse it fortuneth somtimes, that if you haue a great number of medicines: you shal scant please the Patient, for he wil haue them made of such Sim­ples as are very sumptuous. As for an example Galen maketh mention of a ve­ry rich man whiche he dooth not name, in his first Book of the knowledge of the iudgement of the pulse, and this third Book. The which rich man did by all the menes possible he could, approoue to heale a maligne Vlcer vpon one of his seruants, then when he did sée that he could not heale it: he did commit it into Galens hands, and after that he percei­ued [Page 27] that Galen An history of a cure which Ga­len did on a maligne Vlcer. had healed it: he did de­sire him to giue him the receipt of the midicine wherwith he did heal his foresaid seruant. The said rich man did not consider that there are many kindes of maligne Vlcers: but thought with one medicine to heale all maner of vlcers, yet neuerthelesse Galen did giue to him the foresaid receipt. But when he had the composition: he said go thy waies and giue thy receipt to beggers, and let me haue an other more costlyer and of richer Simples.

And also at a nother time when hée could not heale a Childe that had a cer­tain infirmitie about his eare (with his owne medicine whiche he vsed without method) did send him to Galen, and af­terwards he met with one by chaunce, of whome hee did vnderstand that the said Childe was healed: he was very desi­rous to knowe what maner of medicin Galen vsed.

Then considering that he had séen many that haue béen wounded, bothe in Nerues and other places, and hauing their fingers cut with putrifaction, and some of them haue dyed, and others la­med. And contrary wise he did vnder­stand [Page] that none of them whiche Galene did dresse dyed, nor were in daunger of death, but that spéedyly did help them: he demaunded the receipt of same maner of sumptuous or odorifferous Vnguent for wounds of Nerues, An excellēt method to cure woūds of Nerues. then Galene did giue to him many receipts faithfully dispensed, with the whiche hee healed many that had wounds in the Nerues, for the which he gaue Galen great prayse, and gaue him moste harty thanks for giuing of thē so liberally, for whiche cause he did present Galen with a present, the receipts which he gaue him were these that folow.

Rec. Cinamomi, Dictamni, Mary, a­na drach. 40.

Certainly these Simples are odori­fferous and suttle, hee would not put in Amaracum, because it had not a good smel, also at Rome it was very hard to be found, as of Marum. You must beat these Simples very fine and serce them as before hath béen said, and then tem­per them with the Cerot made of very good Oppobalsame, and Tyrrhenique Wax, which Cerot is made of viij. parts of Wax, and x. parts of Oppobalsame.

¶ The composition of the receipt is thus.

Rec. Cerae, parte. 8. Oppobalsame, parter. 10. ad to of the best Turpentine parte 1. the Terebenthine is added to in the end, and if you wil haue the medi­cine cleauing, and of a resonable forme: you may ad to also of precious Mirrh.

Where the Nerues were bare Galen did vse the Cerot which the Gréeks call Mirepsice, & the Vnguents The ma­ner to prepare Vn­guents. whiche the Romains call Vnguentum spicatum, and Phuliatum, in adding to the xij. part of Pompholigoes washed, which must be prepared with Terrhenique, Wax, and burnt Nardus in a double vessell, which is vulgarly called Balneum ma­riae, and all Vnguents ought tobe prepa­red after the like sorte.

In punctures of Nerues the moste sharpest medicines are moste conueni­ent because they kéep the wound open, but in wounds of nerues discouered, A note of punctures and woūds of Nerues discouered. it is conuenient to vse medicines whiche haue a mene astrictiō with resolute ver­tue, and without biting, as Amomum. spicanardi, and Folium Malabathri.

The composition of Medicines by o­ther Phisitions which Galen ma­keth mention of.

THere was none before Galens time which did write the reason and maner to cure the wounds of Nerues, ne­uerthelesse some haue since his time, but without distinction and good order. A­mong other a Phisition of his time did prepare one as foloweth.

Rec. Cerae. 6, vnces. Olei. vnces. 9. Myseos. vnces. 6. Chalcitidis. drach. 1. Aeris squama. vnces 2. and a half. Thu­ris half an vnce. Galbani 1. vnce.

The Simples which may be liqui­fied, that is to say, the Wax and the Galbanum after that they be resolued: you shall mix them with the mettalls. first béeing beaten very fine with strong Vinagre. Galene neuer knew the Au­thor of this composition, and saith that he neuer found it neither in Asclepia­des Apothecary, nor in Petron, nor in Andromacus. Albeit that the ancient Phisitions did compound good medicins.

Another of Adromachus.

The whiche is good as Asclepiades dooth write for wounds in Nerues and Muscles, contusions and gallings, and for any member béeing broken, there may be made with it also Collires, for diseases of the eyes, and is a good reme­dye for pain of the hed and for all greefs.

Rec, Argenti spuma, Alius. 18 Cerae ana drach 144 Ammoniaci drach. 72. Tereben­thine drach. 36. La [...]oe succidae com­bustae drach. 12. Aeris squamme, Thu­ris, Aristolochiae ana drach, 8. Olei ri­cini hemi. 3.

The maner to prepare it is thus. First you shall boil the Oile and the Litarge togither, af [...]er that ad to the Wax and the Turpentine, and when it hath boyled till it come to a resonable consi­stance: you shall ad to Ammoniacum. Note that this medicine The facultie and v­sage of this medicine. is not conueni­able in punctures of Nerues: for because it is astringant. Neuerthelesse it may be vsed where the Nerues and tendones be discouered. And if there be any infla­mation: it must be liquified with Oile of Roses, and if there be none: it may be liquified with olde Oil, Recinum cha­mamelium [Page] and others which are for soft and tender bodyes, and for the strong and boisterous: you shall vse strong Oile as Oleum radicis, [...]icus, Aggrestis, Brioniae, Asari, Dracunculi, Aristolochiae and Panacis, but the Aristolochia and Panacis ar more strong then the others.

Another composed by Claudius Philoxenus Chirurgion for the foresaid greefs.

Rec. Argenti spumae, Cerae ana drach 160. Ammoniaci, drach. 80. Propoleos drach 40. Alius. 18. Terebenthine, Resine, Siccae, Thuris, Squame aeris, ana drach. 16. La­nae succide▪ cōbustae, Squamae Stomo­matis, ana, drach. 8. Oppoponacis dra. 4. Olei ricini hemi. 3.

A reddish medicine of Halieus.

Rec. Argenti spumae, Cerae ana. drach 100, Alius. 100 Terebenthinae, Mannae, Thuris, Galbani, Minii Cinoptici, ana drach. 8 Olei sexta. 1.

This implaister The vtilli­tie of this Emplaister is good in gréene wounds, and for wounds of the Nerues, and for Vlcers of the eyes, whiche bee hard to cicatrice. And to resolue all hard­nes [Page 30] and principally of the Dugs. It is likewise good for biting of mad Dogs, and for the stinging of Dragons, and the venimouse fish called in Greek Tri­gon Thalassia, and in Latin Pastinaca Marina, Asclepiades dooth write that it is onely for wounds, & maketh no mention for punctures of Nerues although it wil serue in bothe.

Another catagmatique me­dicin composed by Moschion.

Rec. Argenti spumae, minam. 1. which is 160. drach. Picis aride drach. 160, Seue vitulinae dra. 160. Resine Terebenthine drach. 80. Manne thuris drach. 80. Ce­rae drach. 40. Eruginis oppoponacis, Galbani ana drach 8. Olei ricini hemi 1. Aceti hemi. 1. Licorice cicamini he­mi, 1. Picis liquid, ciath. 3.

The manner to boil this Vnguent is thus. First you shall boile the Litarge and the Oile togither, then ad to the Calues greace, and after that the Man­na and the Thuris, let them be stirred continually til they be incorporated, thē you shall put to it the Pich, the wax and the Turpentine, and consequently the others, which must be boyled in fourme [Page] of an Emplaister, after that you shall ad to the Galbanum, Eruge and Oppo­ponax, dissolued in Vinagre, then ye shall take the licour of Cicamini, and the liquid Pich, and boil them in another vessel, and when they bee melted togi­ther, and somwhat thick: you shall min­gle them with the others, and set them on the fire again, til they come to a perfit consistance.

Then you shall let it stepe in white Wine the space of iij. dayes, after you may strike it vpon a linnen cloth to vse as an Emplaister.

This Emplaister The ver­tues of this Emplaister is very good in gréen wounds, and for cutting and contusion of Nerues, for a Fracture with a wound and with cōuenient ligature dooth cause calles to ingender in bones, it is like­wise good in the beginning of an Hi­dropsye, for contufion of the Testicles, for Rhagadies, for Tumours of the Throte called of the greeks, Bron­chocilas, to be bréef this is a right excellent medi­cine.

FINIS.

¶ The curation of wounds of Nerues, Tendons & ioints,

THe cause of solution of continuitie the whole and sound partes in Nerueus places, may chaunce diuers waies, that is to say, by contu­sions, as blowes with Stones, Staues, Hammers, Clubs, Hargubush, Crosse­bowes, bitings and such other like. Likewise it may come by sharp and pricking Instruments. As a Bodkin, Speare, Dart, Thorne or venimouse Beast, or such like. Also by cutting with a swoord, or Knife. Of the which wounds some be made acording to the length of the Ten­done, Nerue or Sinew, Membrane or Caule, and others according to y e bredth with great incision, and some meane or lesser, of the which hurts these accidentꝭ may folow.

As pain, vehement fluxion, inflama­tion, Feuer, losse of reason, Sinope, A­postume, Gangrena, and mortification of the whole parte, and oftē times death by reason of the communication and [Page] consent that they haue with the Brain and other noble partes.

Moreouer it is to bee vnderstanded, that when the Nerues or Tendones bee but half or little cut, the wound is more daungerous, then if they were cut quite a sunder.

That which couereth the Scul.And so is it with the Periosten, pe­ricranium and membranes, or because that the portion or parte that is cut doth drawe him self to his beginning, which causeth conuultions and Cramps, but when they be wholly cut: there foloweth no accidents. Insomuch that they haue no contrarietie when they retire, the which is manifestly seen in the woundꝭ of the head, for where the Pericranium is but half cut: the accidents are more vehement then when it is wholly cut, as we may dayly sée by example, when we make incision to apply the Traepan.

And amongst all the hurtes of the Nerues, the prickings bringeth moste pernicious and terrible accidents, by re­son that the orifice is so small, that the humour cannot issue out, but remaineth within and there gathereth a sharpnes, whiche drincketh into the Nerues and Tendons, and dooth cause them to swel, [Page 32] and by the swelling they are shortned, wherof commeth suche pain, that it cau­seth most painful cramps, and such other like accidents as before hath béen said.

The cure of punctures of the Nerues.

FOr the curation, there are two things to be considered, that is to say, to appease the pain, and to defend the parte afflicted from fluxions and A­postumation: for the accomplishing of the whiche, you shall applye vpon the wound at the beginning a dessiccatiue medicine, of a thin and suttle substance, to the end it may penetrate more easy the botom of the prick, and consume the moisture therin, which other wise wold cause an egre sharpnesse (as afore said) which sharpnes would bring great pain and accidents. Wherfore you shall ap­ply Oil of Turpentine, with a little A­quauitae wel rectified, or Euphorbium and Sulpher poudred and incorporated togither, and applyed very warme, or els Oile of Vitroel and Aqua vite, and round about the place this Cataplasma folowing.

Rec. Farine hord. & orrob. ana vnces 2. Sirup. acetosi, vnces 3. Flor. Camomil [Page] two handfuls. Lixiuii qui sufficien. fiat Cataplasma.

If by this order the paine dooth not ceasse, and that there be any contraction of Nerue: you shall apply speedily hot see­thing Oil with lint beeing dipt in it, as well at the botome as the edges of the wound, which must be doon two or thrée times at one dressing, for by this kinde of Cauterization: you shall ceasse the pain, by reason of the burning of the Oile, the Nerues or Tendons dooth loose their sensible feeling.

Of the wounds of the ioints.

THe wounds of the ioynts are for the moste parte mortall by reason of their deneruations or Tendones and membranes, with the which is mingled Nerues, for the which cause they haue greater feeling, for the Nerues beeing mingled with them: causeth more pain, which pain bringeth this aforesaid acci­dents, and especially if they be in the in­terior partes, as vnder the arme holes, the bought of the arme, in y e wrists or in the hammes, or groynes. By reason of the great Vaines, Arteryes and Nerues whiche are in those partes, and by the [Page 33] meanes of solution of continuitie, that are in those partes, causeth great pain, flux of blood and other like accidents.

For the ordering of the whiche: you must perseuer according to the nature of the said accidents, in staying the flux of blood and appeasing the pain asmuch as you can possible, and if the wound be great: you shall stitch it leauing an Ori­fice in the lower parte therof for to giue issue to the matter, this beeing doon: you shall apply this poulder folowing the space of ij. or three dayes to preserue the stitches.

Rec. Thuris sanguinis draco. Boli ar­menici, terrae sigil. ana drach 2. Aloes, mast. ana drach. 1. fiat puluis subtilis.

The whiche poulder you shall ap­ply vpon the seme, and round about the ioint a defensiue made of the whites of Egges, Oil of Roses, Bol, Mastick and Barly meale. And if you apply any tent: he must be short and not to big, lest hee should cause pain, which tent shalbe ap­plyed with a disgestiue made with the yolk of an Egge, Oil of Roses and a lit­tle saffron.

Also if the said wound be little and straight (rather then to fal into these aforsaid [Page] accidents) you shall inlarge it to the end that the humours which be come to the part (by reason of the pain) may haue a large issue.

Moreouer the afflicted part must haue rest and be kept frō colde, and also from medicines which dooth relax, soften or moist, but contrary wise they must be astringant and dry as this Cataplasma folowing.

Rec. Furfuris maciris, farinae hordei, et fabar. ana vnces. 4. Flor. Camomil­le Melliloti ana half an handful. Tere­bent. vnces 3 Mellis communis vnces 2. Olei mirh vnces. 1. Oximel sump. vel Oxicrat, vel Lixiuij. qui suff. fiat Cataplasme ad formam pultis.

Or els this. Rec. the lyes of wine, wheat Bran, Cipres Nuts, Galles and Terebenthine, with this make a Cata­plasma, many suche other like may bee made, but this shall suffise.

For those that be applyed on these parts must restrain, dry and corroborate or strengthen the ioints, this dooing you shall ceasse the pain, and keep the humor from the afflicted parte.

Moreouer, this is to be noted, that neither within the wound nor without, you [Page 34] shall applye any Oilly or greasy me­dicine, for asmuch as it relaxeth the sub­stance of the muscles, membranes and Nerues: by the which meanes it dooth make the place more apt to receiue de­fluxions. And also it dooth so relax and moisten the woūd, that it is a great hin­drance to the consolidation.

Therfore the medicines (which ought to be vsed in this cause) must be desicca­tiue and astringant as this that folo­weth, which is bothe astringant, desicca­tiue and glutinatiue.

Rec. Terebint. venic. vnces 2. Aqua vitae parum. Pul. aloes. Mast. mirh, Bol armene ana. 2. scrupples. And so applyed as need shall require, or some other good Balme, beeing applied with desiccatiue poulder, so that the poulder be without any sharpnes, and if there come any ac­cidents: it shalbe remedied by medicins contrary to the same, according as néede shall require.

And this is a principall thing to bee looked vnto, that you keep the wound from colde, the which is all togither con­trary bothe to wounds and vlcers, by the which menes a great number haue perished as Hippocrates Hippo. 5. Aphoris. 20 testifieth, say­ing [Page] that to all vlcers the colde is biting, it hardeneth the skin, it causeth pain and keepeth wounds from suppuration, (for asmuch as it dooth choke y e naturall heat, which should bring suppuration) and causeth the place to be euil colored: with shakings, feuers, conuolsions and extentions. So that the excrements whiche doo auoid is a glittīg Musceledge, thin or watrish humor, which dooth common­ly folow in these kindes of wounds, for because it is a proper humor that flo­weth out of these woūds, for euery place dooth giue his proper humor: as for ex­ample the bone beeing broken, the nou­rishment of them engendreth a Calus.

Now this humor whiche commōly issueth out of the neruous places, is mixed with colde, whiche causeth extreme pain, and resisteth y e medicins, although they be potentiall hot.

To appease the foresaid pain, and to correct the intemperature of the colde humor: you shall apply warme thinges, not onely potentially: but also actually, as a Bullocks bladder béeing half filled with some resolutiue medicin and war­med, or of Bricks beeing made very hot and then quenched in Wine, and so ap­plyed [Page 35] about the ioint, and to heat them as often as need shall require.

By this actuall heat, nature is hol­pen to disgest and resolue the humor contained in the place, and dooth strengthen it, for because that the ioynts haue but little heat in them: for the whiche cause there be few medicins that wil profit, except they be actually hot. Wherfore I wil conclude that the offēce of the iointꝭ is increased rather of colde then of heat.

For the which cause the Methodi­call Chirurgian, must haue a great res­pect to these wounds, in taking his Iu­dication of things naturall, not naturall and against nature. And moreouer he must haue the knowledge how to place the wounded ioints, which shalbe shew­ed héer folowing.

The situation of the wounded Ioint.

IF the wound be in the fore parte of the shoulder: This is ment by great woū ­des in the ioints. you shall lay vnder the arme hole a Boulster and cary your arme in a Towel bearing vp the elbow to the end that you may raise and holde vp the bone, and so to kéep him in his right place, for by this meanes, the glu­tination and consolidation, shall the bet­ter [Page] and sooner be doon.

And if the wound be in the lower parte, then when you see that nature beginneth to ingender flesh, and that the lips of the wound beginneth to close: you shall haue good respect to cause the Pati­ent often to lift vp and down his arme, for if you doo forslewe this, and that the Cicatrice be once made: the patient shal neuer lift his arme hye, but with great pain.

The situation of the Elbow.

IF the wound be in the Ioint of the Elbow, you shall situate the arme in a meane forme, that is to say, neither to straight, nor to muche bowing in, for if the arme be healed in a meane forme: the diseased partie shall haue the vse of it a great deale the better, then other­wise he should haue had if it had béen to straight or to much bowing in.

The situation of the VVrists.

WHen the wound is in the outward or inward parte of the wrists, or in the ioints of the fingers. The hand and the fingers must be situated half bowing and you shall put within the hand some [Page 36] round Ball or compressor, for because that if he keep his hands and fingers in a straight forme & nothing bowing: they wil remain without any office, for because that the action of the hand is to take. Wherfore you shall obserue the forme to the half bowing, and hauing the said forme, he shalbe able somewhat to help him self, in hādling of many things as a swoord, Pike, Halbart and the bri­del of his Horse and suche other like, which is doon by the action of the hand.

The situation of the Hip.

IF the wound be in the Hip, you shall vse such order that the Os fe­mar. doo not come out of his place, the which may be doon by compressours and ligatures, and so to place the Patient vpon his back vntil such time, as it is gro­wen to a perfit Consolidation.

The situation of the Knee.

IF the wound bee in the Ioynt of the Knee, the Leg shall not be kept straight out: but a little bowing, for if he remain straight: the Patient shall go very il, also if it be to much bowing in: it wil be to short.

The situation of the Foot or Toes.

IF the wound bee in the Ioint of the Foot or Toes: the Patient shall keep them out straight, and not cro­ked for if they be any thing bowing: the Patient shall neuer go so wel as when they bee straight.

FINIS.

A breef gathering to gither of certain errors which the cō ­mon Chirurgians vse: very necessary and profitable for all Chirurgians, which are desirous to haue the right method of curing.

The first error which they vse: is touch­ing the dissease called in Latin, Lues Venerea, and in English the French Pocks.

THe errors which be vsed at this present (touching the Venerian dissease) are very great, principally at the begin­ning, for when it begin­neth it appéereth in the yard with infla­mation, Vlcers and excoriation of the conduict of the Vrine, whiche commeth from the neck of the Bladder. And after that commonly foloweth Apostumes of the groynes, with pusshes and suche o­ther like discouloured Pimples accor­ding to the infected humor, for the cure of the which, they begin with vehement or strong medicins, as Colocinthis, con­fection [Page] of Hamech or such like. And the next day folowing they open a Vain in the right or left Arme (respecting not that there may folow a Lask of their ve­hement purgation) and then minister their Vnctions and suffumigations whiche is certainly a manifest error.

By the whiche meanes they drawe the infectious blood and humors to the noble partes, and féeling the inwarde a­noyance of the same: sendeth it to diuers outward partes of the body. The which dooth ingēder hard tumors as knots and kernels not easely curable and moste sharp and fretting (rebellions against curation) botches with such other like.

And so by the malitiousnes of the hu­mor: it corrupteth and eateth the bone, with such paines and torments that the poore patients are so afflicted: that they knowe not where to rest, and especially more in the night then in the day. Therfore at this present, I haue thought good according to my little skil: to teach a me­thod for to bring these errors into a per­fit order.

At the begining of this contagious dissease: you shall first begin this curati­on by euacuating of the body with gen­tle [Page 38] Lenitiues, which doo bothe coole the boyling rage of the blood: and also make it thinner, in mundifying the blood, this must be vsed according to the tem­perature of the body,

The whiche shalbe doon after that the body is prepared, to the end that the solutiues may the better work vpon the aforesaid humors. For in this case, na­ture must rule the Chirurgion, & not the Chirurgian nature. Then after that: it is necessary and profitable to open the Anckle vain, in the right or left foot, ac­cording as y e Apostume dooth appéer & if therbe no apostume: according to y e discretion of the lerned Chirurgion, this doon: you diuert or pul back y e aforesaid infectius humors, frō the principall parts. And vpon y e Apostume, you shall apply conti­nually mollifying & drawing medicins, in dooing what may be to bring him to suppuration. This Indicatiōs beeing ac­complished: you shall vse of the potion made with Ebenum & Guaiacum, pre­pared according to the temperature of the humors, which shalbe vsed the space of a moneth or there abouts.

And although that some learned men haue an opinion, that the decoction of [Page] Guaiacum ought tobe vsed without any other medicines, yet neuer the lesse it hath béen found by experience, that the vse of other Simples with it, (béeing fit and agréeing to the diseases) hath a great deale more profited, & béen found of better effect then if it had béen mini­stred alone, for in a compound dissease: a Simple remedy is not requisit.

Although that Alphonsus Ferrus hath written to the contrary, the which Al­phonsus vseth this decoction of the wood in a manner to all disseases (whose oppi­nion is not to be folowed) which decocti­on is vsed in Pthisi. etiam si dies placu­erit in senio Philippi.

Moreouer they haue greatly erred, which haue set forth the Radix chim béeing a root very deer, vnprofitable, and all togithers without taste, and the grea­test error of all is committed among them, which haue brought in vse, the di­et of the decoction of Box trée, whiche is an astringant wood, stinking and an e­nemy to all the principall partes. And if you wil haue a wood whiche is moste agréeable to the Guaiacum: you shal vse of Fraximus, the which openeth obstru­ctions of the Liuer, of the Melt and of [Page 39] the Rains, for I haue knowen many which by the vse therof haue recouered their helth.

¶ The second error touching the saide dicease vvhen it commeth to suppuration.

WHen this disease hath béen once ta­ken in hand and euil handled, ei­ther by Ignorance of the Chirurgian or the negligence of the patient: The comon Chirurgians vse commonly new errors, that is, in giuing solutiues with out preparing of the euil humors. By the which meanes they take away the best and leaue the worst behinde, wherof ingendreth Nodes, olde and cancard fores, and such like. Then they (as euil or rather wursse) apply their vnctions or suffumigations before that the vlcers be made clean or the Nodes taken away, and somtimes leaue the bone foule. By the which menes they purchase to them selues both shame and infamy, for with in foure or fiue moneths the vlcers open with great corruption of the bone.

Moreouer they commit an erroure touching the vnction, for they anoint the hed, the Region of the hart, and other no­ble [Page] partes, against all reason. And also all the whole body ouer, which is the oc­casion of many a mans death.

Therfore to amend these errors (when you sée that this dissease is confirmed, and that there are hard Vlcers, hard swellings or Nodes) it is the moste su­rest way to mundifye the said Vlcers and to open the Nodes with a cawstick, then you shall make incision in the node vnto the corruption of the bone, and then apply Praecipitatum, or els pled­gets with Basilicon and Presipitatum mingled togither, this doon: you shall take away the corruption of the bone.

And then after that you may safely vse your vnctions made with Axungia Gummes, Mineralls, Oiles and Mercury, also if you ad thereto of fine Treacle or Mithridatum, it wil be the better.

You shall anoint the shoulders, the muscles of the back, the Loines, y e Hips, the Thighs, the knées, and all the out­ward members, as Legges and Armes.

But you must take very good héede that you touch not the head, the region of the hart, the Stomack, nor the ridge of the Back. Also yee must haue a good respect to ceasse your anointing, in [Page 40] suche order that you bring not to muche accidents to the mouth, wherby the Pacient might vtterly lose the vse bothe of his tung and teeth.

Because that so many ignorant Chi­rurgians, haue taken vpon them this cure (without either discretion in apply­ing the vnction, or ordering of y e patient) I haue thought good to write ij, or thrée woords touching the ordering of the Pa­cient.

When the body is prepared of his humors, with apt and méet medicines, aswel Sirups, Decoctions, purgings, and opening of the Vain according to the disposition of the body: the patient shalbe placed in a place naturally hot or els otherwise made warme, whiche must be frée from all colde, hauing the doores, windowes and other open places closely stopt, for the colde aire is very hurtful bothe for the Sinewy parts, and also for the woorking of medicines, for it wil deminish & hinder the actions ther­of. And in this case ther are many which commit great errors, which are worthy of reprehencion, for aswel in the winter as in the Summer: they anoint the Pa­tients in great and large Chambers, [Page] where very much ayre entreth.

Wherfore at y e beginning of this cure (if the place be not very close & warme) you shall make a Pauilion with Coue­rings and suche other like round about a fire, by the which meanes you shall keep the colde ayre from the Patient. But if it be possible: it is better to haue a little chamber close and warme, and also con­tinually a pan with Coles in the midst of it.

If it bee so that the Patients be so weke that they cannot abide the heat of the fire, or would be loth to be séen naked (as women or maids) you shall anoint them lying in their beds. First the pa­tient shall put out one Arme, and then the other, and so the rest of the partes shalbe anointed one after an other. And you shall vse the Patients from time to time according to the dissease.

The third error is concerning wounds pearcing into the Brest.

IT fortuneth often times, that the wounds pearce the holownes of the brest, so that great quantitie of blood dooth fall down into the bottome of the [Page 41] same, and there dooth stay vpon the Dia­phragma, Diaphragma [...] two muscles which go [...] the [...]st & seperateth the hart frō the Liuer. also the heuinesse of the said blood oppresseth the Diaphragma, and putrifieth and ingendreth an euill qualti­tie. The which putrifaction sending va­pours to the hart: causeth a continuall feuer, and commonly death within [...] day­es. Of the which the common Chirurgi­ans haue no consideratiō or els by their ignoraunce they knowe not the cause, and so the Patient is destitute of all help.

Wherfore when you sée that the wound perceth into the Thorax or brest you shal take good aduisemēt, in searchīg out diligently, whether the blood be des­cended into the lower parte of the Dia­phragma, the whiche may bee knowen by the stinking of the breath, and by the relation of the Patient, which dooth féele the blood quiuering or shaking inward­ly. And also commonly his face wil be of a reddish or hie coulour, by reason of the vapours which assend vp.

And note that at the which side the blood dooth moste remaine in lying vpon the same side: the patient shall feel lesse pain then vpon the other, because that the said blood oppresseth the Lungs and the Dia­phragma, [Page] the Chirurgian ought to haue a good respect to y e signes aboue written, and whilst that the strength of y e patient is yet remaining: it shall bee needful to make way for the said blood to be Euacu­ated, betwéen the fourth & v. rib, a hand breadth or a little more from the Ridge of the back, and your incision knife shall be very sharp, also you shall doo it by lit­tle and little very gentlely in cutting Mesopleuria or y e muscles betwéen the ribs, it ought to be doon towarde the lo­wer part of the said muscles, for the vain whiche nourisheth them and the liga­ments which giueth them their mouing and féeling: are placed more abooue then belowe.

After that the incision is made: you shall let out the corrupted blood by little and little, according to your discretion, and it shall suffise to euacuate euery dre­ssing v. or vi. vnces, this doon: it shalbe very profitabe to vse the wunted potions which you shall finde in the writings of learned practitioners which haue largely written of the said potions, and by this meanes abooue written: I healed foure in one yéer. The whiche Cures, without the aforesaid remedyes: could [Page 42] neuer haue béen holpen, for the whiche I giue vnto God moste harty thanks.

¶ The fourth error touching the ap­plications of the Traepans Tere­belles, for fractures of the hed.

IN the fractures of the Skul: there are committed great errors touch­ing the applycation of the Traepan, principally when the bone is broken in ma­ny partes, for they haue no considerati­on of the shiuering of the skul, but apply the Trapan, by the which meanes, they presse down the shiuers of the bone vp­on the Dura mater, & rent or tere it in such order that it bringeth great & grée­uous accidents, wherby commonly deth ensueth. Wherfore in this case: you shal haue a good consideration, before that you apply the Traepan, for it is better (if it be possible) in this case to vse other in­strumētꝭ as Eleuiatories, Cisers, Lenti­culj or such other like, to make way for the brused matter which depresseth the Duramater, it shalbe y e better & lesse danger for the Patient. By this meanes I I haue many times forborne the apply­ing of the Traepan, to the profit of my Patients and my good name and esti­mation

Moreouer there bee many Ignorant Chirurgians which without considera­tion apply the Traepan, vpon all partes of the hed aswel vpon the comistures or seames: as other places, whiche is the cause of the death of many Patients.

Wherfore they ought to haue a great consideration, and to be very diligent in this respect, and for to vse their art according to the true method.

The fift error touching the punctures of Nerues.

WHen it chaunceth that any is hurt by the punctures of Nerues, if hee be not spéedily holpen by some cunning and expert Chirurgian: hee is in great danger to fall into conuolsions, which is the occasion of many a mans death whiche commonly chaunceth to them that be drest by the Ignorant and common Chirurgians, for when they begin the cure: they make fomentation, with hot water, wherein hath béen boyled Mal­lowes, Violets and such like, then after the fomentation they apply an appea­ser of pain, made with the crummes of white Bread béeing mingled with the [Page 43] yolke of an Egge, Oil of Camomil and Oil of Roses. The which things are al­togither contrary to the Punctures of Nerues.

For asmuch as their application dooth moistē to much the Neruous places and retaineth or kéepeth in the matter whi­che is all redy come to the place, and if there be any apostume it dooth augment and encrease him, and causeth the mat­ter to assend vp to the brain, wherby en­sueth conuolsion and finally death.

Wherfore to auoide this daunger, and to follow the cure methodically: you shall haue first a regarde to the Euacua­tion of the body, and if the strength of the patient be good, to vse Flebetonice Reuolsiue or according to the cause of the gréef. Then (to take a way that whiche is redy conioinct) you shall enlarge the Orofice, to the end that the medicin may the better penetrate to the bottom, and take away the sharpnes of the hu­mor. In this case I haue found very pro­fiitable the Oil of Hippiricon prepared in this forme that is to say with Venice Turpentine, and for one vnce of the said Oil, you shall take half a scrupple of Euphorbium, which shalbe applyed ve­ry [Page] hot with pledgets, & vpon that a Plaister made with Propolis, Gum ammo­niack and Wax asmuch as shall suffise. By this meanes the matter (which is drunk into the Nerues or tendons) shal­be drawen out to the outwarde partes.

Also for this intent I haue found pro­fitable Linseed Oile and Enphorbium of eche like muche, with the xx. parte of Sulpher béeing very finely poudred, with Perosin and wax as much as shall suffice to make an Vnguent.

This Vnguent dooth heat moderatly, attract and dissicate and is of a subtil fa­cultie, with the which (by the help of God) the Chirurgians shall get bothe honor and profit,

The sixth error is touching the abuse of the runners about called cutters for the stone and Ruptors.

AMong the common Runnees a­bout (which vse to cut for the stone and Ruptures) is vsed a great abuse and to be lamented of any christian hart, for vnder this cure of cutting the Hernyes they doo miserably take away the stone aswell in the Hernia aquosa or ventosa as in all the rest, the which is vnman­ly [Page 44] and against the wil of God, and they doo not only vse it in men, but moste of all in little Children, therfore it should be very good for the parents which haue their Children in any maner of wayes troubled with any kinde of Hernies, that before they commit their Children to léese their stones, and some times liues, by any of these that bee Runnagates, (for so may I wel terme them) that they shew them to some learned Chirurgian to the end that he may sée what kinde of Hernies they haue, and so to discerne the Aquosa or Ventosa, from Intesti­nale or Omentales.

For certainly I haue séen Hernies in childrē which came by the relaxasion or deuision of y e Peretoneū, haue been perfitly healed by the apt applying of glutina­tiue medicins & such otherlike, without cutting or taking away of the Testicle. But such is the couetouse desire of these Runners whiche make the parents be­léeue that it cannot bee helped without their butcherly cutting, and for to intrapmony, for they be as greedy after it as any liuing thing is after their pray, not hauing the fear of God before their eies, but like gréedy gripers catch what they [Page] may for the time, and care not what become of them afterwardes, whether they liue or die, wee haue had it by experience of them what harme they haue doon bothe by the murdering cruel­ly and also laming with continual pain, for when they come rushing into Eng­land and haue suche a great name at their first comming. But after when their woorkꝭ be tried and then the proof of them seen: the people for the moste parte are wery of them, and many a fa­therlesse childe and widdow which they haue made: may lament the time that euer they knewe them, and many o­thers (which is not a few) bide tormentꝭ and pain by the dealing with them. I dare affirme they neuer did any cure in this Realme but that there be English men which haue doon the like and grea­ter.

Suche is the folish fantasyes of our English nation that if he bee a Straun­ger: he shall haue more fauourers then an English man, though the English mans knowledge doo far passe the others as experience therin hath shewed, and this I wil stand to the proof that ther be English men that shall in all things doo [Page 45] asmuch bothe by learning and experiēce as any of them all. Paraduenture you wil obiect and say, that there be Straun­gers which haue doon cures which some English men haue refused, I wil graunt that it may be so, for there bee a great many of vnlearned Chirurgians which take vpon them the art, & look what they doo it is by blinde chaūce, and so through their blindenes some are marred, wherby after it falls to a straungers chaunce to doo it, and then it is giuen out that all the Chirurgiās in London could not doo it, and so the whole company is defamed and euil thought of, but I could shewe to the contrary, where the straungers haue left and could not doo, English men haue doon it diuers times: which if néed be I can bring the proof and no small sort, whiche to name I will omit til another time more meet. And now to return to the matter, sée how long any of these cutters doo tarry in a place, some a quarter of a yéere, some half, and none scant a yéer, for it wil bee to hot for them: for af­ter their beastlines is once knowē: then they must seek a new place, for if they should tary in one place they would bee hated like mad Dogs, & that they knowe [Page] wel inough. Now for because that they shall not deceiue the cōmon people with their fair promises: I wil write all the kindes of Ruptures or burstings and how to knowe euery one of them to the end that if any Chirurgiā which hath not the knowledge, may straight at the first sight knowe what may be doon, and so to enforme the parents of the Children the trueth of it, & what the Cutter may doo in it, for moste commonly they bee so ignorant that they knowe not the one from the other, therfore as I haue said before, it is néedfull for the Patients to haue an expert chirurgiā to aprooue him and sée whether hee be able to fulfill that which he promiseth or no. Now I will begin to treat of the kindes of Ruptures and first I wil begin with the deuision of them in generall and then perticulerly.

Of the viij. kindes of Hernies.

THere be eight kindes of Hernies or Ruptures wherof sōe haue their proper names: and the others by similitude, the proper Hernies doo moste commonly come by the relaxasiō or Rupture, of the Pretoneū, insomuch that the Intestines and Epiplocō or zirbus dooth loose their [Page 46] naturall place, and of these are vij. kindꝭ, that is Enterocele otherwise called Hernie Intestinale, Epiplocele or Hernie Zirbale, Bubonocele or Hernie Ingui­nale, the hernies by similitude are whē there is some tumor against nature in the Cods or in some parte of the Groin, without the comming foorth of the Inte­stines or Zirbus, and of these there are v. kindes, the first is called Hernie A­queuse and of the Gréeks Hidrocele, the second hernie Charneuse or Sarcocele, the third: Variquese, the fourth Vente­use which is called of y e Gréeks Pneumatocele, y e fifth Humorale, whiche shalbe spoken of pertitulerly in order, and first we wil begin with the proper kindes.

Of the hernie Intestinale.

FOr because that the hernie Intesti­nale is the moste conuenientest, I wil speake first of it. This kinde is no other then a certain descending down of the Intestines in Scrotum, the cause of the whiche is when the Peretoneum is broken or relaxed in the place wher the Spermatike vessels doo passe, which cōs commonly by some vehement strain, as by vehement running, leaping, lifting, [Page] or vehement crying, and such other like, the signes to knowe when the Intesti­nes is descended into Scrotum, is when he lyes, they wil easely be put vp again without any maner trouble, or may bee reduced the patient standing with ones hands, and in the redusing you shall hear a gurguling or noise, & by this you may knowe it from Zirbus because that whē the zirbus is put vp it makes no noise, and also it is not so painfull: the other signes shalbe declared when we come to speak of the hernie Zirbale.

When this kinde is not very farre gone, and that it be not complet: the best way is to cure it by medicines, aswel to be taken inwards: as to be applyed with out, that is to say with emplaisters and so by conuenient trussing and boulste­ring stipt in the Iuce of herbes conueni­ent for Ruptures which are of astringāt and glutinatiue facultie. I haue seen many by these afore said medicines haue béen perfectly cured, yet neuerthelesse if for the oldenes of it y t it be not tobe cured by these menes: then you must come to the last remedy which is by cutting, for the executing of the whiche I wish all men to chuse an expert woorkman, and [Page 47] not to trust to much to these runners a­bout, and as for this kinde it may be cut without taking away of the Testicle.

Of hernie Zirbale.

HErnie Zirbale whiche the Gréeks doo call Epiplocele, is a nother thing then the falling of zirbus (whiche is a grece that couereth the Guts) into Scro­tum the which moste commonly falles within Didimes, but yet sōtimes by the breaking of the Didimes it falls out, the causes aswel inwarde as outwarde are the same which cause hernie Intestina­le, for look how the Peretoneum is bro­ken or relaxed in the other: euen so dooth it in this, the signes are much like also, sauing that it is much more softer, for in the touching it handleth like wul, and is also lesse painful, and it is more difficult to put vp thē the hernie Intestinale, and in the redusing makes no noise, this kinde is lesse dangerous then the others by reason that the pain is lesse and also for because that the excrement is not in it as it is in the hernie Intestinale.

Now héer is a speciall thing tobe no­ted in this kinde, which the common cutters doo vse, that is, they doo vse to cut a­way [Page] the zirbus whiche is descended within Didime without either tying or cautrising, and so there foloweth a flux of blood which hauing no issue but is retai­ned in the belly there dooth corrupt whi­che causeth most perilous accidents and moste commonly the death.

Of the relaxacion of the Peretonium called hernie Inguinale.

HErnie Inguinale is a descending of the Intestines or zirbus into the Groynes, which the Latins cal: Ingui­na, the which sort dooth neuer go further then the Groin, for when the Intestines or zirbus dooth passe thorow the Pereto­neum: then is it either Intestinale or zirbale, for this kinde is nothing but a relaxacion of the Peretoneum. The causes are as of the others aforesaid, and it is easely to be knowen by the roundnes, and it will be more easely reduced then any of the others, you may knowe when the Intestins is descended by noise that it wil make, though not commonly: yet moste oftennest as hath béen said of En­terocele, but if it be the zirbus it makes no noise, and is much more softer and not so great pain.

Of the kindes of Hernies which be by similitudes or improperly called.

HEertofore we haue spoken of those thrée kindes of hernie whiche are properly called, now it remains to speak of the fiue kindes whiche are by simili­tudes, & first we wil begin with the A­quose, whiche is no other thing then a certain watrish tumor of Croton increaced by little and little, & for the most part lies betwéen heritroides and y e Spermatike vessels, how beit some times it may be contained betwéen Dartos and heri­troides and betwéen Dartos & the Scrotum as many learned men haue writ­ten, the signes are, that the Scrotū doth wax big by little and little and for the moste parte without pain, and the tu­more is heauy and glistering and hard principally when the Scrotum is filled: it waxes in length and dooth not return as doth the Intestinale and zirbale but remaines at one stay.

This kinde if that the water, haue long line there and so corrupted the Te­sticle: it must be taken away.

Of hernie Charneuse.

HErnie Charneuse which y e Gréekꝭ doo cal Sarcocele is a tumor against nature in y e Scrotum which there dooth grow to a certain scireuse flesh, and dooth much resemble the Verequeses or swel­led Vaines, the causes of the which are by the gathering togithers of abūdance of grose humors, whiche nature cannot rule because of the weaknes, the signes are an vnequable hardenes, and infla­tion which dooth alwaies remain in the parte that is to say the Dideme, and doth alwaies increace with pain béeing vne­quall and not euen, wherefore Guido saith that this kinde and Vanqueuse ar very dangerous.

Hernie Verequese,

HErnie Verequese is an appéerāce of Vaines not accustomed about the Testicles and other partes contay­ned with in Scrotū. The causes ar grose humors gathered togithers as melan­colike blood and such like, whiche nature cannot disparce because of wekenesse. The signes are, replecion of the vaines about like to the Twigs of Vines with softnes of the Testicle or Dideme.

This kinde if it be not very great and far [Page 49] gone it may be healed by solutiue medi­cines.

The hernie Ventose.

HErnie Ventose is a tumor of the cods increaced of a windines, the cause is of the imbesility or weaknes of the parte, and is knowen by the swel­ling of the Coddes and yard, and gliste­reth like vnto a slikt paper, which comes sudainly and is round and light, so that there be not another humour adioyned with it,

This is to be cured with Carnificatiues as Oleum nucum, Oleum Anethinum, Costinum &c. and there may be added to of Séeds and hearbes, as Semen, ani­si, Carui, Faeniculi, Agni casti, Ruta, Calaminta, Origani. &c.

Hernie Humorale.

HErnie Humorale is an Apostume contained likwise in the cods whi­che is ingendred of humors hot and colde not muche declining from his naturall habite, which may lye betwéen Scrotum and Dartos or betwéen heritroydes and Dartos or onely within heritroydes, as for the causes, signes and curation are [Page] like to other Apostumes.

Now that I haue declared the defini­tion, causes and signes of hernies: it shall not be amisse to expound in few woords those parts which must be opened when any of these kindes must be cured by handy operation, and this is tobe noted first, that the Testicles are couered with three Tunicles, the first of them takes his ori­ginall of the skin & is called Scrotum or pursse, the second which takes his origi­nall of the Peretoneū and is called Dar­tos, the third whiche is proper to the said Testicle and is called Heritroydes, these two last doo not onely couer the Testicles but also the Spermatike vessels, aswell they whiche bring the substance where with the Sperme is made which are na­med Preparans: as thē which bring the Sperme to the neck of the bladder which is called Eiaculatoires or expelling, the which goes vp to Osepubis.

The declaratiō of the waights and mesures vsed in Chirurgery.

HEer gentle Reader I thought good to declare certain waights and mesures for the better vnderstāding of this [Page 50] book of Galens and all other of his woorks to the end that yung Studients in this art should haue none occasion of let frō the perfit vnderstanding of it, and first I wil shew you how they were called in y e olde time of the Greekꝭ & also of the Romains and as neer as I can how muche euery one dooth contain according to our mea­sure. And as for the names of y e simples: I thought it good to write them in the Latin as they were, for by the searching of their english names: the Reader shall very much profit, and another cause is that I would not haue euery ignorant asse to be made a Chirurgian by my Book, for they would doo more harme with it then good.

First Mina which y e Gréeks call Mna, there are of diuers sortes, for some are Romain others Attique, others Egipti­enne, others Alexandrine, but Romains is according to Paulus Aegineta and Galens 16. vnces.

The pound according to the Romains is 12. vnces.

The Attique and Egiptienne is .16. vnces.

The vnce whiche is the 12. parte of a pound is 8. Drams.

Deunx is 11. vnces, which are .264. Scrupples, that is, 2. third partes and 1. fourth parte of a pound.

Dextans is the half and the third part of a pound, that is to say 10. vnces and 240. Scrupples, Vitruuius in his third Booke saith that it is the measure of ten Inches.

Dodrans is the half and one quarter of a pound, which is 230. Scrupples, Vi­truuius in his Book afore said dooth call Dodrans the measure of 12. Inches.

Bis is 2. third partes which is 8. vnces and 240. Scrupples.

Sextunx is 1. half and 1. twelf parte that is 7. vnces and 168. Scrupples.

Selibra is half a pound or Semis, and 144. Scrupples.

Quincunx is 5. vnces.

Triens is the 3. parte of a pound which is 4. vnces and 120. Scrupples.

Quadrans is the 4. parte of a pound which is 3. vnces and 72. Scrupples.

Sextans is the 6. part of a pound whi­che is 2. vnces and 48. Scrupples.

Vnsia is to say an vnce whiche is 8. Drams.

Semiuncia is half an vnce.

Denarius or Drachma is the 8. parte [Page 51] of an vnce and is 3. Scrupples which the Gréeks call Grammata that is xxiiij. let­ters in the Gréek, and the vnce hath as many Scrupples as the Gréek hath let­ters.

Scrupple is as it were the beginning of all waights as an introduction and is 2. Oboles, an Oboles is 2. Siliques, and a Silique 2. Chalces, & the Chalces is 8. Graines.

The pound of liquid things as Wine, Oile, and such like, was in Roome mea­sured by a vessel of Horne whiche had xij. rundels about it, and euery one of them did signifie an vnce, and was called a mesured pound, Galen makes mention in his first book Decom. medic. secundum genera, in the making of the white plai­ster.

Amphora of the Italy measure, dooth contain 72. pound of Oile, and of Wine 80, and of Hunny 108. the Hunny is the 4. parte more heuyer then is the wine, and the half more then Oile

The Ceranium is of Wine and Vi­nagre 80. pound, and of Oile 72. pound, and of Hunny 120. pound.

The Vrne is of wine & vinagre 40. l. of Oil 36. l. and of Hunny 60. pound.

The Conge is of Wine and Vinagre 10. pound, of Oil 9. pound, and of Hunny 15. pound.

The Sestier is of Wine and Vina­gre 1. pound. 8. vnces, of Oil, 1. pound, and of Hunny 2. pound

The Hemine is of Wine and Vinagre 10. vnces of Oile. 9. vnces, and of Hunny 1. pound.

The Cotile is of Wine and Vina­gre, 10. vnces of Oile 9. vnces, and of Hunny 1. pound.

The Oxibaphus is of Wine and Vinagre 18. Drams, of Oile 18. Drams, and of Hunny 27. Drams.

The Acetabule is of Wine and Vi­nagre .18. Drams, of Oile 18. Drams, and of Hunny 27. Drams.

The Ciath is of Wine and Vinagre 12. Drams and 4. Scrupples, of Oile. 18 Drams, and of Hunny 20. Drams.

The Cheme is of wine & Vinagre 3. Drams and one Scrupple and of Oile 3. Drams, and of Hunny 5. Drams.

The end of waights and mea­sures of the auncient writers.

¶ Faults escaped in the Printing.

¶ Note wheras you finde this letter (a) that dooth signifie the first side of the leaf, and this letter (b) the second side.

In the first page, read (the third Book of Galen of the composition of medicines in general). Then in the first page of the Epistle to the Reader the xij. & xvi. lines, for iudications read (indications).

In the 11. leaf a. the xiij. and xiiij, lines read (drachmas) for drachmas, & (Opo­ponacis) for Apoponax.

In the 14. leaf a. and the xix, line read (the sixth he dooth) for he dooth vi. loose.

In the 26. leaf a. and the vi. line read, (Maron) for Maron. And in y e xij. line of the same read (phou idest) for phoud est

In the 27. leaf a. the xviij. line. red (the childes parēts did send for Galen) for, did send him to Galen.

In the 30. leaf a the first line read (Paps or Brests) for, Dugs.

In the 31. leaf a. the iiij. and v. line leue out, the whole and sound partes.

In the 33. leaf b. the xv. line read (Olei mirtiles) for, Olei mirh.

In the 36 leaf a. the iij. line read (bowing for, lowing.

In the 38. leaf a. the xvi. line read (no apostume in y e groin: then acording) for Apostume: according.

In the 41. leaf a the iiij. line read (qua­litie) for, qualtitie. And in b. the xxiij. line (read woūd potions) for, wunted potions Fo. 47. line .6. read, is none other thing,

Gentle Reader I shall most hartely desire thee that if in the reading this work other faults you finde then heer is noted not rashly to cōdemne the Author for assure your self that by his wil none should haue escaped, and though the Printer be ne­uer so careful, yet in the prin­ting some wil escape.

Vale

FINIS.

Imprinted at London at the long Shop adioyning vnto Saint Mildreds Church in the Pultrie, by Iohn Alde.

¶ Octostichon Ioannis Banisteri Nottinghamiensis medicae & Chi­rurgicae artis professoris in lau­dem medicinae.

Miramur crebro medicos molimine claros,
corpora praeceptis nostra iuuare suis.
Eccé quót assidué scribūt hinc inde libellos,
in laudes artis docte Galene tuae.
Hanc et maiores, hanc et coluere minores,
hijs confert magna parte, Bakerus opem
Cuius ab ingenio prodit, vigili (que) labore,
vtilis iste liber, dignus & ipse legi.
Hanc artem docuit, vasto qui presidet orbi,
saepius hanc laudat filius ipse dei.
Haec visum caecis, mutis parat ista loquelam
hac audit surdus, claudus et hac graditur.
Hac redit in vitam, vitali lumine cassus,
viuere qua vidi, qui moriturus erat.
huic ergo faueāt, iunctis vmbonibꝰ omnes
et simul huic himnos voce stilo (que) ferant.

¶ Tetrastichon eiusdem in librum Bakeri.

¶ Mistica magnoperé quicun (que) Chirurgica
huc debes posita saepe venire mora.
Hac studij fructus: doctissima multa videbis captas
abdita quae longo delituere die.
At nunc sic lucent, vt si laudare pararem,
in mare tunc videar, fūdere ineptus aquas
Ergo Bakere tuum superabit sidera nomen,
at (que) aliqua semper parte superstes eris.

Gulielmi Clowei, Chirurgi Lon­doniensis carmen encomiastichon ad suum studiosum Georgium Bakerum.

Laudibus egregiis efferri pulchra solebant,
nec praeclara, sua laude carere decet.
Quantos idcirco poscat Bakerus honores,
hoc opere exacto, dicito musa mihi.
Te tua sedulitas transfert ad laudis honorē,
Et tua te virtus inclyta ad astra vehit.
Tu magni Hippocratis reseras tu tecte Galeni
A tantis ad nos nobile ducis opus.
Anglia, quas fraudes tibi nunc smalkaldia ferret
Bakeri clarum si latuisset opus.
Ergo quisquis Apollinias sectabitur artes,
Bakerum celebret, nocte dieque meum.
G Good cause of prayse you doo deserue,
E euertly to set foorth:
O Olde woorks of Fathers wise and graue,
R report dooth showe is troth.
G Giue foorth the same with spéedynes,
E encline your whole indeuer:
B Beholde you not what praise it is,
A a man to liue for euer.
K Knowing that so the wise doo wright,
E earth though they truely be:
R Reuiue again by Books in sight,
who so wil read may sée.
ꝙ William Clowes Chirurgian.

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